The goal of petro.One is providing a reproducible platform for acquiring and analyzing metadata by searching papers on oil and gas from the OnePetro website.
The standard way of searching for papers in OnePetro is using a web browser entering the search terms for a particular paper we are looking for. The result will come as web pages containing dozens, hundreds or thousand of paper titles. We need to browse all the resulting pages to find the papers that have a good match with the subject we are researching. Although it has the capability to export to csv and xls files, they will need to be imported into another application to perform some analysis.
By using some statistical tools available through R, the search could turn in highly profitable in terms of time, matching quality and selection of the papers. The search keywords are entered thorugh the R console and the papers will return in a shape of a dataframe, which is identical to a spreadsheet: rows of paper titles and columns with details from the metadata extracted from the web page. With the dataframe already in our computers we could perform a thorough search and narrow down to the ideal papers for our research.
You can install petro.One from Github with:
# install.packages("devtools") # install *devtools* first
# install from the *master* release branch
devtools::install_github("f0nzie/petro.One")Or, the latest development version with:
Or from CRAN with:
The package dependencies can be installed with:
# install required packages
# from CRAN
install.packages(c("tm",
"wordcloud",
"urltools",
"RWeka",
"tidyverse",
"data.table",
"SnowBallC"
))
# from BioConductor
source("https://bioconductor.org/biocLite.R")
biocLite("graph")
biocLite("Rgraphviz")A typical OnePetro search URL would look like this:
https://www.onepetro.org/search?q=neural+network&peer_reviewed=&published_between=&from_year=&to_year=
You can see the search string for yourself after you hit enter on a paper search, which could be explained like this:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| domain | https://www.onepetro.org/ |
| command | search? |
| q= | parameter that holds the query words. In the example above, it would be q=neural+network. As it is shown, it means search any word. |
| peer_reviewed= | parameter switch to get papers than have been only peer reviewed. When it has the value on means that is activated. |
| published_between= | parameter switch that activates when from_year and to_year have numeric entries. |
| from_year= | parameter to enter the starting year of the search |
| to_year= | parameter to enter the end year of the search. |
There are additional parameters such as:
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| start= | indicate the starting page if the resulting search has several |
| rows= | indicate the number of rows (papers) to display per page. In the web browser, the options are 10, 50 and 100. Off-browser it could be a number up to 1000. |
| sort= | related to the selector Sort By with options Relevance, Most recent and Highest rated. |
| dc_type= | indicates what type of document the paper is. |
These are the type of documents:
chapter
conference-paper
general
journal-paper
presentation
media
other
standardThere are other parameters but they will not be used as often as the ones already described.
They key is build a search URL that is recognizable by OnePetro. To do that I wrote a function make_search_url that does just that. Instead of entering the search keywords, how will they be searched, year and type of paper, we enter them from the R console.
Let’s say we want to search the word neural network. How do we want to perform that search? Paper that contain the word neural or the word network, or papers that contain exactly the words neural network? In the former, we would use the option any, in the latter, all.
The option how = "any" means to search for papers that contain the word neural or the word network. Let’s take a look at the difference in returning results with any and how = all for the same keywords neural network. Here we make of use of two functions in petro.One: make_search_url() and get_papers_count().
library(petro.One)
library(tidyverse)
#> -- Attaching packages -------------------------------------- tidyverse 1.2.1 --
#> v ggplot2 3.1.0 v purrr 0.2.5
#> v tibble 2.0.0 v dplyr 0.7.8
#> v tidyr 0.8.2 v stringr 1.3.1
#> v readr 1.3.1 v forcats 0.3.0
#> -- Conflicts ----------------------------------------- tidyverse_conflicts() --
#> x dplyr::filter() masks stats::filter()
#> x dplyr::lag() masks stats::lag()
# search any word like "neural" or "network"
url_any <- make_search_url(query = "neural network", how = "any")
url_any
#> [1] "https://www.onepetro.org/search?q=neural+network&peer_reviewed=&published_between=&from_year=&to_year="
get_papers_count(url_any)
#> [1] 3931
# search for papers that have "neural" and "network" at the same time
url_all <- make_search_url(query = "neural network", how = "all")
url_all
#> [1] "https://www.onepetro.org/search?q=\"neural+network\"&peer_reviewed=&published_between=&from_year=&to_year="
get_papers_count(url_all)
#> [1] 3615We can send a query where we specify the starting year and the ending year. In this example the option how = "all" means to search papers that contain exactly the words neural network as a difference to any which means search for any occurrence of the words. Of course, using any rather than all will yield many more results. We use two petro.One functions: make_search_url() to build the OnePetro search URL and onepetro_page_to_dataframe() to put the papers in a table.
library(petro.One)
# neural network papers from 1990 to 1999. Exact phrase
my_url <- make_search_url(query = "neural network",
from_year = 1990,
to_year = 1999,
how = "all")
df <- onepetro_page_to_dataframe(my_url)
df
#> # A tibble: 10 x 6
#> book_title paper_id dc_type authors year source
#> <fct> <fct> <fct> <chr> <int> <fct>
#> 1 Deconvolution Using~ SEG-1996~ confere~ Essenreiter, Rober~ 1996 SEG
#> 2 Neural Network Stac~ SEG-1992~ confere~ Schmidt, Jumndyr, ~ 1992 SEG
#> 3 Neural Networks And~ SEG-1995~ confere~ Leggett, Miles, Br~ 1995 SEG
#> 4 First Break Picking~ SEG-1990~ confere~ Wagner, D.E., Amoc~ 1990 SEG
#> 5 Drill-Bit Diagnosis~ SPE-1955~ journal~ Arehart, R.A., Exx~ 1990 SPE
#> 6 Seismic Principal C~ SEG-1996~ confere~ Huang, Kou-Yuan, N~ 1996 SEG
#> 7 Reservoir Character~ SEG-1993~ confere~ An, P., University~ 1993 SEG
#> 8 Seismic Attribute C~ SEG-1993~ confere~ Johnston, David H.~ 1993 SEG
#> 9 Neural Networks For~ SEG-1993~ confere~ Hansen, Kim Vejlby~ 1993 SEG
#> 10 Neural Networks In ~ SEG-1991~ confere~ McCormack, Michael~ 1991 SEGAnd these are the terms that repeat more freqently:
term_frequency(df)
#> # A tibble: 27 x 2
#> word freq
#> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 network 10
#> 2 neural 10
#> 3 use 5
#> 4 seismic 3
#> 5 pick 2
#> 6 analysi 1
#> 7 attribut 1
#> 8 break 1
#> 9 calibr 1
#> 10 character 1
#> # ... with 17 more rowsWe can also get paper by the type of document. In OnePetro it is called dc_type.
In this example we will be requesting only conference-paper type. Here we add to make_search_url() the parameter dc_type. Note also that we are adding another parameter rows to get 1000 rows instead of 10, 50 or 100 as the browser allows.
# specify document type = "conference-paper", rows = 1000
my_url <- make_search_url(query = "artificial intelligence",
how = "all",
from_year = 1950,
to_year = 1980,
dc_type = "conference-paper",
rows = 1000)
(pcount <- get_papers_count(my_url))
#> [1] 4
df <- onepetro_page_to_dataframe(my_url)
df
#> # A tibble: 3 x 6
#> book_title paper_id dc_type authors year source
#> <fct> <fct> <fct> <chr> <int> <fct>
#> 1 The Realities Of Radio~ OTC-1788~ conferen~ Moyer, James P.~ 1973 OTC
#> 2 Application of Digital~ SPE-2659~ conferen~ Hall, O.P. Jr.,~ 1969 SPE
#> 3 Computer Recognition O~ SPWLA-19~ conferen~ Schoonover, L.G~ 1974 SPWLAOnly 4 on artificial intelligence from 1950 until 1980!
For this example we want to know about conference papers where the words well and test are found together in the papers.
library(petro.One)
my_url <- make_search_url(query = "well test",
dc_type = "conference-paper",
from_year = 2017,
to_year = 2018,
how = "all")
get_papers_count(my_url) # get the paper count
#> [1] 956
df <- read_multidoc(my_url) # create a dataframe of papers
print(dim(df)) # dimension of the dataframe
#> [1] 956 6
(tf <- term_frequency(df)) # create a term frequency table
#> # A tibble: 1,974 x 2
#> word freq
#> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 reservoir 325
#> 2 well 269
#> 3 field 223
#> 4 model 161
#> 5 fractur 160
#> 6 gas 152
#> 7 case 139
#> 8 use 136
#> 9 product 135
#> 10 studi 124
#> # ... with 1,964 more rows
# calculate the minimum frequency for, let's say, the first 20th term
min_freq <- min(head(tf, 20)$freq)
Now, it is not enough for us to know what terms are the more repeating but how those freqent terms relate to each other. In the following plot you will see that the strength of the relationship between terms is reflected by the thickness of the connection lines.
We can see that wells and well are connected strongly to horizontal, transient, pressure, flow, testing, reservoirs, fracture, and analysis. The rest of the words are frequent but not very much connected.
The summary functions allow us to group the papers by a preferred group:
This will give you a summary of the count not the papers themselves.
| name | value |
|---|---|
| Since 2019 | 1 |
| Since 2018 | 416 |
| Since 2017 | 629 |
| Since 2016 | 807 |
| Since 2015 | 953 |
| Since 2014 | 1056 |
| Since 2013 | 1194 |
| Since 2012 | 1324 |
| Since 2011 | 1433 |
| Since 2010 | 1549 |