---
title: "ggplot2 Themes"
output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
vignette: >
  %\VignetteIndexEntry{ggplot2 Themes}
  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
---

```{r, include = FALSE}
knitr::opts_chunk$set(
  collapse = TRUE,
  warning = FALSE,
  comment = "#>",
  fig.width = 6, 
  fig.height = 4
)
```

```{css echo=FALSE}
img { max-width: 100%; border: none; }
```

**xaringanthemer** provides two [ggplot2] themes for your [xaringan] slides 
to help your data visualizations blend seamlessly into your slides.
Use `theme_xaringan()` to create plots that match your primary slide style
or `theme_xaringan_inverse()` to match the style of your inverse slides.

<img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/gadenbuie/xaringanthemer/assets/theme-xaringan-inverse.png" alt="Examples slides with ggplot2 plots that match the xaringanthemer theme" data-external="1" />

### Key Features

- The ggplot2 themes [uses the colors and themes](#setup-your-theme) from the **xaringanthemer** style functions, if you set your theme inside your slides. Otherwise, it [draws from the `xaringan-themer.css` file](#using-xaringan-themer-css).

- The themes [pick appropriate colors](#colors) for titles, grid lines, and axis text,
  and also sets the default colors of geoms like `ggplot2::geom_point()` and 
  `ggplot2::geom_text()`. There are also monotone 
  [color and fill scales](#scale-xaringan) based around the primary accent color
  used in your xaringan theme.

- If you use Google Fonts in your slides, the ggplot2 themes use the showtext 
  package to [automatically match the title and axis text fonts](#fonts)
  of your plots to the heading and text fonts in your xaringan theme.

- I've done my best to set up everything so that _it just works_, but sometimes
  the showtext package adds a bit of complication to the routine data 
  visualization workflow. At the end of this vignette I include
  [a few tips](#tips) for working with showtext.

## Setup Your Theme

`theme_xaringan()` is designed to automatically use
the fonts and colors you used for your slides' style theme.
Here I'm going to use a moderately customized color theme
based on `style_mono_accent()`,
that results in the xaringan theme previewed in the slides above.

I've also picked out a few fonts from [Google Fonts][google-fonts]
that I would probably never use in a real presentation,
but they're flashy enough to make it easy to see 
that we're not using the standard default fonts.

````markdown
```{r xaringan-themer, include=FALSE, warning=FALSE}`r ''`
library(xaringanthemer)
style_mono_accent(
  base_color = "#DC322F",               # bright red
  inverse_background_color = "#002B36", # dark dark blue
  inverse_header_color = "#31b09e",     # light aqua green
  inverse_text_color = "#FFFFFF",       # white
  title_slide_background_color = "var(--base)",
  text_font_google = google_font("Kelly Slab"),
  header_font_google = google_font("Oleo Script")
)
```
````

```{r setup, include=FALSE}
library(xaringanthemer)
style_mono_accent(
  base_color = "#DC322F",
  inverse_background_color = "#002B36",
  inverse_header_color = "#31b09e",
  inverse_text_color = "#FFFFFF",
  title_slide_background_color = "var(--base)",
  text_font_google = google_font("Kelly Slab"),
  header_font_google = google_font("Oleo Script"),
  outfile = NULL
)
```

If you use a hidden chunk like this one 
inside your slides' R Markdown source file,
`theme_xaringan()` will know which colors and fonts you've picked.

Adding `theme_xaringan()` to a ggplot,
like this demonstration plot using the `mpg` dataset from ggplot2,
changes the colors and fonts of your plot theme.

```{r ggplot2-demo-1, out.width = "48%", fig.show="hide"}
library(ggplot2)

g_base <- ggplot(mpg) + 
  aes(hwy, cty) + 
  geom_point() +
  labs(x = "Highway MPG", y = "City MPG", title = "Fuel Efficiency")

# Basic plot with default theme
g_base
```

```{r ggplot2-demo-2, fig.show="hide"}
# Fancy slide-matching themed plot
g_base + theme_xaringan()
```

<img src="`r knitr::fig_chunk("ggplot2-demo-1", "png")`" width="48%" /><img src="`r knitr::fig_chunk("ggplot2-demo-2", "png")`" width="48%" />

With `theme_xaringan()` the fonts and colors match the slide theme.
The default colors of points (like other geometries) has been changed as well
to match the slide colors.

To restore the previous default colors of ggplot2 geoms, call

```{r eval=FALSE}
theme_xaringan_restore_defaults()
```

Add `theme_xaringan_inverse()` to automatically create a plot 
that matches the inverse slide style.

```{r ggplot2-demo-inverse, fig.show="hide"}
# theme_xaringan() on the left, theme_xaringan_inverse() on the right
g_base + theme_xaringan_inverse()
```

<img src="`r knitr::fig_chunk("ggplot2-demo-2", "png")`" width="48%" /><img src="`r knitr::fig_chunk("ggplot2-demo-inverse", "png")`" width="48%" />


## Using `theme_xaringan()` without calling a style function {#using-xaringan-themer-css}

Once you've set up your custom xaringan theme,
you might want to use the theme's CSS file for new presentations
instead of rebuilding your theme with every new slide deck.

In these cases, `theme_xaringan()` will look for a CSS file
written by **xaringanthemer** in your slides' directory 
or in a sub-folder under the same directory
that it can use to determine the colors and fonts used in your slides.

If you happen to have multiple slide themes
written by **xaringanthemer** in the same directory,
the one named `xaringan-themer.css` will be used.
If xaringanthemer picks the wrong file,
you can use the `css_file` in `theme_xaringan()` 
to specify exactly which CSS file to use.

```{r eval=FALSE}
theme_xaringan(css_file = "my-slide-style.css")
```

Note that you can use `theme_xaringan()` anywhere you want,
not just in xaringan slides!
(For example, `theme_xaringan()` is working great in these vignettes!)
This means that you can use your plot theme in reports and websites
while maintaining a consistent look and feel or brand.

Finally, you don't even need a xaringanthemer CSS file.
You can specify the key ingredients for the theme
as arguments to `theme_xaringan()`, namely 
text, background, and accent colors as well as text and title fonts.

The R chunk below replicated the demonstrated theme,
but doesn't require a slide style to be set or stored in a CSS file.

```{r eval=FALSE}
theme_xaringan(
  text_color = "#3D3E38",
  background_color = "#FFFFFF",
  accent_color = "#DC322F",
  text_font = "Kelly Slab",
  text_font_use_google = TRUE,
  title_font = "Oleo Script",
  title_font_use_google = TRUE
)
```

## Colors

As demonstrated above, 
`theme_xaringan()` and `theme_xaringan_inverse()`
modify the default colors and fonts of geometries.
This means that `geom_point()`, `geom_bar()`, `geom_text()` 
and other geoms used in your plots
will reasonably match your slide themes with no extra work.

```{r demo-geom-defaults, fig.width = 10}
g_diamonds <- ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = cut)) +
  geom_bar() +
  labs(x = NULL, y = NULL, title = "Diamond Cut Quality") +
  ylim(0, 25000)

g_diamonds + theme_xaringan()
```

Whenever `theme_xaringan()` or `theme_xaringan_inverse()` are called,
the default values of many of ggplot2 geoms are set by default.
You can opt out of this by setting `set_ggplot_defaults = FALSE` 
when using either theme.
You can also restore the geom aesthetic defaults to their original values
before the first time `theme_xaringan()` or `theme_xaringan_inverse()`
were used by running

```{r eval=FALSE}
theme_xaringan_restore_defaults()
```

### Custom Color and Fill Scales {#scale-xaringan}

xaringanthemer includes monotone color and fill scales
to match your ggplot2 theme.
The scale functions all follow the naming pattern 
`scale_xaringan_<aes>_<data_type>()`,
where `<aes>` is replaced with either `color` or `fill`
and `<data_type>` is one of `discrete` or `continuous`.

These scales use `colorspace::sequential_hcl()`
to create a sequential, monotone color scale
based on the primary accent color in your slides.
Color scales matching the inverse slides are possible
by setting the argument `inverse = TRUE`.

```{r scale-xaringan, fig.width = 9, fig.height = 5, out.width="48%", fig.show="hold", echo = TRUE}
ggplot(diamonds, aes(x = cut)) +
  geom_bar(aes(fill = ..count..), show.legend = FALSE) +
  labs(x = NULL, y = "Count", title = "Diamond Cut Quality") +
  theme_xaringan() +
  scale_xaringan_fill_continuous()

ggplot(mpg, aes(x = hwy, y = cty)) +
  geom_count(aes(color = ..n..), show.legend = FALSE) +
  labs(x = "Highway MPG", y = "City MPG", title = "Fuel Efficiency") +
  theme_xaringan_inverse() +
  scale_xaringan_color_continuous(breaks = seq(3, 12, 2), inverse = TRUE, begin = 1, end = 0)
```

In general, these color scales aren't great
at representing the underlying data.
In both examples above,
the color and fill scales duplicate information displayed via other aesthetics
(the height of the bar or the size of the point).
I recommend using these scales primarily for style,
although the scales can be more or less effective
depending on your color scheme.

The scales come with a few more options:

- Choose a different primary color using the `color` argument.

- Use the inverse color slide theme color with `inverse = TRUE` 
  (only applies when `color` is not supplied).
  
- Invert the direction of the discrete scales with `direction = -1`.

- Control the range of the continuous color scale used with `begin` and `end`.
  You can also invert the direction of the continuous color scale by setting
  `begin = 1` and `end = 0`.

## Fonts

### Automatically match slide and plot fonts

xaringanthemer uses the [showtext] and [sysfonts] packages by Yixuan Qiu
to automatically download and register [Google Fonts][google-fonts]
for use with your ggplot2 plots.

In your slide theme, 
use the `<type>_font_google` argument
with the `google_font("<font name>")` helper
(or the default xaringanthemer fonts)
and `theme_xaringan()` will handle the rest.
In our demo theme, we used `style_mono_accent()` with

- `text_font_google = google_font("Kelley Slab")` and
- `header_font_google = google_font("Oleo Script")`.

```{r text demo, fig.width = 10}
g_diamonds_with_text <- 
  g_diamonds + 
  geom_text(aes(y = ..count.., label = format(..count.., big.mark = ",")),
            vjust = -0.30, size = 8, stat = "count") +
  labs(x = "Cut", y = "Count")

g_diamonds_with_text + theme_xaringan()
```

`theme_xaringan()` applies the header font to the plot and axis titles
and the text font to the axis ticks labels and any text geoms or annotations.

### Manually specify plot fonts

You can also specify specific fonts for your plot theme.
Both `text_font` and `title_font` in `theme_xaringan()` and `theme_xaringan_inverse()`
accept `google_font()`s directly.

```{r text-demo-2, fig.width = 10}
g_diamonds_with_text +
  theme_xaringan(
    text_font = google_font("Ranga"),
    title_font = google_font("Holtwood One SC")
  )
```

### Using fonts not in Google Fonts

If you want to use a font that isn't in the Google Fonts collection,
you need to manually register the font with sysfonts
so that it can be used in your plots.

I found a nice open source font called 
[Glacial Indifference](https://fontlibrary.org/en/font/glacial-indifference)
by Alfredo Marco Pradil
available at [fontlibrary.org](https://fontlibrary.org).
In my theme style function,
I would use

```
style_mono_accent(
  text_font_family = "GlacialIndifferenceRegular",
  text_font_url = "https://fontlibrary.org/face/glacial-indifference"
)
```

but sysfonts won't know where to find the TTF font files for this font.

To register the font with sysfonts, we use `sysfonts::font_add()`,
but first we need to download the font file —
the `sysfonts::font_add()` function requires the font file to be local.

By inspecting the CSS file at the link I used in `text_font_url`,
I found a direct URL for the `.ttf` files for _GlacialIndifferenceRegular_.
I've included the code I used to download the font to a temporary file below,
but in case the URL breaks, I've included _Glacial Indifference_
in the xaringanthemer package.

```{r eval=FALSE}
font_url <- file.path(
  "https://fontlibrary.org/assets/fonts/glacial-indifference",
  "5f2cf277506e19ec77729122f27b1faf/0820b3c58fed35de298219f314635982", 
  "GlacialIndifferenceRegular.ttf"
)

font_temp <- tempfile()
download.file(font_url, font_temp)
```

```{r sysfonts-custom-font, fig.width = 10}
# Path to the local custom font file
font_temp <- system.file(
  "fonts/GlacialIndifferenceRegular.ttf", package = "xaringanthemer"
)

# Register the font with sysfonts/showtext
sysfonts::font_add(family = "GlacialIndifferenceRegular", regular = font_temp)

# Now it's available for use!
g_diamonds_with_text +
  theme_xaringan(
    text_font = "GlacialIndifferenceRegular",
    title_font = "GlacialIndifferenceRegular"
  )
```

## Tips for using the showtext package {#tips}

Working with fonts is notoriously frustrating,
but [showtext] and [sysfonts] do a great job ensuring that 
Google Fonts and custom fonts work on all platforms.
As you've seen in the examples above, 
the process is mostly seamless,
but there are a few caveats and 
places where the methods used by these packages may interrupt a typical ggplot2 workflow.

### R Markdown

To use the showtext package in R Markdown, 
knitr requires that the `fig.showtext` chunk option be set to `TRUE`,
either in the chunk producing the figure or globally in the document.

xaringanthemer tries to set this chunk option for you,
but in some circumstances it's possible to call `theme_xaringan()`
in a way that xaringanthemer can't set this option for you.
When this happens,
xaringanthemer will produce an error:

```
Error in verify_fig_showtext(fn) : 
  To use theme_xaringan_base() with knitr, you need to set the chunk
  option `fig.showtext = TRUE` for this chunk. Or you can set this option
  globally with `knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.showtext = TRUE)`.
```

If you find yourself facing this error,
follow the instructions and choose one of the two suggestions:

1. Add `fig.showtext = TRUE` to the chunk producing the figure

2. Or set the option globally in your `setup` chunk with
   `knitr::opts_chunk$set(fig.showtext = TRUE)`.

### MacOS

On MacOS, you'll need to have `xquartz` installed for `sysfonts` to work properly.
If you use [homebrew](https://brew.sh/), 
you can install `xquartz` with

```bash
brew cask install xquartz
```

### In RStudio

showtext and RStudio's graphic device don't always work well together.
Depending on your version of RStudio,
if you try to preview plots that use `theme_xaringan()`,
the fonts in the preview will still be the default sans font
or you may not see a plot at all.

To work around this, open a new `quartz()` (MacOS) or `x11()` (Windows/Unix) plot device.
The plots will then render in a separate window.
I usually create a `quartz()` device with a similar size ratio to my slides.

```{r eval=FALSE}
## On Windows
# x11(width = 16 * 2/3, height = 9 * 2/3)

## On MacOS
quartz(width = 16 * 2/3, height = 9 * 2/3)
## run plot code to preview in separate window
dev.off() # call when done to close the device
```


[ggplot2]: https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
[xaringan]: https://github.com/yihui/xaringan
[google-fonts]: https://fonts.google.com
[showtext]: https://github.com/yixuan/showtext
[sysfonts]: https://github.com/yixuan/sysfonts
