How to get your own API credentials

Here we describe how to obtain different types of credentials that can be important when working with a Google API:

Note that most users of gargle-using packages do not need to read this and can just enjoy the automatic token flow. This article is for people who have a specific reason to be more proactive about auth.

Get a Google Cloud Platform project

You will need a Google Cloud Platform (GCP) project to hold your credentials.

Go to the Google Cloud Platform Console:

https://console.cloud.google.com
This may involve logging in or selecting your preferred Google identity.
This may involve selecting the relevant organization.

This console is your general destination for inspecting and modifying your GCP projects.

Create a new project here, if necessary. Otherwise, select the project of interest, if you have more than one.

Enable API(s)

Enable the relevant APIs(s) for your GCP project.

In the left sidebar, navigate to APIs & Services > Library.

Identify the API of interest. Click Enable.

If you get this wrong, i.e. need to enable more APIs later, you can always come back and do this then.

Think about billing

For some APIs, you won’t be able to do anything interesting with the credentials hosted in your project unless you have also linked a billing account. This is true, for example, for BigQuery and anything that has to do with Maps. This is NOT true, for example, for Drive or Sheets or Gmail.

If your target API requires a billing account, that obviously raises the stakes for how you manage any API keys, OAuth clients, or service account tokens. Plan accordingly.

If you’re new to Google Cloud Platform, you’ll get to enjoy GCP Free Tier. At the time of writing, this means you get $300 credit and no additional billing will happen without your express consent. So there is a low-stress way to experiment with APIs, with a billing account enabled, without putting actual money on the line.

API Key

Some APIs accept requests to read public resources, in which case the request can be sent with an API key in lieu of a token. If this is possible, it’s a good idea to expose this workflow in a wrapper package, because then your users can decide to go into a “de-authed” mode. When using the package in a non-interactive or indirect fashion (e.g. a scheduled job on a remote server or via Shiny), it is wonderful to NOT have to manage a token, if the work can be done with an API key instead.

Some APIs aren’t really usable without a token, in which case an API key may not be relevant and you can ignore this section.

From the Developers Console, in the target GCP Project, go to APIs & Services > Credentials.
Do Create credentials > API key.
You can capture the new API key via clipboard right away or close this pop-up and copy it later from the Credentials page.
In any case, I suggest you take the opportunity to edit the API key from the Credentials page and give it a nickname.

Package maintainers might want to build an API key in as a fallback, possibly taking some measures to obfuscate the key and limit its use to your package.

What does a user do with an API key?

Package users could register an API key for use with a wrapper package. For example, in googledrive, one would use googledrive::drive_auth_configure() to store a key for use in downstream requests, i.e. after a call to googledrive::drive_deauth():

library(googledrive)

drive_auth_configure(api_key = "YOUR_API_KEY_GOES_HERE")
drive_deauth()

# now you can read public resources without any need for auth

OAuth client ID and secret

Most APIs are used to create and modify resources on behalf of the user and these requests must include the user’s token. A regular user will generally need to send an OAuth2 token, which is obtained under the auspices of an OAuth “app” or “client”. This is called three-legged OAuth, where the 3 legs are the app or client, the user, and Google.

The basic steps are described in the Prerequisites section for doing Google OAuth 2.0 for Mobile & Desktop Apps:

From the Developers Console, in the target GCP Project, go to APIs & Services > Credentials.
Do Create credentials > OAuth client ID.
Select Application type “Other”.
You can capture the client ID and secret via clipboard right away.
At any time, you can navigate to a particular client ID and click “Download JSON”.

Two ways to package this info for use with httr or gargle, both of which require an object of class httr::oauth_app:

Use httr::oauth_app().
- The client ID goes in the key argument.
- The client secret goes in the secret argument.
Use gargle::oauth_app_from_json().
- Provide the path to the downloaded JSON file.

In both cases, I suggest you devise a nickname for each OAuth credential and use it as the credential’s name in GCP Console and as the appname argument to httr::oauth_app() or gargle::oauth_app_from_json().

Package maintainers might want to build this app in as a fallback, possibly taking some measures to obfuscate the client ID and secret and limit its use to your package.

Note that three-legged OAuth always requires the involvement of a user, so the word “secret” here can be somewhat confusing. It is not a secret in the same sense as a password or token. But you probably still want to store it in an opaque way, so that someone else cannot easily “borrow” it and present an OAuth consent screen that impersonates your package.

What does a user do with an OAuth app (client ID and secret)?

Package users could register this app for use with a wrapper package. For example, in googledrive, one would use googledrive::drive_auth_configure() to do this:

library(googledrive)

# method 1: direct provision client ID and secret
google_app <- httr::oauth_app(
  "my-very-own-google-app",
  key = "123456789.apps.googleusercontent.com",
  secret = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
)
drive_auth_configure(app = google_app)

# method 2: provide filepath to JSON containing client ID and secret
drive_auth_configure(
  path = "/path/to/the/JSON/you/downloaded/from/gcp/console.json"
)

# now any new OAuth tokens are obtained with the configured app

Service account token

The most proper way to make authorized requests to an API in a non-interactive context, is to use a service account token. An official overview of service accounts is given in this official documentation by Google. But note that it’s not necessary to understand all of that in order to use a service account token.

From the Developers Console, in the target GCP Project, go to IAM & Admin > Service accounts.
Give it a decent name and description.
- For example, the service account used to create the googledrive docs has name “googledrive-docs” and description “Used when generating googledrive documentation”.
Service account permissions. Whether you need to do anything here depends on the API(s) you are targetting. You can also modify roles later and iteratively sort this out.
- For example, the service account used to create the googledrive docs does not have any explicit roles.
- The service account used to test bigrquery has roles BigQuery Admin and Storage Admin.
Grant users access to this service account? So far, I have not done this, so feel free to do nothing here. Or if you know this is useful to you, then by all means do so.
Do Create key and download as JSON. This file is what we mean when we talk about a “service account token” in the documentation of gargle and packages that use gargle.
Move this JSON to an appropriate place for storing sensitive information. Treat it like a username & password combo! If you have no preference, store service account tokens below ~/.R/gargle/, which also holds the default cache folder for OAuth2 tokens managed by gargle.
You will notice the downloaded JSON file has an awful name, so I always create a symlink that uses the service account’s name, to make it easier to tell what this file is.

Authors of wrapper packages can use the symmetric encryption strategy described in Managing tokens securely to use this token on remote servers, such as continuous integration services like GitHub Actions.

What does a user do with a service account token?

You could provide the token’s filepath to a wrapper package’s main auth function, e.g.:

# googledrive
drive_auth(path = "/path/to/your/service-account-token.json")

Alternatively, you could put the token somewhere (or store its location in an env var) so that it is auto-discovered by the Application Default Credentials search strategy.