cdata

John Mount, Win-Vector LLC

2020-02-01

The cdata package is a demonstration of the “coordinatized data” theory and includes an implementation of the “fluid data” methodology.

Briefly cdata supplies data transform operators that:

Work on local data or with any DBI data source.
Are powerful generalizations of the operators commonly called pivot and un-pivot.
Can be specified by drawing an example.

A quick example:

library("cdata")

# first few rows of the iris data as an example
d <- wrapr::build_frame(
   "Sepal.Length"  , "Sepal.Width", "Petal.Length", "Petal.Width", "Species" |
     5.1           , 3.5          , 1.4           , 0.2          , "setosa"  |
     4.9           , 3            , 1.4           , 0.2          , "setosa"  |
     4.7           , 3.2          , 1.3           , 0.2          , "setosa"  |
     4.6           , 3.1          , 1.5           , 0.2          , "setosa"  |
     5             , 3.6          , 1.4           , 0.2          , "setosa"  |
     5.4           , 3.9          , 1.7           , 0.4          , "setosa"  )
d$iris_id <- seq_len(nrow(d))

knitr::kable(d)

Sepal.Length	Sepal.Width	Petal.Length	Petal.Width	Species	iris_id
5.1	3.5	1.4	0.2	setosa	1
4.9	3.0	1.4	0.2	setosa	2
4.7	3.2	1.3	0.2	setosa	3
4.6	3.1	1.5	0.2	setosa	4
5.0	3.6	1.4	0.2	setosa	5
5.4	3.9	1.7	0.4	setosa	6

Now suppose we want to take the above “all facts about each iris are in a single row” representation and convert it into a per-iris record block with the following structure.

record_example <- wrapr::qchar_frame(
   "plant_part"  , "measurement", "value"      |
     "sepal"     , "width"      , Sepal.Width  |
     "sepal"     , "length"     , Sepal.Length |
     "petal"     , "width"      , Petal.Width  |
     "petal"     , "length"     , Petal.Length )

knitr::kable(record_example)

plant_part	measurement	value
sepal	width	Sepal.Width
sepal	length	Sepal.Length
petal	width	Petal.Width
petal	length	Petal.Length

The above sort of transformation may seem exotic, but it is fairly common when we want to plot many aspects of a record at the same time.

To specify our transformation we combine the record example with information about how records are keyed (recordKeys showing which rows go together to form a record, and controlTableKeys specifying the internal structure of a data record).

layout <- rowrecs_to_blocks_spec(
  record_example,
  controlTableKeys = c("plant_part", "measurement"),
  recordKeys = c("iris_id", "Species"))

print(layout)

## {
##  row_record <- wrapr::qchar_frame(
##    "iris_id"  , "Species", "Sepal.Width", "Sepal.Length", "Petal.Width", "Petal.Length" |
##      .        , .        , Sepal.Width  , Sepal.Length  , Petal.Width  , Petal.Length   )
##  row_keys <- c('iris_id', 'Species')
## 
##  # becomes
## 
##  block_record <- wrapr::qchar_frame(
##    "iris_id"  , "Species", "plant_part", "measurement", "value"      |
##      .        , .        , "sepal"     , "width"      , Sepal.Width  |
##      .        , .        , "sepal"     , "length"     , Sepal.Length |
##      .        , .        , "petal"     , "width"      , Petal.Width  |
##      .        , .        , "petal"     , "length"     , Petal.Length )
##  block_keys <- c('iris_id', 'Species', 'plant_part', 'measurement')
## 
##  # args: c(checkNames = TRUE, checkKeys = FALSE, strict = FALSE, allow_rqdatatable = TRUE)
## }

In the above we have used the common useful data organizing trick of specifying a dependent column (Species being a function of iris_id) as an additional key.

This layout then specifies and implements the data transform. We can transform the data by sending it to the layout.

d_transformed <- d %.>% 
  layout

knitr::kable(d_transformed)

iris_id	Species	plant_part	measurement	value
1	setosa	sepal	width	3.5
1	setosa	sepal	length	5.1
1	setosa	petal	width	0.2
1	setosa	petal	length	1.4
2	setosa	sepal	width	3.0
2	setosa	sepal	length	4.9
2	setosa	petal	width	0.2
2	setosa	petal	length	1.4
3	setosa	sepal	width	3.2
3	setosa	sepal	length	4.7
3	setosa	petal	width	0.2
3	setosa	petal	length	1.3
4	setosa	sepal	width	3.1
4	setosa	sepal	length	4.6
4	setosa	petal	width	0.2
4	setosa	petal	length	1.5
5	setosa	sepal	width	3.6
5	setosa	sepal	length	5.0
5	setosa	petal	width	0.2
5	setosa	petal	length	1.4
6	setosa	sepal	width	3.9
6	setosa	sepal	length	5.4
6	setosa	petal	width	0.4
6	setosa	petal	length	1.7

And it is easy to invert these transforms using the t() transpose/adjoint notation.

inv_layout <- t(layout)

print(inv_layout)

## {
##  block_record <- wrapr::qchar_frame(
##    "iris_id"  , "Species", "plant_part", "measurement", "value"      |
##      .        , .        , "sepal"     , "width"      , Sepal.Width  |
##      .        , .        , "sepal"     , "length"     , Sepal.Length |
##      .        , .        , "petal"     , "width"      , Petal.Width  |
##      .        , .        , "petal"     , "length"     , Petal.Length )
##  block_keys <- c('iris_id', 'Species', 'plant_part', 'measurement')
## 
##  # becomes
## 
##  row_record <- wrapr::qchar_frame(
##    "iris_id"  , "Species", "Sepal.Width", "Sepal.Length", "Petal.Width", "Petal.Length" |
##      .        , .        , Sepal.Width  , Sepal.Length  , Petal.Width  , Petal.Length   )
##  row_keys <- c('iris_id', 'Species')
## 
##  # args: c(checkNames = TRUE, checkKeys = FALSE, strict = FALSE, allow_rqdatatable = TRUE)
## }

d_transformed %.>%
  inv_layout %.>%
  knitr::kable(.)

iris_id	Species	Sepal.Width	Sepal.Length	Petal.Width	Petal.Length
1	setosa	3.5	5.1	0.2	1.4
2	setosa	3.0	4.9	0.2	1.4
3	setosa	3.2	4.7	0.2	1.3
4	setosa	3.1	4.6	0.2	1.5
5	setosa	3.6	5.0	0.2	1.4
6	setosa	3.9	5.4	0.4	1.7

The layout specifications themselves are just simple lists with “pretty print methods” (the control table being simply and example record in the form of a data.frame).

unclass(layout)

## $controlTable
##   plant_part measurement        value
## 1      sepal       width  Sepal.Width
## 2      sepal      length Sepal.Length
## 3      petal       width  Petal.Width
## 4      petal      length Petal.Length
## 
## $recordKeys
## [1] "iris_id" "Species"
## 
## $controlTableKeys
## [1] "plant_part"  "measurement"
## 
## $checkNames
## [1] TRUE
## 
## $checkKeys
## [1] FALSE
## 
## $strict
## [1] FALSE
## 
## $allow_rqdatatable
## [1] TRUE

Notice that almost all of the time and space in using cdata is spent in specifying how your data is structured and is to be structured.

The main cdata interfaces are given by the following set of methods:

rowrecs_to_blocks_spec(), for specifying how single row records map to general multi-row (or block) records.
blocks_to_rowrecs_spec(), for specifying how multi-row block records map to single-row records.
layout_specification(), for specifying transforms from multi-row records to other multi-row records.
layout_by() or the wrapr dot arrow pipe for applying a layout to re-arrange data.
t() (transpose/adjoint) to invert or reverse layout specifications.

Some convenience functions include:

pivot_to_rowrecs(), for moving data from multi-row block records with one value per row (a single column of values) to single-row records [spread or dcast].
pivot_to_blocks()/unpivot_to_blocks(), for moving data from single-row records to possibly multi row block records with one row per value (a single column of values) [gather or melt].
wrapr::qchar_frame() a helper function for specifying record control table layout specifications.
wrapr::build_frame() a helper function for specifying data frames.

The package vignettes can be found in the “Articles” tab of the cdata documentation site.

The (older) recommended tutorial is: Fluid data reshaping with cdata. We also have an (older) short free cdata screencast (and another example can be found here).