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12.1.13. CREATE INDEX Syntax

CREATE [ONLINE|OFFLINE] [UNIQUE|FULLTEXT|SPATIAL] INDEX index_name
    [index_type]
    ON tbl_name (index_col_name,...)
    [index_option] ...

index_col_name:
    col_name [(length)] [ASC | DESC]

index_type:
    USING {BTREE | HASH | RTREE}

index_option:
    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value
  | index_type
  | WITH PARSER parser_name

CREATE INDEX is mapped to an ALTER TABLE statement to create indexes. See Section 12.1.7, “ALTER TABLE Syntax”. CREATE INDEX cannot be used to create a PRIMARY KEY; use ALTER TABLE instead. For more information about indexes, see Section 7.4.4, “How MySQL Uses Indexes”.

Normally, you create all indexes on a table at the time the table itself is created with CREATE TABLE. See Section 12.1.17, “CREATE TABLE Syntax”. CREATE INDEX enables you to add indexes to existing tables.

A column list of the form (col1,col2,...) creates a multiple-column index. Index values are formed by concatenating the values of the given columns.

Indexes can be created that use only the leading part of column values, using col_name(length) syntax to specify an index prefix length:

  • Prefixes can be specified for CHAR, VARCHAR, BINARY, and VARBINARY columns.

  • BLOB and TEXT columns also can be indexed, but a prefix length must be given.

  • Prefix lengths are given in characters for nonbinary string types and in bytes for binary string types. That is, index entries consist of the first length characters of each column value for CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns, and the first length bytes of each column value for BINARY, VARBINARY, and BLOB columns.

  • For spatial columns, prefix values cannot be given, as described later in this section.

The statement shown here creates an index using the first 10 characters of the name column: 

CREATE INDEX part_of_name ON customer (name(10));

If names in the column usually differ in the first 10 characters, this index should not be much slower than an index created from the entire name column. Also, using column prefixes for indexes can make the index file much smaller, which could save a lot of disk space and might also speed up INSERT operations.

Prefix support and lengths of prefixes (where supported) are storage engine dependent. For example, a prefix can be up to 1000 bytes long for MyISAM tables, and 767 bytes for InnoDB tables. The NDBCLUSTER storage engine does not support prefixes (see Unsupported or Missing Features in MySQL Cluster).

Note

Prefix limits are measured in bytes, whereas the prefix length in CREATE INDEX statements is interpreted as number of characters for nonbinary data types (CHAR, VARCHAR, TEXT). Take this into account when specifying a prefix length for a column that uses a multi-byte character set.

Beginning with MySQL 5.1.7, indexes on variable-width columns are created online; that is, creating the indexes does not require any copying of the table. For NDBCLUSTER tables, the table is not locked against access from other MySQL Cluster API nodes, although it is locked against other operations on the same API node for the duration of the online operation. This is done automatically by the server whenever it determines that it is possible to do so; you do not have to use any special SQL syntax or server options to cause it to happen.

In standard MySQL 5.1 releases, it is not possible to override the server when it determines that an index is to be created online. In MySQL Cluster, beginning with MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2.5 and MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3.3, you can create indexes offline (which causes the table to be locked to all API nodes in the cluster) using the OFFLINE keyword. The rules and limitations governing online CREATE OFFLINE INDEX and CREATE ONLINE INDEX are the same as for ALTER OFFLINE TABLE ... ADD INDEX and ALTER ONLINE TABLE ... ADD INDEX. You cannot cause the online creation of an index that would normally be created offline by using the ONLINE keyword (if it is not possible to perform the CREATE INDEX operation online, then the ONLINE keyword is ignored). For more information, see Section 12.1.7, “ALTER TABLE Syntax”.

Note

The ONLINE and OFFLINE keywords are available only in MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2 and MySQL Cluster NDB 6.3 releases beginning with versions 6.2.5 and 6.3.3, respectively; attempting to use them in earlier MySQL Cluster NDB 6.2 or 6.3 releases, standard MySQL 5.1 releases, or MySQL Cluster NDB 6.1 releases results in a syntax error.

A UNIQUE index creates a constraint such that all values in the index must be distinct. An error occurs if you try to add a new row with a key value that matches an existing row. For all engines, a UNIQUE index allows multiple NULL values for columns that can contain NULL. If you specify a prefix value for a column in a UNIQUE index, the column values must be unique within the prefix.

MySQL Enterprise.  Lack of proper indexes can greatly reduce performance. Subscribe to the MySQL Enterprise Monitor for notification of inefficient use of indexes. For more information, see http://www.mysql.com/products/enterprise/advisors.html.

FULLTEXT indexes are supported only for MyISAM tables and can include only CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT columns. Indexing always happens over the entire column; column prefix indexing is not supported and any prefix length is ignored if specified. See Section 11.8, “Full-Text Search Functions”, for details of operation.

The MyISAM, InnoDB, NDB, and ARCHIVE storage engines support spatial columns such as (POINT and GEOMETRY. (Section 11.13, “Spatial Extensions”, describes the spatial data types.) However, support for spatial column indexing varies among engines. Spatial and nonspatial indexes are available according to the following rules.

Spatial indexes (created using SPATIAL INDEX):

  • Available only for MyISAM tables. Specifying a SPATIAL INDEX for other storage engines results in an error.

  • Indexed columns must be NOT NULL.

  • In MySQL 5.1, column prefix lengths are prohibited. The full width of each column is indexed.

Nonspatial indexes (created with INDEX, UNIQUE, or PRIMARY KEY):

  • Allowed for any storage engine that supports spatial columns except ARCHIVE.

  • Columns can be NULL unless the index is a primary key.

  • For each spatial column in a non-SPATIAL index except POINT columns, a column prefix length must be specified. (This is the same requirement as for indexed BLOB columns.) The prefix length is given in bytes.

  • The index type for a non-SPATIAL index depends on the storage engine. Currently, B-tree is used.

In MySQL 5.1:

  • You can add an index on a column that can have NULL values only if you are using the MyISAM, InnoDB, or MEMORY storage engine.

  • You can add an index on a BLOB or TEXT column only if you are using the MyISAM, or InnoDB storage engine.

An index_col_name specification can end with ASC or DESC. These keywords are allowed for future extensions for specifying ascending or descending index value storage. Currently, they are parsed but ignored; index values are always stored in ascending order.

As of MySQL 5.1.10, index options can be given following the index column list. An index_option value can be any of the following:

  • KEY_BLOCK_SIZE [=] value

    This option provides a hint to the storage engine about the size in bytes to use for index key blocks. The engine is allowed to change the value if necessary. A value of 0 indicates that the default value should be used.

  • index_type

    Some storage engines allow you to specify an index type when creating an index. The allowable index type values supported by different storage engines are shown in the following table. Where multiple index types are listed, the first one is the default when no index type specifier is given.

    Storage Engine Allowable Index Types
    MyISAM BTREE, RTREE
    InnoDB BTREE
    MEMORY/HEAP HASH, BTREE
    NDB HASH, BTREE (see note in text)

    Note

    BTREE indexes are implemented by the NDBCLUSTER storage engine as T-tree indexes.

    For indexes on NDBCLUSTER table columns, the USING clause can be specified only for a unique index or primary key. In such cases, the USING HASH clause prevents the creation of an implicit ordered index. Without USING HASH, a statement defining a unique index or primary key automatically results in the creation of a HASH index in addition to the ordered index, both of which index the same set of columns.

    The RTREE index type is allowable only for SPATIAL indexes.

    If you specify an index type that is not legal for a given storage engine, but there is another index type available that the engine can use without affecting query results, the engine uses the available type.

    Examples: 

    CREATE TABLE lookup (id INT) ENGINE = MEMORY;
CREATE INDEX id_index USING BTREE ON lookup (id);

    TYPE type_name is recognized as a synonym for USING type_name. However, USING is the preferred form.

    Before MySQL 5.1.10, this option can be given only before the ON tbl_name clause. Use of the option in this position is deprecated as of 5.1.10; support for it is to be dropped in a future MySQL release. If an index_type option is given in both the earlier and later positions, the final option applies.

  • WITH PARSER parser_name

    This option can be used only with FULLTEXT indexes. It associates a parser plugin with the index if full-text indexing and searching operations need special handling. See Section 21.2, “The MySQL Plugin Interface”, for details on creating plugins.


User Comments

Posted by Matthijs Lambooy on March 14 2006 9:38pm[Delete] [Edit]

Only 16 fields are allowed in one fulltext index.

Posted by Andrew Krantz on April 27 2006 3:59am[Delete] [Edit]

Be careful when you run this because MySQL will LOCK the table for WRITES during the index creation. Building the index can take a while on large tables even if the column is empty (all nulls).

Posted by Nathan Moon on May 11 2007 5:11pm[Delete] [Edit]

From my experience, adding an index to a table locks the table for reads as well as writes.

Posted by Varun Grover on September 28 2007 12:24pm[Delete] [Edit]

Running SELECTs on a table on which an index is being created may block because the server may need to use the index for looking-up records; and, the index is locked because it is being written to.

Posted by Evan XX on April 28 2008 7:51am[Delete] [Edit]

You can force a new unique index to drop duplicate rows, but if you just do it the normal way you get an error:

ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1277991-1-text-text-ext ' for key 2

Instead, do:

ALTER IGNORE TABLE `table` ADD UNIQUE INDEX `name` (`one_id`, `two_id`, `content`(64));

The server will respond with:

Query OK, 40003 rows affected (10.09 sec)
Records: 40003 Duplicates: 234 Warnings: 0


Posted by David OBrien on March 26 2009 6:44pm[Delete] [Edit]

Since there is no
CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS

We made this sproc to do it...

--------------------------
DELIMITER $$
DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `create_index_if_not_exists`$$

CREATE DEFINER=`user`@`%` PROCEDURE `create_index_if_not_exists`(table_name_vc varchar(50), index_name_vc varchar(50), field_list_vc varchar(200))
SQL SECURITY INVOKER
BEGIN

set @Index_cnt = (
select count(1) cnt
FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.STATISTICS
WHERE table_name = table_name_vc
and index_name = index_name_vc
);

IF ifnull(@Index_cnt,0) = 0 THEN set @index_sql = concat('Alter table ',table_name_vc,' ADD INDEX ',index_name_vc,'(',field_list_vc,');');

PREPARE stmt FROM @index_sql;
EXECUTE stmt;

DEALLOCATE PREPARE stmt;

END IF;

END$$
DELIMITER ;
------------------------

use it like...

call create_index_if_not_exists('tablename','indexname','thisfield,thatfield');

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