# `ipumsr` Example - CPS

#### Minnesota Population Center

#### 2020-07-21

# IPUMS - CPS Extraction and Analysis

## Exercise 1

OBJECTIVE: Gain an understanding of how the IPUMS dataset is structured and how it can be leveraged to explore your research interests. This exercise will use the IPUMS dataset to explore associations between health and work status and to create basic frequencies of food stamp usage.

This vignette is adapted from the CPS Data Training Exercise available here: https://pop.umn.edu/sites/pop.umn.edu/files/final_review_-_cps_spss_exercise_1_0.pdf

### Research Questions

What is the frequency of food stamp recipiency in the US? Are health and work statuses related?

### Objectives

- Create and download an IPUMS data extract
- Decompress data file and read data into R
- Analyze the data using sample code
- Validate data analysis work using answer key

### IPUMS Variables

- PERNUM: Person number in sample unit
- FOODSTMP: Food stamp receipt
- AGE: Age
- EMPSTAT: Employment status
- AHRSWORKT: Hours worked last week
- HEALTH: Health status

## Download Extract from IPUMS Website

1. Register with IPUMS - Go to http://cps.ipums.org, click on CPS Registration and apply for access. On login screen, enter email address and password and submit it!

2. Make an Extract

- Go to http://cps.ipums.org, click on CPS Registration and Apply for access
- On login screen, enter email address and password and submit
- Go back to homepage and go to Select Data
- Click the Select Samples box, check the box for the 2011 ASEC sample, click the Submit sample selections box
- Using the drop down menu or search feature, select the following variables:
  - PERNUM: Person number in sample unit (under Person > Core > Technical in the drop down)
  - FOODSTMP: Food stamp receipt (under Household > Core > Economic Characteristics; note that we do not want “FOODSTAMP: Family market value of food stamps”)
  - AGE: Age (under Person > Core > Demographics)
  - EMPSTAT: Employment status (under Person > Core > Work)
  - AHRSWORKT: Hours worked last week (under Person > Core > Work)
  - HEALTH: Health status (under Person > Annual Social & Economic Supplement (ASEC) > Disability)

3. Request the Data

- Click the orange VIEW CART button under your data cart
- Review variable selection. Click the orange Create Data Extract button
- Review the ‘Extract Request Summary’ screen, describe your extract and click Submit Extract
- You will get an email when the data is available to download
- To get to the page to download the data, follow the link in the email, or follow the Download and Revise Extracts link on the homepage

4. Download the Data

- Go to http://cps.ipums.org and click on Download or Revise Extracts
- Right-click on the data link next to extract you created
- Choose “Save Target As…” (or “Save Link As…”)
- Save into “Documents” (that should pop up as the default location)
- Do the same thing for the DDI link next to the extract

## Getting the data into R

You will need to change the filepaths noted below to the place where you have saved the extracts.

    library(ipumsr)

    # Change these filepaths to the filepaths of your downloaded extract
    cps_ddi_file <- "cps_00001.xml"
    cps_data_file <- "cps_00001.dat"

    cps_ddi <- read_ipums_ddi(cps_ddi_file) # Contains metadata, nice to have as separate object
    cps_data <- read_ipums_micro(cps_ddi_file, data_file = cps_data_file)
    #> Use of data from IPUMS-CPS is subject to conditions including that users should
    #> cite the data appropriately. Use command `ipums_conditions()` for more details.

Note that the `data_file` argument is optional if you didn’t change the data file name and have it saved in your working directory; `read_ipums_micro` can use information from the DDI file to locate the corresponding data file.

## Exercises

These exercises include example code written in the “tidyverse” style, meaning that they use the dplyr package. This package provides easy to use functions for data analysis, including `mutate()`, `select()`, `arrange()`, `slice()` and the pipe (`%>%`). There a numerous other ways you could solve these answers, including using the base R, the `data.table` package and others.

    library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)

### Analyze the Sample – Part I Frequencies of FOODSTMP

1. On the website, find the codes page for the FOODSTMP variable and write down the code value, and what category each code represents.

    # Can find on the website or from the data
    ipums_val_labels(cps_ddi, FOODSTMP)
    #> # A tibble: 3 x 2
    #>     val lbl
    #>   <dbl> <chr>
    #> 1     0 NIU
    #> 2     1 No
    #> 3     2 Yes

    #    A: 0 = NIU, 1 = No, 2 = Yes

2. What is the universe for FOODSTMP in 2011 (under the Universe tab on the website)?

    ipums_website(cps_ddi, "FOODSTMP")

    #    A: (Only available on website)
    #       All interviewed households and group quarters.
    #       Note the NIU on the codes page, this is a household variable and the
    #       NIU cases are the vacant households.

3. How many people received food stamps in 2011?

    # We will be working with the FOODSTMP variable a lot, so
    # let's turn it into a factor
    cps_data <- cps_data %>%
      mutate(FOODSTMP_factor = as_factor(FOODSTMP))

    cps_data %>%
      group_by(FOODSTMP_factor) %>%
      summarize(n_foodstmp = sum(WTSUPP)) %>%
      mutate(pct_foodstmp = n_foodstmp / sum(n_foodstmp))
    #> `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)
    #> # A tibble: 2 x 3
    #>   FOODSTMP_factor n_foodstmp pct_foodstmp
    #>   <fct>                <dbl>        <dbl>
    #> 1 No              267365863.        0.872
    #> 2 Yes              39187348.        0.128

    #    A: 39,187,348

4. What proportion of the population received food stamps in 2011?

    #    A: 12.8% (found in code from previous question)

### Using household weights (HWTSUPP)

Suppose you were interested not in the number of people living in homes that received food stamps, but in the number of households that were food stamp participants. To get this statistic you would need to use the household weight.

In order to use household weight, you should be careful to select only one person from each household to represent that household’s characteristics. You will need to apply the household weight (HWTSUPP).

1. How many households received food stamps in 2011?

    cps_data %>%
      group_by(SERIAL) %>%
      filter(row_number() == 1) %>%
      group_by(FOODSTMP_factor) %>%
      summarize(n_foodstmp = sum(HWTSUPP)) %>%
      mutate(pct_foodstmp = n_foodstmp / sum(n_foodstmp))
    #> `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)
    #> # A tibble: 2 x 3
    #>   FOODSTMP_factor n_foodstmp pct_foodstmp
    #>   <fct>                <dbl>        <dbl>
    #> 1 No              107139102.        0.893
    #> 2 Yes              12855283.        0.107

    #    A: 12,855,283

2. What proportion of households received food stamps in 2011?

    #    A: 10.7% (found in code from previous question)

### Analyze the Sample – Part II Relationships in the Data

1. What is the universe for EMPSTAT in 2011?

    ipums_website(cps_ddi, "EMPSTAT")

    #    A: Age 15+

2. What are the possible responses and codes for the self-reported HEALTH variable?

    ipums_val_labels(cps_ddi, HEALTH)
    #> # A tibble: 5 x 2
    #>     val lbl
    #>   <dbl> <chr>
    #> 1     1 Excellent
    #> 2     2 Very good
    #> 3     3 Good
    #> 4     4 Fair
    #> 5     5 Poor

    #    A: 1 = Excellent, 2 = Very Good, 3 = Good, 4 = Fair, 5 = Poor

3. What percent of people with ‘poor’ self-reported health are at work?

    cps_data %>%
      filter(HEALTH == 5) %>%
      summarize(emp_pct = weighted.mean(EMPSTAT == 10, WTSUPP))
    #> # A tibble: 1 x 1
    #>   emp_pct
    #>     <dbl>
    #> 1   0.116

    #    A: 11.6%

4. What percent of people with ‘very good’ self-reported health are at work?

    cps_data %>%
      filter(HEALTH == 2) %>%
      summarize(emp_pct = weighted.mean(EMPSTAT == 10, WTSUPP))
    #> # A tibble: 1 x 1
    #>   emp_pct
    #>     <dbl>
    #> 1   0.516

    #    A: 51.6%

5. In the EMPSTAT universe, what percent of people:

1. self-report ‘poor’ health and are at work?

    ipums_val_labels(cps_ddi, EMPSTAT)
    #> # A tibble: 14 x 2
    #>      val lbl
    #>    <dbl> <chr>
    #>  1     0 NIU
    #>  2     1 Armed Forces
    #>  3    10 At work
    #>  4    12 Has job, not at work last week
    #>  5    20 Unemployed
    #>  6    21 Unemployed, experienced worker
    #>  7    22 Unemployed, new worker
    #>  8    30 Not in labor force
    #>  9    31 NILF, housework
    #> 10    32 NILF, unable to work
    #> 11    33 NILF, school
    #> 12    34 NILF, other
    #> 13    35 NILF, unpaid, lt 15 hours
    #> 14    36 NILF, retired

    # 10 is the code for "At work"

    pct_emp_by_health <- cps_data %>%
      filter(AGE >= 15) %>%
      mutate(HEALTH_factor = as_factor(HEALTH)) %>%
      group_by(HEALTH_factor) %>%
      summarize(emp_pct = weighted.mean(EMPSTAT == 10, WTSUPP))
    #> `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

    pct_emp_by_health
    #> # A tibble: 5 x 2
    #>   HEALTH_factor emp_pct
    #>   <fct>           <dbl>
    #> 1 Excellent       0.639
    #> 2 Very good       0.640
    #> 3 Good            0.521
    #> 4 Fair            0.282
    #> 5 Poor            0.118

    #    A: 11.8%

2. self-report ‘very good’ health and are at work?

    #    A: 64.0% (found in code from previous question)

### Analyze the Sample – Part III Relationships in the Data

1. What is the universe for AHRSWORK?

    ipums_website(cps_ddi, "AHRSWORK")

    #     A: Civilians age 15+, at work last week

2. What are the average hours of work for each self-reported health category?

    avg_hrs_by_health <- cps_data %>%
      filter(AGE >= 15 & AHRSWORKT < 999) %>%
      mutate(HEALTH_factor = as_factor(HEALTH)) %>%
      group_by(HEALTH_factor) %>%
      summarize(mean_hours_worked = weighted.mean(AHRSWORKT, WTSUPP))
    #> `summarise()` ungrouping output (override with `.groups` argument)

    avg_hrs_by_health
    #> # A tibble: 5 x 2
    #>   HEALTH_factor mean_hours_worked
    #>   <fct>                     <dbl>
    #> 1 Excellent                  38.4
    #> 2 Very good                  38.7
    #> 3 Good                       37.8
    #> 4 Fair                       35.7
    #> 5 Poor                       32.4

    #     A: Excellent  38.4
    #        Very good  38.7
    #        Good       37.8
    #        Fair       35.7
    #        Poor       32.4

### Bonus

1. Use the `ipumsr` package metadata functions (like `ipums_var_label()` and `ipums_file_info()`) and `ggplot2` to make a graph of the relationship between HEALTH and percent employed (from Part III above).

    library(ggplot2)

    x_label <- ipums_var_label(cps_data, HEALTH)
    source_info <- ipums_file_info(cps_ddi, "ipums_project")

    ggplot(pct_emp_by_health, aes(x = HEALTH_factor, y = emp_pct)) +
      geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#00263a") +
      scale_x_discrete(x_label) +
      scale_y_continuous("Percent employed", labels = scales::percent) +
      labs(
        title = "Low Self-Reported Health Status Correlated with Unemployment",
        subtitle = "Among age 15+ from CPS 2011 ASEC sample",
        caption = paste0("Source: ", source_info)
      )

2. Are there any variables that might be confounding this relationship? How might you explore this relationship?

    # Age is likely correlated with self-reported health and employment, so a good
    # analysis would control for this.

    # One way to do so graphically is to make faceted plots by age group
    pct_emp_by_health_age <- cps_data %>%
      filter(AGE >= 15) %>%
      mutate(
        AGE_factor = cut(
          AGE,
          c(15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, max(AGE)),
          c("15-24", "25-34", "35-44", "45-54", "55-64", "65+"),
          include.lowest = TRUE
        ),
        HEALTH_factor = as_factor(HEALTH)
      ) %>%
      group_by(HEALTH_factor, AGE_factor) %>%
      summarize(emp_pct = weighted.mean(EMPSTAT == 10, WTSUPP))
    #> `summarise()` regrouping output by 'HEALTH_factor' (override with `.groups` argument)

    x_label <- ipums_var_label(cps_data, HEALTH)
    source_info <- ipums_file_info(cps_ddi, "ipums_project")

    ggplot(pct_emp_by_health_age, aes(x = HEALTH_factor, y = emp_pct)) +
      geom_bar(stat = "identity", fill = "#00263a") +
      scale_x_discrete(x_label) +
      scale_y_continuous("Percent employed", labels = scales::percent) +
      facet_wrap(~AGE_factor, ncol = 2) +
      labs(
        title = "Low Self-Reported Health Status Correlated with Unemployment",
        subtitle = "Among age 15+ from CPS 2011 ASEC sample",
        caption = paste0("Source: ", source_info)
      )