IPUMS provides census and survey data from around the world integrated across time and space. IPUMS integration and documentation makes it easy to study change, conduct comparative research, merge information across data types, and analyze individuals within family and community context. Data and services are available free of charge.
Additional Vignettes
This vignette gives the basic outline of the ipumsr package. Additional vignettes provide guidance on working with IPUMS value labels, IPUMS geographic data, and data from three specific IPUMS projects – CPS, NHGIS, and Terra.
To view any of these additional vignettes, run one the following commands after installing the ipumsr package:
vignette("value-labels", package = "ipumsr")
vignette("ipums-geography", package = "ipumsr")
vignette("ipums-cps", package = "ipumsr")
vignette("ipums-nhgis", package = "ipumsr")
vignette("ipums-terra", package = "ipumsr")
Getting Data from the IPUMS website
Registered users can download IPUMS data from our website at https://www.ipums.org. The website provides an interactive extract system that allows you to select only the samples and variables that are relevant to your research question.
For microdata projects (all supported projects except NHGIS and IPUMS Terra), once you have created your extract, you should choose to download your data in either a fixed-width text (.dat file extension) or comma delimited (.csv file extension) format.
Once your extract is complete, download the data file and the DDI. Downloading the DDI is a little bit different depending on your browser. On most browsers you should right-click the file and select “Save As…”. If this saves a file with a .xml file extension, then you should be ready. However, Safari users must select “Download Linked File” instead of “Download Linked File As”. On Safari, selecting the wrong version of these two will download a file with a .html file extension instead of a .xml extension.
For NHGIS, download the table data in a comma delimited format, and, if you want the associated mapping data, the GIS data. NHGIS provides the option to download comma-delimited files with an extra header row; it does not matter which option you select.
For IPUMS Terra, download the .zip extract “bundles”. If you want the associated mapping data, select the “include boundary files” option. You do not need to unzip the data.
Grab Bag
Survey Weights
The data from most IPUMS projects contain some form of weighting variable that should be used to calculate estimates that are representative of the whole population. Many projects also provide specifications to help estimate variance given the complex design of the survey, such as replicate weights or design variables like STRATUM and PSU. The survey package provides functions that allow you to estimate variance taking this into account, and the srvyr package implements dplyr-like syntax for survey analysis, using the survey package’s functions.
For more information about what these variables mean and how to use them, see the website for the project you are interested in.
Value Labels
The way that IPUMS treats value labels does not align with factors (the main way that R is able to store values associated with labels). R’s factor variables can only store values as an integer sequence (1, 2, 3, …), but IPUMS conventions are to store missing and not-in-universe codes as large numbers, to distinguish them from the normal values.
Therefore, the ipumsr package uses the labelled class from the haven package to store labelled values. See the “value-labels” vignette for more information (vignette('value-labels')).
If you want to use IPUMS value labels attached to a variable, it is generally best to convert from the labelled class to factor early on in your data analysis workflow. This is because many data manipulation functions will drop the labels stored in a variable with class labelled. The function as_factor() is the main function to create factors from labels, but often you will need to do more manipulation before that.
library(ipumsr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
# Note that you can pass in the loaded DDI into the `read_ipums_micro()`
cps_ddi <- read_ipums_ddi(ipums_example("cps_00006.xml"))
cps_data <- read_ipums_micro(cps_ddi, verbose = FALSE)
# Show which variables have labels
cps_data %>%
select_if(is.labelled)
#> # A tibble: 7,668 x 3
#> STATEFIP MONTH INCTOT
#> <int+lbl> <int+lbl> <dbl+lbl>
#> 1 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March] 4883
#> 2 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March] 5800
#> 3 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March] 99999998 [Missing.]
#> 4 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March] 14015
#> 5 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March] 16552
#> 6 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March] 6375
#> 7 19 [Iowa] 3 [March] 99999999 [N.I.U. (Not in Universe).]
#> 8 19 [Iowa] 3 [March] 0
#> 9 19 [Iowa] 3 [March] 600
#> 10 19 [Iowa] 3 [March] 99999999 [N.I.U. (Not in Universe).]
#> # ... with 7,658 more rows
# Notice how the tibble print function shows the dbl+lbl class on top
# Investigate labels
ipums_val_labels(cps_data$STATEFIP)
#> # A tibble: 75 x 2
#> val lbl
#> <int> <chr>
#> 1 1 Alabama
#> 2 2 Alaska
#> 3 4 Arizona
#> 4 5 Arkansas
#> 5 6 California
#> 6 8 Colorado
#> 7 9 Connecticut
#> 8 10 Delaware
#> 9 11 District of Columbia
#> 10 12 Florida
#> # ... with 65 more rows
# Convert the labels to factors (and drop the unused levels)
cps_data <- cps_data %>%
mutate(STATE_factor = as_factor(lbl_clean(STATEFIP)))
table(cps_data$STATE_factor, useNA = "always")
#>
#> Iowa Minnesota North Dakota South Dakota Wisconsin <NA>
#> 1892 2362 188 227 2999 0
# Manipulating the labelled value before as_factor
# often leads to losing the information...
# Say we want to set Iowa (STATEFIP == 19) to missing
cps_data <- cps_data %>%
mutate(STATE_factor2 = as_factor(ifelse(STATEFIP == 19, NA, STATEFIP)))
# ipumsr provides helpers for these kinds of tasks, like lbl_na_if().
# See the value-labels vignette for more information
cps_data <- cps_data %>%
mutate(STATE_factor3 = as_factor(lbl_na_if(STATEFIP, ~.val == 19)))
# The as_factor function also has a "levels" argument that can
# put both the labels and values into the factor
cps_data <- cps_data %>%
mutate(STATE_factor4 = droplevels(as_factor(STATEFIP, levels = "both")))
table(cps_data$STATE_factor4, useNA = "always")
#>
#> [19] Iowa [27] Minnesota [38] North Dakota [46] South Dakota
#> 1892 2362 188 227
#> [55] Wisconsin <NA>
#> 2999 0
Other IPUMS attributes
As with value labels, the other attributes that ipumsr stores about the data are often lost during an analysis. One way to deal with this is to load the DDI or codebook in addition to the actual data using the functions read_ipums_ddi() and read_ipums_codebook(). This way, when you wish to refer to variable labels or other metadata, you can use the DDI object, which does not get modified during your analysis.
library(ipumsr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
# Note that you can pass in the loaded DDI into the `read_ipums_micro()`
cps_ddi <- read_ipums_ddi(ipums_example("cps_00006.xml"))
cps_data <- read_ipums_micro(cps_ddi, verbose = FALSE)
# Currently variable description is available for year
ipums_var_desc(cps_data$YEAR)
#> [1] "YEAR reports the year in which the survey was conducted. YEARP is repeated on person records."
# But after using ifelse it is gone
cps_data <- cps_data %>%
mutate(YEAR = ifelse(YEAR == 1962, 62, NA))
ipums_var_desc(cps_data$YEAR)
#> [1] NA
# So you can use the DDI
ipums_var_desc(cps_ddi, "YEAR")
#> [1] "YEAR reports the year in which the survey was conducted. YEARP is repeated on person records."
# The DDI also has file level information that is not available from just
# the data.
ipums_file_info(cps_ddi, "extract_notes") %>% cat()
#> User-provided description: Minimal test extract
#> Samples: 1962, 1963
#> Variables: STATEFIP, INCTOT (automatically Year, SERIAL, HWTSUPP, MONTH, WTSUPP)
#> Select Cases: State - Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, South Dakota, North Dakota
“dplyr select-style” Syntax
Several functions within the ipumsr package allow for “dplyr select-style” syntax. This means that they accept either a character vector of values (e.g. c("YEAR", "AGE")), bare vectors of values (e.g. c(YEAR, AGE)) and the helper functions allowed in dplyr::select() (e.g. one_of(c("YEAR", "AGE"))).
library(ipumsr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
# The vars argument for `read_ipums_micro` uses this syntax
# So these are all equivalent
cf <- ipums_example("cps_00006.xml")
read_ipums_micro(cf, vars = c("YEAR", "INCTOT"), verbose = FALSE) %>%
names()
#> [1] "YEAR" "INCTOT"
read_ipums_micro(cf, vars = c(YEAR, INCTOT), verbose = FALSE) %>%
names()
#> [1] "YEAR" "INCTOT"
read_ipums_micro(cf, vars = c(one_of("YEAR"), starts_with("INC")), verbose = FALSE) %>%
names()
#> [1] "YEAR" "INCTOT"
# `data_layer` and `shape_layer` arguments to `read_nhgis()` and terra functions
# also use it.
# (Sometimes extracts have multiple files, though all examples only have one)
nf <- ipums_example("nhgis0008_csv.zip")
ipums_list_files(nf)
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#> type file
#> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 data nhgis0008_csv/nhgis0008_ds135_1990_pmsa.csv
ipums_list_files(nf, data_layer = "nhgis0008_csv/nhgis0008_ds135_1990_pmsa.csv")
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#> type file
#> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 data nhgis0008_csv/nhgis0008_ds135_1990_pmsa.csv
ipums_list_files(nf, data_layer = contains("ds135"))
#> # A tibble: 1 x 2
#> type file
#> <chr> <chr>
#> 1 data nhgis0008_csv/nhgis0008_ds135_1990_pmsa.csv
Hierarchical data structures
For certain IPUMS projects, the data is hierarchical, multiple people are included in a single household, or multiple activities are performed by a single person. The ipumsr package provides two data structures for storing such data (for users who did not select the “rectangularize” option on the website). The data can be loaded as a "list" or "long".
List data loads each record type into a separate data.frame. The names of the recordtype data.frames are the value of the RECTYPE variable (e.g. “H” and “P”). Use the function read_ipums_micro_list() to load the data this way.
Long data has one row per unit, regardless of what type of record the unit is. Therefore, datasets loaded this way often contain variables with a large number of missings, for the variables that only apply to certain record types. Use the function read_ipums_micro() to load the data this way.
library(ipumsr)
library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
# List data
cps <- read_ipums_micro_list(
ipums_example("cps_00010.xml"),
verbose = FALSE
)
cps$PERSON
#> # A tibble: 7,668 x 6
#> RECTYPE YEAR SERIAL PERNUM WTSUPP INCTOT
#> <chr+lbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl+lbl>
#> 1 P [Person Recor~ 1962 80 1 1476. 4883
#> 2 P [Person Recor~ 1962 80 2 1471. 5800
#> 3 P [Person Recor~ 1962 80 3 1579. 99999998 [Missing.]
#> 4 P [Person Recor~ 1962 82 1 1598. 14015
#> 5 P [Person Recor~ 1962 83 1 1707. 16552
#> 6 P [Person Recor~ 1962 84 1 1790. 6375
#> 7 P [Person Recor~ 1962 107 1 4355. 99999999 [N.I.U. (Not in Univers~
#> 8 P [Person Recor~ 1962 107 2 1386. 0
#> 9 P [Person Recor~ 1962 107 3 1629. 600
#> 10 P [Person Recor~ 1962 107 4 1432. 99999999 [N.I.U. (Not in Univers~
#> # ... with 7,658 more rows
cps$HOUSEHOLD
#> # A tibble: 3,385 x 6
#> RECTYPE YEAR SERIAL HWTSUPP STATEFIP MONTH
#> <chr+lbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <int+lbl> <int+lbl>
#> 1 H [Household Record] 1962 80 1476. 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March]
#> 2 H [Household Record] 1962 82 1598. 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March]
#> 3 H [Household Record] 1962 83 1707. 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March]
#> 4 H [Household Record] 1962 84 1790. 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March]
#> 5 H [Household Record] 1962 107 4355. 19 [Iowa] 3 [March]
#> 6 H [Household Record] 1962 108 1479. 19 [Iowa] 3 [March]
#> 7 H [Household Record] 1962 122 3603. 27 [Minnesota] 3 [March]
#> 8 H [Household Record] 1962 124 4104. 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March]
#> 9 H [Household Record] 1962 125 2182. 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March]
#> 10 H [Household Record] 1962 126 1826. 55 [Wisconsin] 3 [March]
#> # ... with 3,375 more rows
# Long data
cps <- read_ipums_micro(
ipums_example("cps_00010.xml"),
verbose = FALSE
)
cps
#> # A tibble: 11,053 x 9
#> RECTYPE YEAR SERIAL HWTSUPP STATEFIP MONTH PERNUM WTSUPP INCTOT
#> <chr+lbl> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <int+lbl> <int+lb> <dbl> <dbl> <dbl+lbl>
#> 1 H [House~ 1962 80 1476. 55 [Wisc~ 3 [Mar~ NA NA NA
#> 2 P [Perso~ 1962 80 NA NA NA 1 1476. 4.88e3
#> 3 P [Perso~ 1962 80 NA NA NA 2 1471. 5.80e3
#> 4 P [Perso~ 1962 80 NA NA NA 3 1579. 1.00e8 [Mis~
#> 5 H [House~ 1962 82 1598. 27 [Minn~ 3 [Mar~ NA NA NA
#> 6 P [Perso~ 1962 82 NA NA NA 1 1598. 1.40e4
#> 7 H [House~ 1962 83 1707. 27 [Minn~ 3 [Mar~ NA NA NA
#> 8 P [Perso~ 1962 83 NA NA NA 1 1707. 1.66e4
#> 9 H [House~ 1962 84 1790. 27 [Minn~ 3 [Mar~ NA NA NA
#> 10 P [Perso~ 1962 84 NA NA NA 1 1790. 6.38e3
#> # ... with 11,043 more rows
Geospatial Packages: sf vs sp
The ipumsr package allows for loading geospatial data in two formats (sf for Simple Features and sp for Spatial). The sf package is relatively new, and so does not have as widespread support as the sp package. However, (in my opinion) it does allow for easier analysis, and so may be a better place to start if you have not used GIS data in R before.
For more details about how to load geographic data using ipumsr, see the vignette “ipums-geography” (vignette("ipums-geography", package = "ipumsr"))
