The Project Gutenberg eBook of Beowulf This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. Title: Beowulf Author: Unknown Editor: James A. Harrison Robert Sharp Release Date: October 12, 2003 [eBook #9700] [Most recently updated: April 11, 2021] Language: English Character set encoding: UTF-8 Produced by: Karl Hagen and PG Distributed Proofreaders *** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** ** Preface to the Project Gutenberg Edition of Beowulf ** This text is a corrected version of the fourth edition of Harrison and Sharp in its entirety. It comes in two basic versions. The base version, available in 8-bit (Latin-1) text and HTML, presents the original text as printed. This file contains the original version. It preserves the source-text's idiosyncratic use of accented vowels with the exception of y-circumflex, which is replaced by y-acute (ý) to fit within the Latin-1 character set. Manifestly unintentional errors in the text have been corrected. In general, this has only been done when the text is internally inconsistent (e.g., a quotation in the glossary does not match the main text). Forms that represent deliberate editorial choice have not been altered, even where they appear wrong. (For example, some of the markings of vowel length do not reflect current scholarly consensus.) Where an uncorrected problem may confuse the reader, I have inserted a note explaining the difficulty, signed KTH. A complete list of the changes made is appended at the end of the file. In order to make the text more useful to modern readers, I have also produced a revised edition, available in Unicode (UTF-8) and HTML. Notes from the source text that indicate changes adopted in later editions have been incorporated directly into the text and apparatus. Further, long vowels are indicated with macrons, as is the common practice of most modern editions. Finally, the quantity of some words has been altered to the values currently accepted as correct. Quantities have not been changed when the difference is a matter of editorial interpretation (e.g., gäst vs. gæst in l. 102, etc.) A list of these altered quantities appears at the end of the list of corrections. Your browser must support the Unicode character set to use the revised version. Explanation of the Vowel Accenting In general, Harrison and Sharp use circumflex accents over vowels to mark long vowels. For ash, however, the actual character 'æ' represents the long vowel. Short ash is rendered with a-umlaut (ä). The long diphthongs (eo, ea, etc.) are indicated with an acute accent over the _second_ vowel (eó, eá, etc.). ** End of PG Preface ** I. BEÓWULF: _AN ANGLO-SAXON POEM_. II. THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURH: _A FRAGMENT_. WITH TEXT AND GLOSSARY ON THE BASIS OF M. HEYNE. EDITED, CORRECTED, AND ENLARGED, BY JAMES A. HARRISON, LL.D., LITT. D., PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH AND MODERN LANGUAGES, WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, AND ROBERT SHARP (PH.D. LIPS.), PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND ENGLISH, TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA. FOURTH EDITION. REVISED, WITH NOTES. GINN & COMPANY BOSTON--NEW YORK--CHICAGO--LONDON Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1883, by JAMES ALBERT HARRISON AND ROBERT SHARP in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR F. A. MARCH, OF LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA., AND FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL, ESQ. FOUNDER OF THE "NEW SHAKSPERE SOCIETY," THE "CHAUCER SOCIETY," ETC., ETC. PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION. The favor with which the successive editions of "Beówulf" have been received during the past thirteen years emboldens the editors to continue the work of revision in a fourth issue, the most noticeable feature of which is a considerable body of explanatory Notes, now for the first time added. These Notes mainly concern themselves with new textual readings, with here and there grammatical, geographical, and archæological points that seemed worthy of explanation. Parallelisms and parallel passages are constantly compared, with the view of making the poem illustrate and explain itself. A few emendations and textual changes are suggested by the editors with all possible diffidence; numerous corrections have been made in the Glossary and List of Names; and the valuable parts of former Appendices have been embodied in the Notes. For the Notes, the editors are much indebted to the various German periodicals mentioned on page 116, to the recent publications of Professors Earle and J. L. Hall, to Mr. S. A. Brooke, and to the Heyne-Socin edition of "Beówulf." No change has been made in the system of accentuation, though a few errors in quantity have been corrected. The editors are looking forward to an eventual fifth edition, in which an entirely new text will be presented. October, 1893. NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. This third edition of the American issue of Beówulf will, the editors hope, be found more accurate and useful than either of the preceding editions. Further corrections in text and glossary have been made, and some additional new readings and suggestions will be found in two brief appendices at the back of the book. Students of the metrical system of Beówulf will find ample material for their studies in Sievers' exhaustive essay on that subject (Beiträge, X. 209-314). Socin's edition of Heyne's Beówulf (called the fifth edition) has been utilized to some extent in this edition, though it unfortunately came too late to be freely used. While it repeats many of the omissions and inaccuracies of Heyne's fourth edition, it contains much that is valuable to the student, particularly in the notes and commentary. Students of the poem, which has been subjected to much searching criticism during the last decade, will also derive especial help from the contributions of Sievers and Kluge on difficult questions appertaining to it. Wülker's new edition (in the Grein _Bibliothek_) is of the highest value, however one may dissent from particular textual views laid down in the 'Berichtigter Text.' Paul and Braune's Beiträge contain a varied miscellany of hints, corrections, and suggestions principally embodying the views of Kluge, Cosijn, Sievers, and Bugge, some of the more important of which are found in the appendices to the present and the preceding edition. Holder and Zupitza, Sarrazin and Hermann Möller (Kiel, 1883), Heinzel (Anzeiger f.d. Alterthum, X.), Gering (Zacher's Zeitschrift, XII.), Brenner (Eng. Studien, IX.), and the contributors to Anglia, have assisted materially in the textual and metrical interpretation of the poem. The subject of Anglo-Saxon quantity has been discussed in several able essays by Sievers, Sweet, Ten Brink (Anzeiger, f.d. Alterthum, V.), Kluge (Beiträge, XI.), and others; but so much is uncertain in this field that the editors have left undisturbed the marking of vowels found in the text of their original edition, while indicating in the appendices the now accepted views of scholars on the quantity of the personal pronouns (mê, wê, þû, þê, gê, hê); the adverb nû, etc. Perhaps it would be best to banish absolutely all attempts at marking quantities except in cases where the Ms. has them marked. An approximately complete Bibliography of Beówulf literature will be found in Wülker's _Grundriss_ and in Garnett's translation of the poem. JAMES A. HARRISON, ROBERT SHARP. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., May, 1888. NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION. The editors feel so encouraged at the kind reception accorded their edition of Beówulf (1883), that, in spite of its many shortcomings, they have determined to prepare a second revised edition of the book, and thus endeavor to extend its sphere of usefulness. About twenty errors had, notwithstanding a vigilant proof-reading, crept into the text,--errors in single letters, accents, and punctuation. These have been corrected, and it is hoped that the text has been rendered generally accurate and trustworthy. In the List of Names one or two corrections have been made, and in the Glossary numerous mistakes in gender, classification, and translation, apparently unavoidable in a first edition, have been rectified. Wherever these mistakes concern _single_ letters, or occupy very small space, they have been corrected in the plates; where they are longer, and the expense of correcting them in the plates would have been very great, the editors have thought it best to include them in an Appendix of Corrections and Additions, which will be found at the back of the book. Students are accordingly referred to this Appendix for important longer corrections and additions. It is believed that the value of the book has been much enhanced by an Appendix of Recent Readings, based on late criticisms and essays from the pens of Sievers, Kluge, Cosijn, Holder, Wülker, and Sweet. A perplexed student, in turning to these suggested readings, will often find great help in unravelling obscure or corrupt passages. The objectionable ä and æ, for the short and the long diphthong, have been retained in the revised edition, owing to the impossibility of removing them without entirely recasting the plates. In conclusion, the editors would acknowledge their great indebtedness to the friends and critics whose remarks and criticisms have materially aided in the correction of the text,--particularly to Profs. C.P.G. Scott, Baskervill, Price, and J.M. Hart; to Prof. J.W. Bright; and to the authorities of Cornell University, for the loan of periodicals necessary to the completeness of the revision. While the second revised edition still contains much that might be improved, the editors cannot but hope that it is an advance on its predecessor, and that it will continue its work of extending the study of Old English throughout the land. JUNE, 1885. NOTE I. The present work, carefully edited from Heyne's fourth edition, (Paderborn, 1879), is designed primarily for college classes in Anglo-Saxon, rather than for independent investigators or for seekers after a restored or ideal text. The need of an American edition of "Beówulf" has long been felt, as, hitherto, students have had either to send to Germany for a text, or secure, with great trouble, one of the scarce and expensive English editions. Heyne's first edition came out in 1863, and was followed in 1867 and 1873 by a second and a third edition, all three having essentially the same text. So many important contributions to the "Beówulf" literature were, however, made between 1873 and 1879 that Heyne found it necessary to put forth a new edition (1879). In this new, last edition, the text was subjected to a careful revision, and was fortified by the views, contributions, and criticisms of other zealous scholars. In it the collation of the unique "Beówulf" Ms. (Vitellius A. 15: Cottonian Mss. of the British Museum), as made by E. Kölbing in Herrig's _Archiv_ (Bd. 56; 1876), was followed wherever the present condition of the Ms. had to be discussed; and the researches of Bugge, Bieger, and others, on single passages, were made use of. The discussion of the metrical structure of the poem, as occurring in the second and third editions, was omitted in the fourth, owing to the many controversies in which the subject is still involved. The present editor has thought it best to do the same, though, happily, the subject of Old English _Metrik_ is undergoing a steady illumination through the labors of Schipper and others. Some errors and misplaced accents in Heyne's text have been corrected in the present edition, in which, as in the general revision of the text, the editor has been most kindly aided by Prof. J.M. Garnett, late Principal of St. John's College, Maryland. In the preparation of the present school edition it has been thought best to omit Heyne's notes, as they concern themselves principally with conjectural emendations, substitutions of one reading for another, and discussions of the condition of the Ms. Until Wülker's text and the photographic fac-simile of the original Ms. are in the hands of all scholars, it will be better not to introduce such matters in the school room, where they would puzzle without instructing. For convenience of reference, the editor has added a head-line to each "fit" of the poem, with a view to facilitate a knowledge of its episodes. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA., June, 1882. NOTE II. The editors now have the pleasure of presenting to the public a complete text and a tolerably complete glossary of "Beówulf." The edition is the first published in America, and the first of its special kind presented to the English public, and it is the initial volume of a "Library of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," to be edited under the same auspices and with the coöperation of distinguished scholars in this country. Among these scholars may be mentioned Professors F.A. March of Lafayette College, T.K. Price of Columbia College, and W.M. Baskervill of Vanderbilt University. In the preparation of the Glossary the editors found it necessary to abandon a literal and exact translation of Heyne for several reasons, and among others from the fact that Heyne seems to be wrong in the translation of some of his illustrative quotations, and even translates the same passage in two or three different ways under different headings. The orthography of his glossary differs considerably from the orthography of his text. He fails to discriminate with due nicety the meanings of many of the words in his vocabulary, while criticism more recent than his latest edition (1879) has illustrated or overthrown several of his renderings. The references were found to be incorrect in innumerable instances, and had to be verified in every individual case so far as this was possible, a few only, which resisted all efforts at verification, having to be indicated by an interrogation point (?). The references are exceedingly numerous, and the labor of verifying them was naturally great. To many passages in the Glossary, where Heyne's translation could not be trusted with entire certainty, the editors have added other translations of phrases and sentences or of special words; and in this they have been aided by a careful study of the text and a comparison and utilization of the views of Kemble and Professor J.M. Garnett (who takes Grein for his foundation). Many new references have been added; and the various passages in which Heyne fails to indicate whether a given verb is weak or strong, or fails to point out the number, etc., of the illustrative form, have been corrected and made to harmonize with the general plan of the work. Numerous misprints in the glossary have also been corrected, and a brief glossary to the Finnsburh-fragment, prepared by Dr. Wm. Hand Browne, and supplemented and adapted by the editor-in-chief, has been added. The editors think that they may without immodesty put forth for themselves something more than the claim of being re-translators of a translation: the present edition is, so far as they were able to make it so, an adaptation, correction, and extension of the work of the great German scholar to whose loving appreciation of the Anglo-Saxon epic all students of Old English owe a debt of gratitude. While following his usually sure and cautious guidance, and in the main appropriating his results, they have thought it best to deviate from him in the manner above indicated, whenever it seemed that he was wrong. The careful reader will notice at once the marks of interrogation which point out these deviations, or which introduce a point of view illustrative of, or supplementary to, the one given by the German editor. No doubt the editors are wrong themselves in many places,--"Beówulf" is a most difficult poem,--but their view may at least be defended by a reference to the original text, which they have faithfully and constantly consulted. A good many cognate Modern English words have been introduced here and there in the Glossary with a view to illustration, and other addenda will be found between brackets and parenthetical marks. It is hoped that the present edition of the most famous of Old English poems will do something to promote a valuable and interesting study. JAMES A. HARRISON, _Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Va._ ROBERT SHARP, _University of Louisiana, New Orleans_. April, 1883. The responsibility of the editors is as follows: H. is responsible for the Text, and for the Glossary from hrînan on; S. for the List of Names, and for the Glossary as far as hrînan. ARGUMENT. The only national [Anglo-Saxon] epic which has been preserved entire is Beówulf. Its argument is briefly as follows:--The poem opens with a few verses in praise of the Danish Kings, especially Scild, the son of Sceaf. His death is related, and his descendants briefly traced down to Hroðgar. Hroðgar, elated with his prosperity and success in war, builds a magnificent hall, which he calls Heorot. In this hall Hroðgar and his retainers live in joy and festivity, until a malignant fiend, called Grendel, jealous of their happiness, carries off by night thirty of Hroðgar's men, and devours them in his moorland retreat. These ravages go on for twelve years. Beówulf, a thane of Hygelac, King of the Goths, hearing of Hroðgar's calamities, sails from Sweden with fourteen warriors--to help him. They reach the Danish coast in safety; and, after an animated parley with Hroðgar's coastguard, who at first takes them for pirates, they are allowed to proceed to the royal hall, where they are well received by Hroðgar. A banquet ensues, during which Beówulf is taunted by the envious Hunferhð about his swimming-match with Breca, King of the Brondings. Beówulf gives the true account of the contest, and silences Hunferhð. At night-fall the King departs, leaving Beówulf in charge of the hall. Grendel soon breaks in, seizes and devours one of Beówulf's companions; is attacked by Beówulf, and, after losing an arm, which is torn off by Beówulf, escapes to the fens. The joy of Hroðgar and the Danes, and their festivities, are described, various episodes are introduced, and Beówulf and his companions receive splendid gifts. The next night Grendel's mother revenges her son by carrying off Æschere, the friend and councillor of Hroðgar, during the absence of Beówulf. Hroðgar appeals to Beówulf for vengeance, and describes the haunts of Grendel and his mother. They all proceed thither; the scenery of the lake, and the monsters that dwell in it, are described. Beówulf plunges into the water, and attacks Grendel's mother in her dwelling at the bottom of the lake. He at length overcomes her, and cuts off her head, together with that of Grendel, and brings the heads to Hroðgar. He then takes leave of Hroðgar, sails back to Sweden, and relates his adventures to Hygelac. Here the first half of the poem ends. The second begins with the accession of Beówulf to the throne, after the fall of Hygelac and his son Heardred. He rules prosperously for fifty years, till a dragon, brooding over a hidden treasure, begins to ravage the country, and destroys Beówulf's palace with fire. Beówulf sets out in quest of its hiding-place, with twelve men. Having a presentiment of his approaching end, he pauses and recalls to mind his past life and exploits. He then takes leave of his followers, one by one, and advances alone to attack the dragon. Unable, from the heat, to enter the cavern, he shouts aloud, and the dragon comes forth. The dragon's scaly hide is proof against Beówulf's sword, and he is reduced to great straits. Then Wiglaf, one of his followers, advances to help him. Wiglaf's shield is consumed by the dragon's fiery breath, and he is compelled to seek shelter under Beówulf's shield of iron. Beówulf's sword snaps asunder, and he is seized by the dragon. Wiglaf stabs the dragon from underneath, and Beówulf cuts it in two with his dagger. Feeling that his end is near, he bids Wiglaf bring out the treasures from the cavern, that he may see them before he dies. Wiglaf enters the dragon's den, which is described, returns to Beówulf, and receives his last commands. Beówulf dies, and Wiglaf bitterly reproaches his companions for their cowardice. The disastrous consequences of Beówulf's death are then foretold, and the poem ends with his funeral.--H. Sweet, in Warton's _History of English Poetry_, Vol. II. (ed. 1871). Cf. also Ten Brink's _History of English Literature_. BEÓWULF. I. THE PASSING OF SCYLD. Hwät! we Gâr-Dena in geâr-dagum þeód-cyninga þrym gefrunon, hû þâ äðelingas ellen fremedon. Oft Scyld Scêfing sceaðena þreátum, 5 monegum mægðum meodo-setla ofteáh. Egsode eorl, syððan ærest wearð feá-sceaft funden: he þäs frôfre gebâd, weôx under wolcnum, weorð-myndum ðâh, ôð þät him æghwylc þâra ymb-sittendra 10 ofer hron-râde hýran scolde, gomban gyldan: þät wäs gôd cyning! þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned geong in geardum, þone god sende folce tô frôfre; fyren-þearfe ongeat, 15 þät hie ær drugon aldor-leáse lange hwîle. Him þäs lîf-freá, wuldres wealdend, worold-âre forgeaf; Beówulf wäs breme (blæd wîde sprang), Scyldes eafera Scede-landum in. 20 Swâ sceal geong guma, gôde gewyrcean, fromum feoh-giftum on fäder wine, þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wil-gesîðas, þonne wîg cume, leóde gelæsten: lof-dædum sceal 25 in mægða gehwære man geþeón. Him þâ Scyld gewât tô gescäp-hwîle fela-hrôr fêran on freán wære; hi hyne þâ ätbæron tô brimes faroðe. swæse gesîðas, swâ he selfa bäd, 30 þenden wordum weóld wine Scyldinga, leóf land-fruma lange âhte. Þær ät hýðe stôd hringed-stefna, îsig and ûtfûs, äðelinges fär; â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden, 35 beága bryttan on bearm scipes, mærne be mäste. Þær wäs mâdma fela, of feor-wegum frätwa gelæded: ne hýrde ic cymlîcor ceól gegyrwan hilde-wæpnum and heaðo-wædum, 40 billum and byrnum; him on bearme läg mâdma mänigo, þâ him mid scoldon on flôdes æht feor gewîtan. Nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan, þeód-gestreónum, þonne þâ dydon, 45 þe hine ät frumsceafte forð onsendon ænne ofer ýðe umbor wesende: þâ gyt hie him âsetton segen gyldenne heáh ofer heáfod, lêton holm beran, geâfon on gâr-secg: him wäs geômor sefa, 50 murnende môd. Men ne cunnon secgan tô soðe sele-rædende, häleð under heofenum, hwâ þäm hläste onfêng. II. THE HALL HEOROT. Þâ wäs on burgum Beówulf Scyldinga, leóf leód-cyning, longe þrage 55 folcum gefræge (fäder ellor hwearf, aldor of earde), ôð þät him eft onwôc heáh Healfdene; heóld þenden lifde, gamol and gûð-reów, gläde Scyldingas. Þäm feówer bearn forð-gerîmed 60 in worold wôcun, weoroda ræswan, Heorogâr and Hrôðgâr and Hâlga til; hýrde ic, þat Elan cwên Ongenþeówes wäs Heaðoscilfinges heals-gebedde. Þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen, 65 wîges weorð-mynd, þät him his wine-mâgas georne hýrdon, ôð þät seó geogoð geweôx, mago-driht micel. Him on môd bearn, þät heal-reced hâtan wolde, medo-ärn micel men gewyrcean, 70 þone yldo bearn æfre gefrunon, and þær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum, swylc him god sealde, bûton folc-scare and feorum gumena. Þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan 75 manigre mægðe geond þisne middan-geard, folc-stede frätwan. Him on fyrste gelomp ädre mid yldum, þät hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ärna mæst; scôp him Heort naman, se þe his wordes geweald wîde häfde. 80 He beót ne âlêh, beágas dælde, sinc ät symle. Sele hlifade heáh and horn-geáp: heaðo-wylma bâd, lâðan lîges; ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen þät se ecg-hete âðum-swerian 85 äfter wäl-nîðe wäcnan scolde. Þâ se ellen-gæst earfoðlîce þrage geþolode, se þe in þýstrum bâd, þät he dôgora gehwâm dreám gehýrde hlûdne in healle; þær wäs hearpan swêg, 90 swutol sang scôpes. Sägde se þe cûðe frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan, cwäð þät se älmihtiga eorðan worhte, wlite-beorhtne wang, swâ wäter bebûgeð, gesette sige-hrêðig sunnan and mônan 95 leóman tô leóhte land-bûendum, and gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum; lîf eác gesceôp cynna gehwylcum, þâra þe cwice hwyrfað. Swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon 100 eádiglîce, ôð þät ân ongan fyrene fremman, feónd on helle: wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, mære mearc-stapa, se þe môras heóld, fen and fästen; fîfel-cynnes eard 105 won-sælig wer weardode hwîle, siððan him scyppend forscrifen häfde. In Caines cynne þone cwealm gewräc, êce drihten, þäs þe he Abel slôg; ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, ac he hine feor forwräc, 110 metod for þý mâne man-cynne fram. Þanon untydras ealle onwôcon, eotenas and ylfe and orcnêas, swylce gigantas, þâ wið gode wunnon lange þrage; he him þäs leán forgeald. III. GRENDEL'S VISITS. 115 Gewât þâ neósian, syððan niht becom, heán hûses, hû hit Hring-Dene äfter beór-þege gebûn häfdon. Fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht swefan äfter symble; sorge ne cûðon, 120 won-sceaft wera. Wiht unhælo grim and grædig gearo sôna wäs, reóc and rêðe, and on räste genam þritig þegna: þanon eft gewât hûðe hrêmig tô hâm faran, 125 mid þære wäl-fylle wîca neósan. Þâ wäs on uhtan mid ær-däge Grendles gûð-cräft gumum undyrne: þâ wäs äfter wiste wôp up âhafen, micel morgen-swêg. Mære þeóden, 130 äðeling ær-gôd, unblîðe sät, þolode þrýð-swýð, þegn-sorge dreáh, syððan hie þäs lâðan lâst sceáwedon, wergan gâstes; wäs þät gewin tô strang, lâð and longsum. Näs hit lengra fyrst, 135 ac ymb âne niht eft gefremede morð-beala mâre and nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene; wäs tô fäst on þâm. Þâ wäs eáð-fynde, þe him elles hwær gerûmlîcor räste sôhte, 140 bed äfter bûrum, þâ him gebeácnod wäs, gesägd sôðlîce sweotolan tâcne heal-þegnes hete; heóld hine syððan fyr and fästor, se þäm feónde ätwand. Swâ rîxode and wið rihte wan 145 âna wið eallum, ôð þät îdel stôd hûsa sêlest. Wäs seó hwîl micel: twelf wintra tîd torn geþolode wine Scyldinga, weána gehwelcne, sîdra sorga; forþam syððan wearð 150 ylda bearnum undyrne cûð, gyddum geômore, þätte Grendel wan, hwîle wið Hrôðgâr;-- hete-nîðas wäg, fyrene and fæhðe fela missera, singale säce, sibbe ne wolde 155 wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian, ne þær nænig witena wênan þorfte beorhtre bôte tô banan folmum; atol äglæca êhtende wäs, 160 deorc deáð-scûa duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede. Sin-nihte heóld mistige môras; men ne cunnon, hwyder hel-rûnan hwyrftum scrîðað. Swâ fela fyrena feónd man-cynnes, 165 atol ân-gengea, oft gefremede heardra hýnða; Heorot eardode, sinc-fâge sel sweartum nihtum (nô he þone gif-stôl grêtan môste, mâððum for metode, ne his myne wisse); 170 þät wäs wræc micel wine Scyldinga, môdes brecða. Monig-oft gesät rîce tô rûne; ræd eahtedon, hwät swîð-ferhðum sêlest wære wið fær-gryrum tô gefremmanne. 175 Hwîlum hie gehêton ät härg-trafum wig-weorðunga, wordum bædon, þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum. Swylc wäs þeáw hyra, hæðenra hyht; helle gemundon 180 in môd-sefan, metod hie ne cûðon, dæda dêmend, ne wiston hie drihten god, ne hie hûru heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon, wuldres waldend. Wâ bið þäm þe sceal þurh slîðne nîð sâwle bescûfan 185 in fýres fäðm, frôfre ne wênan, wihte gewendan; wel bið þäm þe môt äfter deáð-däge drihten sêcean and tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian. IV. HYGELAC'S THANE. Swâ þâ mæl-ceare maga Healfdenes 190 singala seáð; ne mihte snotor häleð weán onwendan: wäs þät gewin tô swýð, lâð and longsum, þe on þâ leóde becom, nýd-wracu nîð-grim, niht-bealwa mæst. Þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn, 195 gôd mid Geátum, Grendles dæda: se wäs mon-cynnes mägenes strengest on þäm däge þysses lîfes, äðele and eácen. Hêt him ýð-lidan gôdne gegyrwan; cwäð he gûð-cyning 200 ofer swan-râde sêcean wolde, mærne þeóden, þâ him wäs manna þearf. Þone sîð-fät him snotere ceorlas lyt-hwôn lôgon, þeáh he him leóf wære; hwetton higerôfne, hæl sceáwedon. 205 Häfde se gôda Geáta leóda cempan gecorone, þâra þe he cênoste findan mihte; fîftena sum sund-wudu sôhte; secg wîsade, lagu-cräftig mon, land-gemyrcu. 210 Fyrst forð gewât: flota wäs on ýðum, bât under beorge. Beornas gearwe on stefn stigon; streámas wundon sund wið sande; secgas bæron on bearm nacan beorhte frätwe, 215 gûð-searo geatolîc; guman ût scufon, weras on wil-sîð wudu bundenne. Gewât þâ ofer wæg-holm winde gefýsed flota fâmig-heals fugle gelîcost, ôð þät ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores 220 wunden-stefna gewaden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land gesâwon, brim-clifu blîcan, beorgas steápe, sîde sæ-nässas: þâ wäs sund liden, eoletes ät ende. Þanon up hraðe 225 Wedera leóde on wang stigon, sæ-wudu sældon (syrcan hrysedon, gûð-gewædo); gode þancedon, þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon. Þâ of wealle geseah weard Scildinga, 230 se þe holm-clifu healdan scolde, beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas, fyrd-searu fûslîcu; hine fyrwyt bräc môd-gehygdum, hwät þâ men wæron. Gewât him þâ tô waroðe wicge rîdan 235 þegn Hrôðgâres, þrymmum cwehte mägen-wudu mundum, meðel-wordum frägn: "Hwät syndon ge searo-häbbendra "byrnum werede, þe þus brontne ceól "ofer lagu-stræte lædan cwômon, 240 "hider ofer holmas helmas bæron? "Ic wäs ende-sæta, æg-wearde heóld, "þät on land Dena lâðra nænig "mid scip-herge sceððan ne meahte. "Nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon 245 "lind-häbbende; ne ge leáfnes-word "gûð-fremmendra gearwe ne wisson, "mâga gemêdu. Næfre ic mâran geseah "eorla ofer eorðan, þonne is eówer sum, "secg on searwum; nis þät seld-guma 250 "wæpnum geweorðad, näfne him his wlite leóge, "ænlîc an-sýn. Nu ic eówer sceal "frum-cyn witan, ær ge fyr heonan "leáse sceáweras on land Dena "furður fêran. Nu ge feor-bûend, 255 "mere-lîðende, mînne gehýrað "ân-fealdne geþôht: ôfost is sêlest "tô gecýðanne, hwanan eówre cyme syndon." V. THE ERRAND. Him se yldesta andswarode, werodes wîsa, word-hord onleác: 260 "We synt gum-cynnes Geáta leóde "and Higelâces heorð-geneátas. "Wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed, "äðele ord-fruma Ecgþeów hâten; "gebâd wintra worn, ær he on weg hwurfe, 265 "gamol of geardum; hine gearwe geman "witena wel-hwylc wîde geond eorðan.-- "We þurh holdne hige hlâford þinne, "sunu Healfdenes, sêcean cwômon, "leód-gebyrgean: wes þu ûs lârena gôd! 270 "Habbað we tô þäm mæran micel ærende "Deniga freán; ne sceal þær dyrne sum "wesan, þäs ic wêne. Þu wâst, gif hit is, "swâ we sôðlice secgan hýrdon, "þät mid Scyldingum sceaða ic nât hwylc, 275 "deógol dæd-hata, deorcum nihtum "eáweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð, "hýnðu and hrâ-fyl. Ic þäs Hrôðgâr mäg "þurh rûmne sefan ræd gelæran, "hû he frôd and gôd feónd oferswýðeð, 280 "gyf him ed-wendan æfre scolde "bealuwa bisigu, bôt eft cuman "and þâ cear-wylmas côlran wurðað; "oððe â syððan earfoð-þrage, "þreá-nýd þolað, þenden þær wunað 285 "on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest." Weard maðelode, þær on wicge sät ombeht unforht: "Æghwäðres sceal "scearp scyld-wîga gescâd witan, "worda and worca, se þe wel þenceð. 290 "Ic þät gehýre, þät þis is hold weorod "freán Scyldinga. Gewîtað forð beran "wæpen and gewædu, ic eów wîsige: "swylce ic magu-þegnas mîne hâte "wið feónda gehwone flotan eówerne, 295 "niw-tyrwedne nacan on sande "ârum healdan, ôð þät eft byreð "ofer lagu-streámas leófne mannan "wudu wunden-hals tô Weder-mearce. "Gûð-fremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið, 300 "þät þone hilde-ræs hâl gedîgeð." Gewiton him þâ fêran (flota stille bâd, seomode on sâle sîd-fäðmed scyp, on ancre fäst); eofor-lîc scionon ofer hleór-beran gehroden golde 305 fâh and fýr-heard, ferh wearde heóld. Gûðmôde grummon, guman onetton, sigon ätsomne, ôð þät hy säl timbred geatolîc and gold-fâh ongytan mihton; þät wäs fore-mærost fold-bûendum 310 receda under roderum, on þäm se rîca bâd; lixte se leóma ofer landa fela. Him þâ hilde-deór hof môdigra torht getæhte, þät hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan; gûð-beorna sum 315 wicg gewende, word äfter cwäð: "Mæl is me tô fêran; fäder alwalda "mid âr-stafum eówic gehealde "sîða gesunde! ic tô sæ wille, "wið wrâð werod wearde healdan." VI. BEÓWULF'S SPEECH. 320 Stræt wäs stân-fâh, stîg wîsode gumum ätgädere. Gûð-byrne scân heard hond-locen, hring-îren scîr song in searwum, þâ hie tô sele furðum in hyra gryre-geatwum gangan cwômon. 325 Setton sæ-mêðe sîde scyldas, rondas regn-hearde wið þäs recedes weal, bugon þâ tô bence; byrnan hringdon, gûð-searo gumena; gâras stôdon, sæ-manna searo, samod ätgädere, 330 äsc-holt ufan græg: wäs se îren-þreát wæpnum gewurðad. Þâ þær wlonc häleð oret-mecgas äfter äðelum frägn: "Hwanon ferigeað ge fätte scyldas, "græge syrcan and grîm-helmas, 335 "here-sceafta heáp?-- Ic eom Hrôðgâres "âr and ombiht. Ne seah ic el-þeódige "þus manige men môdiglîcran. "Wên' ic þät ge for wlenco, nalles for wräc-sîðum, "ac for hige-þrymmum Hrôðgâr sôhton." 340 Him þâ ellen-rôf andswarode, wlanc Wedera leód word äfter spräc, heard under helme: "We synt Higelâces "beód-geneátas; Beówulf is mîn nama. "Wille ic âsecgan suna Healfdenes, 345 "mærum þeódne mîn ærende, "aldre þînum, gif he ûs geunnan wile, "þät we hine swâ gôdne grêtan môton." Wulfgâr maðelode (þät wäs Wendla leód, wäs his môd-sefa manegum gecýðed, 350 wîg and wîs-dôm): "ic þäs wine Deniga, "freán Scildinga frinan wille, "beága bryttan, swâ þu bêna eart, "þeóden mærne ymb þînne sîð ; "and þe þâ andsware ädre gecýðan, 355 "þe me se gôda âgifan þenceð." Hwearf þâ hrädlîce, þær Hrôðgâr sät, eald and unhâr mid his eorla gedriht; eode ellen-rôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, cûðe he duguðe þeáw. 360 Wulfgâr maðelode tô his wine-drihtne: "Her syndon geferede feorran cumene "ofer geofenes begang Geáta leóde: "þone yldestan oret-mecgas "Beówulf nemnað. Hy bênan synt, 365 "þät hie, þeóden mîn, wið þe môton "wordum wrixlan; nô þu him wearne geteóh, "þînra gegn-cwida glädnian, Hrôðgâr! "Hy on wîg-geatwum wyrðe þinceað "eorla geæhtlan; hûru se aldor deáh, 370 "se þæm heaðo-rincum hider wîsade." VII. HROTHGAR'S WELCOME. Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scyldinga: "Ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende. "Wäs his eald-fäder Ecgþeó hâten, "þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta 375 "ângan dôhtor; is his eafora nu "heard her cumen, sôhte holdne wine. "þonne sägdon þät sæ-lîðende, "þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon "þyder tô þance, þät he þrittiges 380 "manna mägen-cräft on his mund-grîpe "heaðo-rôf häbbe. Hine hâlig god "for âr-stafum us onsende, "tô West-Denum, þäs ic wên häbbe, "wið Grendles gryre: ic þäm gôdan sceal 385 "for his môd-þräce mâdmas beódan. "Beó þu on ôfeste, hât hig in gân, "seón sibbe-gedriht samod ätgädere; "gesaga him eác wordum, þät hie sint wil-cuman "Deniga leódum." Þâ wið duru healle 390 Wulfgâr eode, word inne âbeád: "Eów hêt secgan sige-drihten mîn, "aldor Eást-Dena, þät he eówer äðelu can "and ge him syndon ofer sæ-wylmas, "heard-hicgende, hider wil-cuman. 395 "Nu ge môton gangan in eówrum guð-geatawum, "under here-grîman, Hrôðgâr geseón; "lætað hilde-bord her onbidian, "wudu wäl-sceaftas, worda geþinges." Ârâs þâ se rîca, ymb hine rinc manig, 400 þryðlîc þegna heáp; sume þær bidon, heaðo-reáf heóldon, swâ him se hearda bebeád. Snyredon ätsomne, þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf; hyge-rôf eode, heard under helme, þät he on heoðe gestôd. 405 Beówulf maðelode (on him byrne scân, searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum): "Wes þu Hrôðgâr hâl! ic eom Higelâces "mæg and mago-þegn; häbbe ic mærða fela "ongunnen on geogoðe. Me wearð Grendles þing 410 "on mînre êðel-tyrf undyrne cûð: "secgað sæ-lîðend, þät þes sele stande, "reced sêlesta, rinca gehwylcum "îdel and unnyt, siððan æfen-leóht "under heofenes hâdor beholen weorðeð. 415 "Þâ me þät gelærdon leóde mîne, "þâ sêlestan, snotere ceorlas, "þeóden Hrôðgâr, þät ic þe sôhte; "forþan hie mägenes cräft mînne cûðon: "selfe ofersâwon, þâ ic of searwum cwom, 420 "fâh from feóndum, þær ic fîfe geband, "ýðde eotena cyn, and on ýðum slôg "niceras nihtes, nearo-þearfe dreáh, "wräc Wedera nîð (weán âhsodon) "forgrand gramum; and nu wið Grendel sceal, 425 "wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan "þing wið þyrse. Ic þe nu þâ, "brego Beorht-Dena, biddan wille, "eodor Scyldinga, ânre bêne; "þät þu me ne forwyrne, wîgendra hleó, 430 "freó-wine folca, nu ic þus feorran com, "þät ic môte âna and mînra eorla gedryht, "þes hearda heáp, Heorot fælsian. "Häbbe ic eác geâhsod, þät se äglæca "for his won-hýdum wæpna ne rêceð; 435 "ic þät þonne forhicge, swâ me Higelâc sîe, "mîn mon-drihten, môdes blîðe, "þät ic sweord bere oððe sîdne scyld "geolo-rand tô gûðe; ac ic mid grâpe sceal "fôn wið feónde and ymb feorh sacan, 440 "lâð wið lâðum; þær gelýfan sceal "dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð. "Wên' ic þät he wille, gif he wealdan môt, "in þäm gûð-sele Geátena leóde "etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde 445 "mägen Hrêðmanna. Nâ þu mînne þearft "hafalan hýdan, ac he me habban wile "dreóre fâhne, gif mec deáð nimeð; "byreð blôdig wäl, byrgean þenceð, "eteð ân-genga unmurnlîce, 450 "mearcað môr-hopu: nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft "lîces feorme leng sorgian. "Onsend Higelâce, gif mec hild nime, "beadu-scrûda betst, þät mîne breóst wereð, "hrägla sêlest; þät is Hrêðlan lâf, 455 "Wêlandes geweorc. Gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel!" VIII. HROTHGAR TELLS OF GRENDEL. Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scyldinga: "for were-fyhtum þu, wine mîn Beówulf, "and for âr-stafum ûsic sôhtest. "Geslôh þin fäder fæhðe mæste, 460 "wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan "mid Wilfingum; þâ hine Wedera cyn "for here-brôgan habban ne mihte. "Þanon he gesôhte Sûð-Dena folc "ofer ýða gewealc, Âr-Scyldinga; 465 "þâ ic furðum weóld folce Deninga, "and on geogoðe heóld gimme-rîce "hord-burh häleða: þâ wäs Heregâr deád, "mîn yldra mæg unlifigende, "bearn Healfdenes. Se wäs betera þonne ic! 470 "Siððan þâ fæhðe feó þingode; "sende ic Wylfingum ofer wäteres hrycg "ealde mâdmas: he me âðas swôr. "Sorh is me tô secganne on sefan mînum "gumena ængum, hwät me Grendel hafað 475 "hýnðo on Heorote mid his hete-þancum, "fær-nîða gefremed. Is mîn flet-werod, "wîg-heáp gewanod; hie Wyrd forsweóp "on Grendles gryre. God eáðe mäg "þone dol-scaðan dæda getwæfan! 480 "Ful oft gebeótedon beóre druncne "ofer ealo-wæge oret-mecgas, "þät hie in beór-sele bîdan woldon "Grendles gûðe mid gryrum ecga. "Þonne wäs þeós medo-heal on morgen-tîd, 485 "driht-sele dreór-fâh, þonne däg lixte, "eal benc-þelu blôde bestýmed, "heall heoru-dreóre: âhte ic holdra þý läs, "deórre duguðe, þe þâ deáð fornam. "Site nu tô symle and onsæl meoto, 490 "sige-hrêð secgum, swâ þîn sefa hwette!" Þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum geador ätsomne on beór-sele benc gerýmed; þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon þryðum dealle. Þegn nytte beheóld, 495 se þe on handa bär hroden ealo-wæge, scencte scîr wered. Scôp hwîlum sang hâdor on Heorote; þær wäs häleða dreám, duguð unlytel Dena and Wedera. IX. HUNFERTH OBJECTS TO BEÓWULF. Ûnferð maðelode, Ecglâfes bearn, 500 þe ät fôtum sät freán Scyldinga; onband beadu-rûne (wäs him Beówulfes sîð, môdges mere-faran, micel äf-þunca, forþon þe he ne ûðe, þät ænig ôðer man æfre mærða þon mâ middan-geardes 505 gehêdde under heofenum þonne he sylfa): "Eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne, "on sîdne sæ ymb sund flite, "þær git for wlence wada cunnedon "and for dol-gilpe on deóp wäter 510 "aldrum nêðdon? Ne inc ænig mon, "ne leóf ne lâð, beleán mihte "sorh-fullne sîð; þâ git on sund reón, "þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton, "mæton mere-stræta, mundum brugdon, 515 "glidon ofer gâr-secg; geofon ýðum weól, "wintres wylme. Git on wäteres æht "seofon niht swuncon; he þe ät sunde oferflât, "häfde mâre mägen. Þâ hine on morgen-tîd "on Heaðo-ræmas holm up ätbär, 520 "þonon he gesôhte swæsne êðel "leóf his leódum lond Brondinga, "freoðo-burh fägere, þær he folc âhte, "burg and beágas. Beót eal wið þe "sunu Beánstânes sôðe gelæste. 525 "Þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges, "þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte, "grimre gûðe, gif þu Grendles dearst "niht-longne fyrst neán bîdan!" Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: 530 "Hwät þu worn fela, wine mîn Ûnferð, "beóre druncen ymb Brecan spræce, "sägdest from his sîðe! Sôð ic talige, "þät ic mere-strengo mâran âhte, "earfeðo on ýðum, þonne ænig ôðer man. 535 "Wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende "and gebeótedon (wæron begen þâ git "on geogoð-feore) þät wit on gâr-secg ût "aldrum nêðdon; and þät geäfndon swâ. "Häfdon swurd nacod, þâ wit on sund reón, 540 "heard on handa, wit unc wið hron-fixas "werian þôhton. Nô he wiht fram me "flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte, "hraðor on holme, nô ic fram him wolde. "Þâ wit ätsomne on sæ wæron 545 "fîf nihta fyrst, ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf, "wado weallende, wedera cealdost, "nîpende niht and norðan wind "heaðo-grim andhwearf; hreó wæron ýða, "Wäs mere-fixa môd onhrêred: 550 "þær me wið lâðum lîc-syrce mîn, "heard hond-locen, helpe gefremede; "beado-hrägl broden on breóstum läg, "golde gegyrwed. Me tô grunde teáh "fâh feónd-scaða, fäste häfde 555 "grim on grâpe: hwäðre me gyfeðe wearð, "þät ic aglæcan orde geræhte, "hilde-bille; heaðo-ræs fornam "mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand. X. BEÓWULF'S CONTEST WITH BRECA.--THE FEAST. "Swâ mec gelôme lâð-geteónan 560 "þreátedon þearle. Ic him þênode "deóran sweorde, swâ hit gedêfe wäs; "näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon, "mân-fordædlan, þät hie me þêgon, "symbel ymb-sæton sæ-grunde neáh, 565 "ac on mergenne mêcum wunde "be ýð-lâfe uppe lægon, "sweordum âswefede, þät syððan nâ "ymb brontne ford brim-lîðende "lâde ne letton. Leóht eástan com, 570 "beorht beácen godes; brimu swaðredon, "þät ic sæ-nässas geseón mihte, "windige weallas. Wyrd oft nereð "unfægne eorl, ðonne his ellen deáh! "Hwäðere me gesælde, þät ic mid sweorde ofslôh 575 "niceras nigene. Nô ic on niht gefrägn "under heofones hwealf heardran feohtan, "ne on êg-streámum earmran mannan; "hwäðere ic fâra feng feore gedîgde, "siðes wêrig. Þâ mec sæ ôðbär, 580 "flôd äfter faroðe, on Finna land, "wadu weallendu. Nô ic wiht fram þe "swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde, "billa brôgan: Breca næfre git "ät heaðo-lâce, ne gehwäðer incer 585 "swâ deórlîce dæd gefremede "fâgum sweordum . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . nô ic þäs gylpe; "þeáh þu þînum brôðrum tô banan wurde, "heáfod-mægum; þäs þu in helle scealt 590 "werhðo dreógan, þeáh þîn wit duge, "Secge ic þe tô sôðe, sunu Ecglâfes, "þät næfre Grendel swâ fela gryra gefremede, "atol äglæca ealdre þînum, "hýnðo on Heorote, gif þîn hige wære, 595 "sefa swâ searo-grim, swâ þu self talast. "Ac he hafað onfunden, þät he þâ fæhðe ne þearf, "atole ecg-þräce eówer leóde "swîðe onsittan, Sige-Scyldinga; "nymeð nýd-bâde, nænegum ârað 600 "leóde Deniga, ac he on lust wîgeð, "swefeð ond sendeð, secce ne wêneð "tô Gâr-Denum. Ac him Geáta sceal "eafoð and ellen ungeâra nu "gûðe gebeódan. Gæð eft se þe môt 605 "tô medo môdig, siððan morgen-leóht "ofer ylda bearn ôðres dôgores, "sunne swegl-wered sûðan scîneð!" Þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta gamol-feax and gûð-rôf, geóce gelýfde 610 brego Beorht-Dena; gehýrde on Beówulfe folces hyrde fäst-rædne geþôht. Þær wäs häleða hleahtor; hlyn swynsode, word wæron wynsume. Eode Wealhþeów forð, cwên Hrôðgâres, cynna gemyndig, 615 grêtte gold-hroden guman on healle, and þâ freólîc wîf ful gesealde ærest Eást-Dena êðel-wearde, bäd hine blîðne ät þære beór-þege, leódum leófne; he on lust geþeah 620 symbel and sele-ful, sige-rôf kyning. Ymb-eode þâ ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne; sinc-fato sealde, ôð þät sæl âlamp, þät hió Beówulfe, beág-hroden cwên, 625 môde geþungen, medo-ful ätbär; grêtte Geáta leód, gode þancode wîs-fäst wordum, þäs þe hire se willa gelamp, þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde fyrena frôfre. He þät ful geþeah, 630 wäl-reów wîga ät Wealhþeón, and þâ gyddode gûðe gefýsed, Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: "Ic þät hogode, þâ ic on holm gestâh, "sæ-bât gesät mid mînra secga gedriht, 635 "þät ic ânunga eówra leóda "willan geworhte, oððe on wäl crunge, "feónd-grâpum fäst. Ic gefremman sceal "eorlîc ellen, oððe ende-däg "on þisse meodu-healle mînne gebîdan." 640 Þam wîfe þâ word wel lîcodon, gilp-cwide Geátes; eode gold-hroden freólîcu folc-cwên tô hire freán sittan. Þâ wäs eft swâ ær inne on healle þryð-word sprecen, þeód on sælum, 645 sige-folca swêg, ôð þät semninga sunu Healfdenes sêcean wolde æfen-räste; wiste ät þäm ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde geþinged, siððan hie sunnan leóht geseón ne meahton, 650 oððe nîpende niht ofer ealle, scadu-helma gesceapu scrîðan cwôman, wan under wolcnum. Werod eall ârâs. Grêtte þâ giddum guma ôðerne, Hrôðgâr Beówulf, and him hæl âbeád, 655 wîn-ärnes geweald and þät word âcwäð: "Næfre ic ænegum men ær âlýfde, "siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, "þryð-ärn Dena bûton þe nu þâ. "Hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest; 660 "gemyne mærðo, mägen-ellen cýð, "waca wið wrâðum! Ne bið þe wilna gâd, "gif þu þät ellen-weorc aldre gedîgest." XI. THE WATCH FOR GRENDEL. Þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât mid his häleða gedryht, eodur Scyldinga ût of healle; 665 wolde wîg-fruma Wealhþeó sêcan, cwên tô gebeddan Häfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tô-geánes, swâ guman gefrungon, sele-weard âseted, sundor-nytte beheóld ymb aldor Dena, eoton weard âbeád; 670 hûru Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, metodes hyldo. Þâ he him of dyde îsern-byrnan, helm of hafelan, sealde his hyrsted sweord, îrena cyst ombiht-þegne, 675 and gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe. Gespräc þâ se gôda gylp-worda sum Beówulf Geáta, ær he on bed stige: "Nô ic me an here-wæsmum hnâgran talige "gûð-geweorca, þonne Grendel hine; 680 "forþan ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, "aldre beneótan, þeáh ic eal mæge. "Nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá, "rand geheáwe, þeáh þe he rôf sîe "nîð-geweorca; ac wit on niht sculon 685 "secge ofersittan, gif he gesêcean dear "wîg ofer wæpen, and siððan witig god "on swâ hwäðere hond hâlig dryhten "mærðo dême, swâ him gemet þince." Hylde hine þâ heaðo-deór, hleór-bolster onfêng 690 eorles andwlitan; and hine ymb monig snellîc sæ-rinc sele-reste gebeáh. Nænig heora þôhte þät he þanon scolde eft eard-lufan æfre gesêcean, folc oððe freó-burh, þær he âfêded wäs, 695 ac hie häfdon gefrunen, þät hie ær tô fela micles in þäm wîn-sele wäl-deáð fornam, Denigea leóde. Ac him dryhten forgeaf wîg-spêda gewiofu, Wedera leódum frôfor and fultum, þät hie feónd heora 700 þurh ânes cräft ealle ofercômon, selfes mihtum: sôð is gecýðed, þät mihtig god manna cynnes weóld wîde-ferhð. Com on wanre niht scrîðan sceadu-genga. Sceótend swæfon, 705 þâ þät horn-reced healdan scoldon, ealle bûton ânum. Þät wäs yldum cûð, þät hie ne môste, þâ metod nolde, se syn-scaða under sceadu bregdan; ac he wäccende wrâðum on andan 710 bâd bolgen-môd beadwa geþinges. XII. GRENDEL'S RAID. Þâ com of môre under mist-hleoðum Grendel gongan, godes yrre bär. Mynte se mân-scaða manna cynnes sumne besyrwan in sele þam heán; 715 wôd under wolcnum, tô þäs þe he wîn-reced, gold-sele gumena, gearwost wisse fättum fâhne. Ne wäs þät forma sîð, þät he Hrôðgâres hâm gesôhte: næfre he on aldor-dagum ær ne siððan 720 heardran häle, heal-þegnas fand! Com þâ tô recede rinc sîðian dreámum bedæled. Duru sôna onarn fýr-bendum fäst, syððan he hire folmum hrân; onbräd þâ bealo-hydig, þâ he âbolgen wäs, 725 recedes mûðan. Raðe äfter þon on fâgne flôr feónd treddode, eode yrre-môd; him of eágum stôd lîge gelîcost leóht unfäger. Geseah he in recede rinca manige, 730 swefan sibbe-gedriht samod ätgädere, mago-rinca heáp: þâ his môd âhlôg, mynte þät he gedælde, ær þon däg cwôme, atol aglæca, ânra gehwylces lîf wið lîce, þâ him âlumpen wäs 735 wist-fylle wên. Ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen, þät he mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þâ niht. Þrýð-swýð beheóld mæg Higelâces, hû se mân-scaða under fær-gripum gefaran wolde. 740 Ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte, ac he gefêng hraðe forman siðe slæpendne rinc, slât unwearnum, bât bân-locan, blôd êdrum dranc, syn-snædum swealh: sôna häfde 745 unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fêt and folma. Forð neár ätstôp, nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc on räste; ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme, he onfêng hraðe 750 inwit-þancum and wið earm gesät. Sôna þät onfunde fyrena hyrde, þät he ne mêtte middan-geardes eorðan sceáta on elran men mund-gripe mâran: he on môde wearð 755 forht on ferhðe, nô þý ær fram meahte; hyge wäs him hin-fûs, wolde on heolster fleón, sêcan deófla gedräg: ne wäs his drohtoð þær, swylce he on ealder-dagum ær gemêtte. Gemunde þâ se gôda mæg Higelâces 760 æfen-spræce, up-lang âstôd and him fäste wiðfêng. Fingras burston; eoten wäs ût-weard, eorl furður stôp. Mynte se mæra, þær he meahte swâ, wîdre gewindan and on weg þanon 765 fleón on fen-hopu; wiste his fingra geweald on grames grâpum. Þät wäs geócor sîð, þät se hearm-scaða tô Heorute âteáh: dryht-sele dynede, Denum eallum wearð, ceaster-bûendum, cênra gehwylcum, 770 eorlum ealu-scerwen. Yrre wæron begen, rêðe rên-weardas. Reced hlynsode; þâ wäs wundor micel, þät se wîn-sele wiðhäfde heaðo-deórum, þät he on hrusan ne feól, fäger fold-bold; ac he þäs fäste wäs 775 innan and ûtan îren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod. Þær fram sylle âbeág medu-benc monig mîne gefræge, golde geregnad, þær þâ graman wunnon; þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga, 780 þät hit â mid gemete manna ænig betlîc and bân-fâg tôbrecan meahte, listum tôlûcan, nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule. Swêg up âstâg niwe geneahhe; Norð-Denum stôd 785 atelîc egesa ânra gehwylcum þâra þe of wealle wôp gehýrdon, gryre-leóð galan godes andsacan, sige-leásne sang, sâr wânigean helle häftan. Heóld hine tô fäste 790 se þe manna wäs mägene strengest on þäm däge þysses lîfes. XIII. BEÓWULF TEARS OFF GRENDEL'S ARM. Nolde eorla hleó ænige þinga þone cwealm-cuman cwicne forlætan, ne his lîf-dagas leóda ænigum 795 nytte tealde. Þær genehost brägd eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe, wolde freá-drihtnes feorh ealgian mæres þeódnes, þær hie meahton swâ; hie þät ne wiston, þâ hie gewin drugon, 800 heard-hicgende hilde-mecgas, and on healfa gehwone heáwan þôhton, sâwle sêcan, þät þone syn-scaðan ænig ofer eorðan îrenna cyst, gûð-billa nân grêtan nolde; 805 ac he sige-wæpnum forsworen häfde, ecga gehwylcre. Scolde his aldor-gedâl on þäm däge þysses lîfes earmlîc wurðan and se ellor-gâst on feónda geweald feor sîðian. 810 Þâ þät onfunde se þe fela æror môdes myrðe manna cynne fyrene gefremede (he wäs fâg wið god) þät him se lîc-homa læstan nolde, ac hine se môdega mæg Hygelâces 815 häfde be honda; wäs gehwäðer ôðrum lifigende lâð. Lîc-sâr gebâd atol äglæca, him on eaxle wearð syn-dolh sweotol, seonowe onsprungon burston bân-locan. Beówulfe wearð 820 gûð-hrêð gyfeðe; scolde Grendel þonan feorh-seóc fleón under fen-hleoðu, sêcean wyn-leás wîc; wiste þê geornor, þät his aldres wäs ende gegongen, dôgera däg-rîm. Denum eallum wearð 825 äfter þam wäl-ræse willa gelumpen. Häfde þâ gefælsod, se þe ær feorran com, snotor and swýð-ferhð sele Hrôðgâres, genered wið nîðe. Niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mærðum; häfde Eást-Denum 830 Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted, swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte, inwid-sorge, þe hie ær drugon and for þreá-nýdum þolian scoldon, torn unlytel. Þät wäs tâcen sweotol, 835 syððan hilde-deór hond âlegde, earm and eaxle (þær wäs eal geador Grendles grâpe) under geápne hrôf. XIV. THE JOY AT HEOROT. Þâ wäs on morgen mîne gefræge ymb þâ gif-healle gûð-rinc monig: 840 fêrdon folc-togan feorran and neán geond wîd-wegas wundor sceáwian, lâðes lâstas. Nô his lîf-gedâl sârlîc þûhte secga ænegum, þâra þe tîr-leáses trode sceáwode, 845 hû he wêrig-môd on weg þanon, nîða ofercumen, on nicera mere fæge and geflýmed feorh-lâstas bär. Þær wäs on blôde brim weallende, atol ýða geswing eal gemenged 850 hâtan heolfre, heoro-dreóre weól; deáð-fæge deóg, siððan dreáma leás in fen-freoðo feorh âlegde hæðene sâwle, þær him hel onfêng. Þanon eft gewiton eald-gesîðas, 855 swylce geong manig of gomen-wâðe, fram mere môdge, mearum rîdan, beornas on blancum. Þær wäs Beówulfes mærðo mæned; monig oft gecwäð, þätte sûð ne norð be sæm tweonum 860 ofer eormen-grund ôðer nænig under swegles begong sêlra nære rond-häbbendra, rîces wyrðra. Ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon, glädne Hrôðgâr, ac þät wäs gôd cyning. 865 Hwîlum heaðo-rôfe hleápan lêton, on geflît faran fealwe mearas, þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, cystum cûðe; hwîlum cyninges þegn, guma gilp-hläden gidda gemyndig, 870 se þe eal-fela eald-gesegena worn gemunde, word ôðer fand sôðe gebunden: secg eft ongan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian and on spêd wrecan spel gerâde, 875 wordum wrixlan, wel-hwylc gecwäð, þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde, ellen-dædum, uncûðes fela, Wälsinges gewin, wîde sîðas, þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston, 880 fæhðe and fyrene, bûton Fitela mid hine, þonne he swylces hwät secgan wolde eám his nefan, swâ hie â wæron ät nîða gehwâm nýd-gesteallan: häfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes 885 sweordum gesæged. Sigemunde gesprong äfter deáð-däge dôm unlýtel, syððan wîges heard wyrm âcwealde, hordes hyrde; he under hârne stân, äðelinges bearn, âna genêðde 890 frêcne dæde; ne wäs him Fitela mid. Hwäðre him gesælde, þät þät swurd þurhwôd wrätlîcne wyrm, þät hit on wealle ätstôd, dryhtlîc îren; draca morðre swealt. Häfde aglæca elne gegongen, 895 þät he beáh-hordes brûcan môste selfes dôme: sæ-bât gehlôd, bär on bearm scipes beorhte frätwa, Wälses eafera; wyrm hât gemealt. Se wäs wreccena wîde mærost 900 ofer wer-þeóde, wîgendra hleó ellen-dædum: he þäs âron þâh. Siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode eafoð and ellen. He mid eotenum wearð on feónda geweald forð forlâcen, 905 snûde forsended. Hine sorh-wylmas lemede tô lange, he his leódum wearð, eallum äðelingum tô aldor-ceare; swylce oft bemearn ærran mælum swîð-ferhðes sîð snotor ceorl monig, 910 se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde, þät þät þeódnes bearn geþeón scolde, fäder-äðelum onfôn, folc gehealdan, hord and hleó-burh, häleða rîce, êðel Scyldinga. He þær eallum wearð, 915 mæg Higelâces manna cynne, freóndum gefägra; hine fyren onwôd. Hwîlum flîtende fealwe stræte mearum mæton. Þâ wäs morgen-leóht scofen and scynded. Eode scealc monig 920 swîð-hicgende tô sele þam heán, searo-wundor seón, swylce self cyning, of brýd-bûre beáh-horda weard, tryddode tîr-fäst getrume micle, cystum gecýðed, and his cwên mid him 925 medo-stîg gemät mägða hôse. XV. HROTHGAR'S GRATULATION. Hrôðgâr maðelode (he tô healle geóng, stôd on stapole, geseah steápne hrôf golde fâhne and Grendles hond): "þisse ansýne al-wealdan þanc 930 "lungre gelimpe! Fela ic lâðes gebâd, "grynna ät Grendle: â mäg god wyrcan "wunder äfter wundre, wuldres hyrde! "Þät wäs ungeâra, þät ic ænigra me "weána ne wênde tô wîdan feore 935 "bôte gebîdan þonne blôde fâh "hûsa sêlest heoro-dreórig stôd; "weá wîd-scofen witena gehwylcne "þâra þe ne wêndon, þät hie wîde-ferhð "leóda land-geweorc lâðum beweredon 940 "scuccum and scinnum. Nu scealc hafað "þurh drihtnes miht dæd gefremede, "þe we ealle ær ne meahton "snyttrum besyrwan. Hwät! þät secgan mäg "efne swâ hwylc mägða, swâ þone magan cende 945 "äfter gum-cynnum, gyf heó gyt lyfað, "þät hyre eald-metod êste wære "bearn-gebyrdo. Nu ic Beówulf "þec, secg betsta, me for sunu wylle "freógan on ferhðe; heald forð tela 950 "niwe sibbe. Ne bið þe nænigra gâd "worolde wilna, þe ic geweald häbbe. "Ful-oft ic for lässan leán teohhode "hord-weorðunge hnâhran rince, "sæmran ät säcce. Þu þe self hafast 955 "dædum gefremed, þät þîn dôm lyfað "âwâ tô aldre. Alwalda þec "gôde forgylde, swâ he nu gyt dyde!" Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: "We þät ellen-weorc êstum miclum, 960 "feohtan fremedon, frêcne genêðdon "eafoð uncûðes; ûðe ic swîðor, "þät þu hinc selfne geseón môste, "feónd on frätewum fyl-wêrigne! "Ic hine hrädlîce heardan clammum 965 "on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte, "þät he for mund-gripe mînum scolde "licgean lîf-bysig, bûtan his lîc swice; "ic hine ne mihte, þâ metod nolde, "ganges getwæman, nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh, 970 "feorh-genîðlan; wäs tô fore-mihtig "feónd on fêðe. Hwäðere he his folme forlêt "tô lîf-wraðe lâst weardian, "earm and eaxle; nô þær ænige swâ þeáh "feá-sceaft guma frôfre gebohte: 975 "nô þý leng leofað lâð-geteóna "synnum geswenced, ac hyne sâr hafað "in nýd-gripe nearwe befongen, "balwon bendum: þær âbîdan sceal "maga mâne fâh miclan dômes, 980 "hû him scîr metod scrîfan wille." Þâ wäs swîgra secg, sunu Ecglâfes, on gylp-spræce gûð-geweorca, siððan äðelingas eorles cräfte ofer heáhne hrôf hand sceáwedon, 985 feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc; wäs stêde nägla gehwylc, stýle gelîcost, hæðenes hand-sporu hilde-rinces egle unheóru; æg-hwylc gecwäð, þät him heardra nân hrînan wolde 990 îren ær-gôd, þät þäs ahlæcan blôdge beadu-folme onberan wolde. XVI. THE BANQUET AND THE GIFTS. Þâ wäs hâten hreðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrätwod: fela þæra wäs wera and wîfa, þe þät wîn-reced, 995 gest-sele gyredon. Gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, wundor-sióna fela secga gehwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað Wäs þät beorhte bold tôbrocen swîðe eal inne-weard îren-bendum fäst, 1000 heorras tôhlidene; hrôf âna genäs ealles ansund, þâ se aglæca fyren-dædum fâg on fleám gewand, aldres or-wêna. Nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne (fremme se þe wille!) 1005 ac gesacan sceal sâwl-berendra nýde genýdde niðða bearna grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe, þær his lîc-homa leger-bedde fäst swefeð äfter symle. Þâ wäs sæl and mæl, 1010 þät tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu; wolde self cyning symbel þicgan. Ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode ymb hyra sinc-gyfan sêl gebæran. Bugon þâ tô bence blæd-âgende, 1015 fylle gefægon. Fägere geþægon medo-ful manig mâgas + þâra swîð-hicgende on sele þam heán, Hrôðgâr and Hrôðulf. Heorot innan wäs freóndum âfylled; nalles fâcen-stafas 1020 Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon. Forgeaf þâ Beówulfe bearn Healfdenes segen gyldenne sigores tô leáne, hroden hilte-cumbor, helm and byrnan; mære mâððum-sweord manige gesâwon 1025 beforan beorn beran. Beówulf geþah ful on flette; nô he þære feoh-gyfte for sceótendum scamigan þorfte, ne gefrägn ic freóndlîcor feówer mâdmas golde gegyrede gum-manna fela 1030 in ealo-bence ôðrum gesellan. Ymb þäs helmes hrôf heáfod-beorge wîrum bewunden walan ûtan heóld, þät him fêla lâfe frêcne ne meahton scûr-heard sceððan, þonne scyld-freca 1035 ongeán gramum gangan scolde. Hêht þâ eorla hleó eahta mearas, fäted-hleóre, on flet teón in under eoderas; þâra ânum stôd sadol searwum fâh since gewurðad, 1040 þät wäs hilde-setl heáh-cyninges, þonne sweorda gelâc sunu Healfdenes efnan wolde; næfre on ôre läg wîd-cûðes wîg, þonne walu feóllon. And þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres 1045 eodor Ingwina onweald geteáh, wicga and wæpna; hêt hine wel brûcan. Swâ manlîce mære þeóden, hord-weard häleða heaðo-ræsas geald mearum and mâdmum, swâ hý næfre man lyhð, 1050 se þe secgan wile sôð äfter rihte. XVII. SONG OF HROTHGAR'S POET--THE LAY OF HNAEF AND HENGEST. Þâ gyt æghwylcum eorla drihten þâra þe mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh, on þære medu-bence mâððum gesealde, yrfe-lâfe, and þone ænne hêht 1055 golde forgyldan, þone þe Grendel ær mâne âcwealde, swâ he hyra mâ wolde, nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde and þäs mannes môd: metod eallum weóld gumena cynnes, swâ he nu git dêð; 1060 forþan bið andgit æghwær sêlest, ferhðes fore-þanc! fela sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, se þe longe her on þyssum win-dagum worolde brûceð. Þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere 1065 fore Healfdenes hilde-wîsan, gomen-wudu grêted, gid oft wrecen, þonne heal-gamen Hrôðgâres scôp äfter medo-bence mænan scolde Finnes eaferum, þâ hie se fær begeat: 1070 "Häleð Healfdenes, Hnäf Scyldinga, "in Fr..es wäle feallan scolde. "Ne hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte "Eotena treówe: unsynnum wearð "beloren leófum ät þam lind-plegan 1075 "bearnum and brôðrum; hie on gebyrd hruron "gâre wunde; þät wäs geômuru ides. "Nalles hôlinga Hôces dôhtor "meotod-sceaft bemearn, syððan morgen com, "þâ heó under swegle geseón meahte 1080 "morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld "worolde wynne: wîg ealle fornam "Finnes þegnas, nemne feáum ânum, "þät he ne mehte on þäm meðel-stede "wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan, 1085 "ne þâ weá-lâfe wîge forþringan "þeódnes þegne; ac hig him geþingo budon, "þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon, "healle and heáh-setl, þät hie healfre geweald "wið Eotena bearn âgan môston, 1090 "and ät feoh-gyftum Folcwaldan sunu "dôgra gehwylce Dene weorðode, "Hengestes heáp hringum wenede, "efne swâ swîðe sinc-gestreónum "fättan goldes, swâ he Fresena cyn 1095 "on beór-sele byldan wolde. "Þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa "fäste frioðu-wære; Fin Hengeste "elne unflitme âðum benemde, "þät he þâ weá-lâfe weotena dôme 1100 "ârum heolde, þät þær ænig mon "wordum ne worcum wære ne bræce, "ne þurh inwit-searo æfre gemænden, "þeáh hie hira beág-gyfan banan folgedon "þeóden-leáse, þâ him swâ geþearfod wäs: 1105 "gyf þonne Frysna hwylc frêcnan spræce "þäs morðor-hetes myndgiend wære, "þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde. "Âð wäs geäfned and icge gold "âhäfen of horde. Here-Scyldinga 1110 "betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu; "ät þäm âde wäs êð-gesýne "swât-fâh syrce, swýn eal-gylden, "eofer îren-heard, äðeling manig "wundum âwyrded; sume on wäle crungon. 1115 "Hêt þâ Hildeburh ät Hnäfes âde "hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, "bân-fatu bärnan and on bæl dôn. "Earme on eaxle ides gnornode, "geômrode giddum; gûð-rinc âstâh. 1120 "Wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst, "hlynode for hlâwe; hafelan multon, "ben-geato burston, þonne blôd ätspranc "lâð-bite lîces. Lîg ealle forswealg, "gæsta gîfrost, þâra þe þær gûð fornam 1125 "bega folces; wäs hira blæd scacen. XVIII. THE GLEEMAN'S TALE IS ENDED. "Gewiton him þâ wîgend wîca neósian, "freóndum befeallen Frysland geseón, "hâmas and heá-burh. Hengest þâ gyt "wäl-fâgne winter wunode mid Finne 1130 "ealles unhlitme; eard gemunde, "þeáh þe he ne meahte on mere drîfan "hringed-stefnan; holm storme weól, "won wið winde; winter ýðe beleác "îs-gebinde ôð þät ôðer com 1135 "geâr in geardas, swâ nu gyt dêð, "þâ þe syngales sêle bewitiað, "wuldor-torhtan weder. Þâ wäs winter scacen, "fäger foldan bearm; fundode wrecca, "gist of geardum; he tô gyrn-wräce 1140 "swîðor þôhte, þonne tô sæ-lâde, "gif he torn-gemôt þurhteón mihte, "þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde. "Swâ he ne forwyrnde worold-rædenne, "þonne him Hûnlâfing hilde-leóman, 1145 "billa sêlest, on bearm dyde: "þäs wæron mid Eotenum ecge cûðe. "Swylce ferhð-frecan Fin eft begeat "sweord-bealo slîðen ät his selfes hâm, "siððan grimne gripe Gûðlaf ond Ôslâf 1150 "äfter sæ-siðe sorge mændon, "ätwiton weána dæl; ne meahte wäfre môd "forhabban in hreðre. Þâ wäs heal hroden "feónda feorum, swilce Fin slägen, "cyning on corðre, and seó cwên numen. 1155 "Sceótend Scyldinga tô scypum feredon "eal in-gesteald eorð-cyninges, "swylce hie ät Finnes hâm findan meahton "sigla searo-gimma. Hie on sæ-lâde "drihtlîce wîf tô Denum feredon, 1160 "læddon tô leódum." Leóð wäs âsungen, gleó-mannes gyd. Gamen eft âstâh, beorhtode benc-swêg, byrelas sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum. Þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge, þær þâ gôdan twegen 1165 sæton suhter-gefäderan; þâ gyt wäs hiera sib ätgädere æghwylc ôðrum trýwe. Swylce þær Ûnferð þyle ät fôtum sät freán Scyldinga: gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät he häfde môd micel, þeáh þe he his mâgum nære ârfäst ät ecga gelâcum. Spräc þâ ides Scyldinga: 1170 "Onfôh þissum fulle, freó-drihten mîn, "sinces brytta; þu on sælum wes, "gold-wine gumena, and tô Geátum sprec "mildum wordum! Swâ sceal man dôn. "Beó wið Geátas gläd, geofena gemyndig; 1175 "neán and feorran þu nu friðu hafast. "Me man sägde, þät þu þe for sunu wolde "here-rinc habban. Heorot is gefælsod, "beáh-sele beorhta; brûc þenden þu môte "manigra mêda and þînum mâgum læf 1180 "folc and rîce, þonne þu forð scyle "metod-sceaft seón. Ic mînne can "glädne Hrôðulf, þät he þâ geogoðe wile "ârum healdan, gyf þu ær þonne he, "wine Scildinga, worold oflætest; 1185 "wêne ic, þät he mid gôde gyldan wille "uncran eaferan, gif he þät eal gemon, "hwät wit tô willan and tô worð-myndum "umbor wesendum ær ârna gefremedon." Hwearf þâ bî bence, þær hyre byre wæron, 1190 Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund, and häleða bearn, giogoð ätgädere; þær se gôda sät Beówulf Geáta be þæm gebrôðrum twæm. XIX. BEÓWULF'S JEWELLED COLLAR. THE HEROES REST. Him wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu wordum bewägned and wunden gold 1195 êstum geeáwed, earm-hreáde twâ, hrägl and hringas, heals-beága mæst þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe. Nænigne ic under swegle sêlran hýrde hord-mâððum häleða, syððan Hâma ätwäg 1200 tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene, sigle and sinc-fät, searo-nîðas fealh Eormenrîces, geceás êcne ræd. Þone hring häfde Higelâc Geáta, nefa Swertinges, nýhstan sîðe, 1205 siððan he under segne sinc ealgode, wäl-reáf werede; hyne Wyrd fornam, syððan he for wlenco weán âhsode, fæhðe tô Frysum; he þâ frätwe wäg, eorclan-stânas ofer ýða ful, 1210 rîce þeóden, he under rande gecranc; gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, breóst-gewædu and se beáh somod: wyrsan wîg-frecan wäl reáfedon äfter gûð-sceare, Geáta leóde 1215 hreâ-wîc heóldon. Heal swêge onfêng. Wealhþeó maðelode, heó fore þäm werede spräc: "Brûc þisses beáges, Beówulf, leófa "hyse, mid hæle, and þisses hrägles neót "þeód-gestreóna, and geþeóh tela, 1220 "cen þec mid cräfte and þyssum cnyhtum wes "lâra lîðe! ic þe þäs leán geman. "Hafast þu gefêred, þät þe feor and neáh "ealne wîde-ferhð weras ehtigað, "efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð 1225 "windige weallas. Wes, þenden þu lifige, "äðeling eádig! ic þe an tela "sinc-gestreóna. Beó þu suna mînum "dædum gedêfe dreám healdende! "Her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum getrýwe, 1230 "môdes milde, man-drihtne hold, "þegnas syndon geþwære, þeód eal gearo: "druncne dryht-guman, dôð swâ ic bidde!" Eode þâ tô setle. Þær wäs symbla cyst, druncon wîn weras: wyrd ne cûðon, 1235 geó-sceaft grimme, swâ hit âgangen wearð eorla manegum, syððan æfen cwom and him Hrôðgâr gewât tô hofe sînum, rîce tô räste. Reced weardode unrîm eorla, swâ hie oft ær dydon: 1240 benc-þelu beredon, hit geond-bræded wearð beddum and bolstrum. Beór-scealca sum fûs and fæge flet-räste gebeág. Setton him tô heáfdum hilde-randas, bord-wudu beorhtan; þær on bence wäs 1245 ofer äðelinge ýð-gesêne heaðo-steápa helm, hringed byrne, þrec-wudu þrymlîc. Wäs þeáw hyra, þät hie oft wæron an wîg gearwe, ge ät hâm ge on herge, ge gehwäðer þâra 1250 efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf gesælde; wäs seó þeód tilu. XX. GRENDEL'S MOTHER ATTACKS THE RING-DANES. Sigon þâ tô slæpe. Sum sâre angeald æfen-räste, swâ him ful-oft gelamp, siððan gold-sele Grendel warode, 1255 unriht äfnde, ôð þät ende becwom, swylt äfter synnum. Þät gesýne wearð, wîd-cûð werum, þätte wrecend þâ gyt lifde äfter lâðum, lange þrage äfter gûð-ceare; Grendles môdor, 1260 ides aglæc-wîf yrmðe gemunde, se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde, cealde streámas, siððan Cain wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, fäderen-mæge; he þâ fâg gewât, 1265 morðre gemearcod man-dreám fleón, wêsten warode. Þanon wôc fela geósceaft-gâsta; wäs þæra Grendel sum, heoro-wearh hetelîc, se ät Heorote fand wäccendne wer wîges bîdan, 1270 þær him aglæca ät-græpe wearð; hwäðre he gemunde mägenes strenge, gim-fäste gife, þe him god sealde, and him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde, frôfre and fultum: þý he þone feónd ofercwom, 1275 gehnægde helle gâst: þâ he heán gewât, dreáme bedæled deáð-wîc seón, man-cynnes feónd. And his môdor þâ gyt gîfre and galg-môd gegân wolde sorh-fulne sîð, suna deáð wrecan. 1280 Com þâ tô Heorote, þær Hring-Dene geond þät säld swæfun. Þâ þær sôna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle, swâ bið mägða cräft, 1285 wîg-gryre wîfes be wæpned-men, þonne heoru bunden, hamere geþuren, sweord swâte fâh swîn ofer helme, ecgum dyhtig andweard scireð. Þâ wäs on healle heard-ecg togen, 1290 sweord ofer setlum, sîd-rand manig hafen handa fäst; helm ne gemunde, byrnan sîde, þe hine se brôga angeat. Heó wäs on ôfste, wolde ût þanon feore beorgan, þâ heó onfunden wäs; 1295 hraðe heó äðelinga ânne häfde fäste befangen, þâ heó tô fenne gang; se wäs Hrôðgâre häleða leófost on gesîðes hâd be sæm tweonum, rîce rand-wîga, þone þe heó on räste âbreát, 1300 blæd-fästne beorn. Näs Beówulf þær, ac wäs ôðer in ær geteohhod äfter mâððum-gife mærum Geáte. Hreám wearð on Heorote. Heó under heolfre genam cûðe folme; cearu wäs geniwod 1305 geworden in wîcum: ne wäs þät gewrixle til, þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum. Þâ wäs frôd cyning, hâr hilde-rinc, on hreón môde, syððan he aldor-þegn unlyfigendne, 1310 þone deórestan deádne wisse. Hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod, sigor-eádig secg. Samod ær-däge eode eorla sum, äðele cempa self mid gesîðum, þær se snottra bâd, 1315 hwäðre him al-walda æfre wille äfter weá-spelle wyrpe gefremman. Gang þâ äfter flôre fyrd-wyrðe man mid his hand-scale (heal-wudu dynede) þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde 1320 freán Ingwina; frägn gif him wære äfter neód-laðu niht getæse. XXI. SORROW AT HEOROT: ÆSCHERE'S DEATH. Hrôðgâr maðelode, helm Scildinga: "Ne frin þu äfter sælum! Sorh is geniwod "Denigea leódum. Deád is Äsc-here, 1325 "Yrmenlâfes yldra brôðor, "mîn rûn-wita and mîn ræd-bora, "eaxl-gestealla, þonne we on orlege "hafelan weredon, þonne hniton fêðan, "eoferas cnysedan; swylc scolde eorl wesan 1330 "äðeling ær-gôd, swylc Äsc-here wäs. "Wearð him on Heorote tô hand-banan "wäl-gæst wäfre; ic ne wât hwäder "atol æse wlanc eft-sîðas teáh, "fylle gefrægnod. Heó þâ fæhðe wräc, 1335 "þe þu gystran niht Grendel cwealdest "þurh hæstne hâd heardum clammum, "forþan he tô lange leóde mîne "wanode and wyrde. He ät wîge gecrang "ealdres scyldig, and nu ôðer cwom 1340 "mihtig mân-scaða, wolde hyre mæg wrecan, "ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled, "þäs þe þincean mäg þegne monegum, "se þe äfter sinc-gyfan on sefan greóteð, "hreðer-bealo hearde; nu seó hand ligeð, 1345 "se þe eów wel-hwylcra wilna dohte. "Ic þät lond-bûend leóde mîne "sele-rædende secgan hýrde, "þät hie gesâwon swylce twegen "micle mearc-stapan môras healdan, 1350 "ellor-gæstas: þæra ôðer wäs, "þäs þe hie gewislîcost gewitan meahton, "idese onlîcnes, ôðer earm-sceapen "on weres wästmum wräc-lâstas träd, "näfne he wäs mâra þonne ænig man ôðer, 1355 "þone on geâr-dagum Grendel nemdon "fold-bûende: nô hie fäder cunnon, "hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned "dyrnra gâsta. Hie dýgel lond "warigeað, wulf-hleoðu, windige nässas, 1360 "frêcne fen-gelâd, þær fyrgen-streám "under nässa genipu niðer gewîteð, "flôd under foldan; nis þät feor heonon "mîl-gemearces, þät se mere standeð, "ofer þäm hongiað hrîmge bearwas, 1365 "wudu wyrtum fäst, wäter oferhelmað. "Þær mäg nihta gehwæm nîð-wundor seón, "fýr on flôde; nô þäs frôd leofað "gumena bearna, þät þone grund wite; "þeáh þe hæð-stapa hundum geswenced, 1370 "heorot hornum trum holt-wudu sêce, "feorran geflýmed, ær he feorh seleð, "aldor on ôfre, ær he in wille, "hafelan hýdan. Nis þät heóru stôw: "þonon ýð-geblond up âstîgeð 1375 "won tô wolcnum, þonne wind styreð "lâð gewidru, ôð þät lyft drysmað, "roderas reótað. Nu is ræd gelang "eft ät þe ânum! Eard git ne const, "frêcne stôwe, þær þu findan miht 1380 "sinnigne secg: sêc gif þu dyrre! "Ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige, "eald-gestreónum, swâ ic ær dyde, "wundnum golde, gyf þu on weg cymest." XXII. BEÓWULF SEEKS THE MONSTER IN THE HAUNTS OF THE NIXIES. Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: 1385 "Ne sorga, snotor guma! sêlre bið æghwæm, "þät he his freónd wrece, þonne he fela murne; "ûre æghwylc sceal ende gebîdan "worolde lîfes; wyrce se þe môte "dômes ær deáðe! þät bið driht-guman 1390 "unlifgendum äfter sêlest. "Ârîs, rîces weard; uton hraðe fêran, "Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan! "Ic hit þe gehâte: nô he on helm losað, "ne on foldan fäðm, ne on fyrgen-holt, 1395 "ne on gyfenes grund, gâ þær he wille. "Þys dôgor þu geþyld hafa "weána gehwylces, swâ ic þe wêne tô!" Âhleóp þâ se gomela, gode þancode, mihtigan drihtne, þäs se man gespräc. 1400 Þâ wäs Hrôðgâre hors gebæted, wicg wunden-feax. Wîsa fengel geatolîc gengde; gum-fêða stôp lind-häbbendra. Lâstas wæron äfter wald-swaðum wîde gesýne, 1405 gang ofer grundas; gegnum fôr þâ ofer myrcan môr, mago-þegna bär þone sêlestan sâwol-leásne, þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode. Ofer-eode þâ äðelinga bearn 1410 steáp stân-hliðo, stîge nearwe, enge ân-paðas, un-cûð gelâd, neowle nässas, nicor-hûsa fela; he feára sum beforan gengde wîsra monna, wong sceáwian, 1415 ôð þät he færinga fyrgen-beámas ofer hârne stân hleonian funde, wyn-leásne wudu; wäter under stôd dreórig and gedrêfed. Denum eallum wäs, winum Scyldinga, weorce on môde, 1420 tô geþolianne þegne monegum, oncýð eorla gehwæm, syððan Äsc-heres on þam holm-clife hafelan mêtton. Flôd blôde weól (folc tô sægon) hâtan heolfre. Horn stundum song 1425 fûslîc fyrd-leóð. Fêða eal gesät; gesâwon þâ äfter wätere wyrm-cynnes fela, sellîce sæ-dracan sund cunnian, swylce on näs-hleoðum nicras licgean, þâ on undern-mæl oft bewitigað 1430 sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde, wyrmas and wil-deór; hie on weg hruron bitere and gebolgne, bearhtm ongeâton, gûð-horn galan. Sumne Geáta leód of flân-bogan feores getwæfde, 1435 ýð-gewinnes, þät him on aldre stôd here-stræl hearda; he on holme wäs sundes þe sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam. Hräðe wearð on ýðum mid eofer-spreótum heoro-hôcyhtum hearde genearwod, 1440 nîða genæged and on näs togen wundorlîc wæg-bora; weras sceáwedon gryrelîcne gist. Gyrede hine Beówulf eorl-gewædum, nalles for ealdre mearn: scolde here-byrne hondum gebroden, 1445 sîd and searo-fâh, sund cunnian, seó þe bân-côfan beorgan cûðe, þät him hilde-grâp hreðre ne mihte, eorres inwit-feng, aldre gesceððan; ac se hwîta helm hafelan werede, 1450 se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, sêcan sund-gebland since geweorðad, befongen freá-wrâsnum, swâ hine fyrn-dagum worhte wæpna smið, wundrum teóde, besette swîn-lîcum, þät hine syððan nô 1455 brond ne beado-mêcas bîtan ne meahton. Näs þät þonne mætost mägen-fultuma, þät him on þearfe lâh þyle Hrôðgâres; wäs þäm häft-mêce Hrunting nama, þät wäs ân foran eald-gestreóna; 1460 ecg wäs îren âter-teárum fâh, âhyrded heaðo-swâte; næfre hit ät hilde ne swâc manna ængum þâra þe hit mid mundum bewand, se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, folc-stede fâra; näs þät forma sîð, 1465 þät hit ellen-weorc äfnan scolde. Hûru ne gemunde mago Ecglâfes eafoðes cräftig, þät he ær gespräc wîne druncen, þâ he þäs wæpnes onlâh sêlran sweord-frecan: selfa ne dorste 1470 under ýða gewin aldre genêðan, driht-scype dreógan; þær he dôme forleás, ellen-mærðum. Ne wäs þäm ôðrum swâ, syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde. XXIII. THE BATTLE WITH THE WATER-DRAKE. Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: 1475 "geþenc nu, se mæra maga Healfdenes, "snottra fengel, nu ic eom sîðes fûs, "gold-wine gumena, hwät wit geó spræcon, "gif ic ät þearfe þînre scolde "aldre linnan, þät þu me â wære 1480 "forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle; "wes þu mund-bora mînum mago-þegnum, "hond-gesellum, gif mec hild nime: "swylce þu þâ mâdmas, þe þu me sealdest, "Hrôðgâr leófa, Higelâce onsend. 1485 "Mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten, "geseón sunu Hrêðles, þonne he on þät sinc starað, "þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde "beága bryttan, breác þonne môste. "And þu Ûnferð læt ealde lâfe, 1490 "wrätlîc wæg-sweord wîd-cûðne man "heard-ecg habban; ic me mid Hruntinge "dôm gewyrce, oððe mec deáð nimeð." Äfter þæm wordum Weder-Geáta leód êfste mid elne, nalas andsware 1495 bîdan wolde; brim-wylm onfêng hilde-rince. Þâ wäs hwîl däges, ær he þone grund-wong ongytan mehte. Sôna þät onfunde, se þe flôda begong heoro-gîfre beheóld hund missera, 1500 grim and grædig, þät þær gumena sum äl-wihta eard ufan cunnode. Grâp þâ tôgeánes, gûð-rinc gefêng atolan clommum; nô þý ær in gescôd hâlan lîce: hring ûtan ymb-bearh, 1505 þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte, locene leoðo-syrcan lâðan fingrum. Bär þâ seó brim-wylf, þâ heó tô botme com, hringa þengel tô hofe sînum, swâ he ne mihte nô (he þäs môdig wäs) 1510 wæpna gewealdan, ac hine wundra þäs fela swencte on sunde, sæ-deór monig hilde-tuxum here-syrcan bräc, êhton aglæcan. Þâ se eorl ongeat, þät he in nið-sele nât-hwylcum wäs, 1515 þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede, ne him for hrôf-sele hrînan ne mehte fær-gripe flôdes: fýr-leóht geseah, blâcne leóman beorhte scînan. Ongeat þâ se gôda grund-wyrgenne, 1520 mere-wîf mihtig; mägen-ræs forgeaf hilde-bille, hond swenge ne ofteáh, þät hire on hafelan hring-mæl âgôl grædig gûð-leóð. Þâ se gist onfand, þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde, 1525 aldre sceððan, ac seó ecg geswâc þeódne ät þearfe: þolode ær fela hond-gemôta, helm oft gescär, fæges fyrd-hrägl: þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme, þät his dôm âläg. 1530 Eft wäs ân-ræd, nalas elnes lät, mærða gemyndig mæg Hygelâces; wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden yrre oretta, þät hit on eorðan läg, stîð and stýl-ecg; strenge getrûwode, 1535 mund-gripe mägenes. Swâ sceal man dôn, þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð longsumne lof, nâ ymb his lîf cearað. Gefêng þâ be eaxle (nalas for fæhðe mearn) Gûð-Geáta leód Grendles môdor; 1540 brägd þâ beadwe heard, þâ he gebolgen wäs, feorh-genîðlan, þät heó on flet gebeáh. Heó him eft hraðe and-leán forgeald grimman grâpum and him tôgeánes fêng; oferwearp þâ wêrig-môd wîgena strengest, 1545 fêðe-cempa, þät he on fylle wearð. Ofsät þâ þone sele-gyst and hyre seaxe geteáh, brâd and brûn-ecg wolde hire bearn wrecan, ângan eaferan. Him on eaxle läg breóst-net broden; þät gebearh feore, 1550 wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd. Häfde þâ forsîðod sunu Ecgþeówes under gynne grund, Geáta cempa, nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe gefremede, here-net hearde, and hâlig god 1555 geweóld wîg-sigor, witig drihten; rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd, ýðelîce syððan he eft âstôd. XXIV. BEÓWULF SLAYS THE SPRITE. Geseah þâ on searwum sige-eádig bil, eald sweord eotenisc ecgum þyhtig, 1560 wîgena weorð-mynd: þät wäs wæpna cyst, bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer tô beadu-lâce ätberan meahte gôd and geatolîc giganta geweorc. He gefêng þâ fetel-hilt, freca Scildinga, 1565 hreóh and heoro-grim hring-mæl gebrägd, aldres orwêna, yrringa slôh, þät hire wið halse heard grâpode, bân-hringas bräc, bil eal þurh-wôd fægne flæsc-homan, heó on flet gecrong; 1570 sweord wäs swâtig, secg weorce gefeh. Lixte se leóma, leóht inne stôd, efne swâ of hefene hâdre scîneð rodores candel. He äfter recede wlât, hwearf þâ be wealle, wæpen hafenade 1575 heard be hiltum Higelâces þegn, yrre and ân-ræd. Näs seó ecg fracod hilde-rince, ac he hraðe wolde Grendle forgyldan gûð-ræsa fela þâra þe he geworhte tô West-Denum 1580 oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, þonne he Hrôðgâres heorð-geneátas slôh on sweofote, slæpende frät folces Denigea fýf-tyne men and ôðer swylc ût of-ferede, 1585 lâðlîcu lâc. He him þäs leán forgeald, rêðe cempa, tô þäs þe he on räste geseah gûð-wêrigne Grendel licgan, aldor-leásne, swâ him ær gescôd hild ät Heorote; hrâ wîde sprong, 1590 syððan he äfter deáðe drepe þrowade, heoro-sweng heardne, and hine þâ heáfde becearf, Sôna þät gesâwon snottre ceorlas, þâ þe mid Hrôðgâre on holm wliton, þät wäs ýð-geblond eal gemenged, 1595 brim blôde fâh: blonden-feaxe gomele ymb gôdne ongeador spræcon, þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon, þät he sige-hrêðig sêcean côme mærne þeóden; þâ þäs monige gewearð, 1600 þät hine seó brim-wylf âbroten häfde. Þâ com nôn däges. Näs ofgeâfon hwate Scyldingas; gewât him hâm þonon gold-wine gumena. Gistas sêtan, môdes seóce, and on mere staredon, 1605 wiston and ne wêndon, þät hie heora wine-drihten selfne gesâwon. Þâ þät sweord ongan äfter heaðo-swâte hilde-gicelum wîg-bil wanian; þät wäs wundra sum, þät hit eal gemealt îse gelîcost, 1610 þonne forstes bend fäder onlæteð, onwindeð wäl-râpas, se þe geweald hafað sæla and mæla; þät is sôð metod. Ne nom he in þæm wîcum, Weder-Geáta leód, mâðm-æhta mâ, þêh he þær monige geseah, 1615 bûton þone hafelan and þâ hilt somod, since fâge; sweord ær gemealt, forbarn broden mæl: wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât, ættren ellor-gæst, se þær inne swealt. Sôna wäs on sunde, se þe ær ät säcce gebâd 1620 wîg-hryre wrâðra, wäter up þurh-deáf; wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod, eácne eardas, þâ se ellor-gâst oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft. Com þâ tô lande lid-manna helm 1625 swîð-môd swymman, sæ-lâce gefeah, mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him mid häfde. Eodon him þâ tôgeánes, gode þancodon, þryðlîc þegna heáp, þeódnes gefêgon, þäs þe hi hyne gesundne geseón môston. 1630 Þâ wäs of þäm hrôran helm and byrne lungre âlýsed: lagu drusade, wäter under wolcnum, wäl-dreóre fâg. Fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum ferhðum fägne, fold-weg mæton, 1635 cûðe stræte; cyning-balde men from þäm holm-clife hafelan bæron earfoðlîce heora æghwäðrum fela-môdigra: feówer scoldon on ðäm wäl-stenge weorcum geferian 1640 tô þäm gold-sele Grendles heáfod, ôð þät semninga tô sele cômon frome fyrd-hwate feówer-tyne Geáta gongan; gum-dryhten mid môdig on gemonge meodo-wongas träd. 1645 Þâ com in gân ealdor þegna, dæd-cêne mon dôme gewurðad, häle hilde-deór. Hrôðgâr grêtan: Þâ wäs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heáfod, þær guman druncon, 1650 egeslîc for eorlum and þære idese mid: wlite-seón wrätlîc weras onsâwon. XXV. HROTHGAR'S GRATITUDE: HE DISCOURSES. Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: "Hwät! we þe þâs sæ-lâc, sunu Healfdenes, "leód Scyldinga, lustum brôhton, 1655 "tîres tô tâcne, þe þu her tô lôcast. "Ic þät unsôfte ealdre gedîgde: "wîge under wätere weorc genêðde "earfoðlîce, ät-rihte wäs "gûð getwæfed, nymðe mec god scylde. 1660 "Ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge "wiht gewyrcan, þeáh þät wæpen duge, "ac me geûðe ylda waldend, "þät ic on wage geseah wlitig hangian "eald sweord eácen (oftost wîsode 1665 "winigea leásum) þät ic þý wæpne gebräd. "Ofslôh þâ ät þære säcce (þâ me sæl âgeald) "hûses hyrdas. Þâ þät hilde-bil "forbarn, brogden mæl, swâ þät blôd gesprang, "hâtost heaðo-swâta: ic þät hilt þanan 1670 "feóndum ätferede; fyren-dæda wräc, "deáð-cwealm Denigea, swâ hit gedêfe wäs. "Ic hit þe þonne gehâte, þät þu on Heorote môst "sorh-leás swefan mid þînra secga gedryht, "and þegna gehwylc þînra leóda, 1675 "duguðe and iogoðe, þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft, "þeóden Scyldinga, on þâ healfe, "aldor-bealu eorlum, swâ þu ær dydest." Þâ wäs gylden hilt gamelum rince. hârum hild-fruman, on hand gyfen, 1680 enta ær-geweorc, hit on æht gehwearf äfter deófla hryre Denigea freán, wundor-smiða geweorc, and þâ þâs worold ofgeaf grom-heort guma, godes andsaca, morðres scyldig, and his môdor eác; 1685 on geweald gehwearf worold-cyninga þäm sêlestan be sæm tweónum þâra þe on Sceden-igge sceattas dælde. Hrôðgâr maðelode, hylt sceáwode, ealde lâfe, on þäm wäs ôr writen 1690 fyrn-gewinnes: syððan flôd ofslôh, gifen geótende, giganta cyn, frêcne gefêrdon: þät wäs fremde þeód êcean dryhtne, him þäs ende-leán þurh wäteres wylm waldend sealde. 1695 Swâ wäs on þæm scennum scîran goldes þurh rûn-stafas rihte gemearcod, geseted and gesæd, hwâm þät sweord geworht, îrena cyst ærest wære, wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh. Þâ se wîsa spräc 1700 sunu Healfdenes (swîgedon ealle): "Þät lâ mäg secgan, se þe sôð and riht "fremeð on folce, (feor eal gemon "eald êðel-weard), þät þes eorl wære "geboren betera! Blæd is âræred 1705 "geond wîd-wegas, wine mîn Beówulf, "þîn ofer þeóda gehwylce. Eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, "mägen mid môdes snyttrum. Ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan "freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon; þu scealt tô frôfre weorðan "eal lang-twidig leódum þînum, 1710 "häleðum tô helpe. Ne wearð Heremôd swâ "eaforum Ecgwelan, Âr-Scyldingum; "ne geweôx he him tô willan, ac tô wäl-fealle "and tô deáð-cwalum Deniga leódum; "breát bolgen-môd beód-geneátas, 1715 "eaxl-gesteallan, ôð þät he âna hwearf, "mære þeóden. mon-dreámum from: "þeáh þe hine mihtig god mägenes wynnum, "eafeðum stêpte, ofer ealle men "forð gefremede, hwäðere him on ferhðe greów 1720 "breóst-hord blôd-reów: nallas beágas geaf "Denum äfter dôme; dreám-leás gebâd, "þät he þäs gewinnes weorc þrowade, "leód-bealo longsum. Þu þe lær be þon, "gum-cyste ongit! ic þis gid be þe 1725 "âwräc wintrum frôd. Wundor is tô secganne, "hû mihtig god manna cynne "þurh sîdne sefan snyttru bryttað, "eard and eorl-scipe, he âh ealra geweald. "Hwîlum he on lufan læteð hworfan 1730 "monnes môd-geþonc mæran cynnes, "seleð him on êðle eorðan wynne, "tô healdanne hleó-burh wera, "gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, "sîde rîce, þät he his selfa ne mäg 1735 "for his un-snyttrum ende geþencean; "wunað he on wiste, nô hine wiht dweleð, "âdl ne yldo, ne him inwit-sorh "on sefan sweorceð, ne gesacu ôhwær, "ecg-hete eóweð, ac him eal worold 1740 "wendeð on willan; he þät wyrse ne con, "ôð þät him on innan ofer-hygda dæl "weaxeð and wridað, þonne se weard swefeð, "sâwele hyrde: bið se slæp tô fäst, "bisgum gebunden, bona swîðe neáh, 1745 "se þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð. XXVI. THE DISCOURSE IS ENDED.--BEÓWULF PREPARES TO LEAVE. "Þonne bið on hreðre under helm drepen "biteran stræle: him bebeorgan ne con "wom wundor-bebodum wergan gâstes; "þinceð him tô lytel, þät he tô lange heóld, 1750 "gýtsað grom-hydig, nallas on gylp seleð "fätte beágas and he þâ forð-gesceaft "forgyteð and forgýmeð, þäs þe him ær god sealde "wuldres waldend, weorð-mynda dæl. "Hit on ende-stäf eft gelimpeð, 1755 "þät se lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, "fæge gefealleð; fêhð ôðer tô, "se þe unmurnlîce mâdmas dæleð, "eorles ær-gestreón, egesan ne gýmeð. "Bebeorh þe þone bealo-nîð, Beówulf leófa, 1760 "secg se betsta, and þe þät sêlre geceós, "êce rædas; oferhyda ne gým, "mære cempa! Nu is þînes mägnes blæd "âne hwîle; eft sôna bið, "þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfeð, 1765 "oððe fýres feng oððe flôdes wylm, "oððe gripe mêces oððe gâres fliht, "oððe atol yldo, oððe eágena bearhtm "forsiteð and forsworceð; semninga bið, "þät þec, dryht-guma, deáð oferswýðeð. 1770 "Swâ ic Hring-Dena hund missera "weóld under wolcnum, and hig wîge beleác "manigum mægða geond þysne middan-geard, "äscum and ecgum, þät ic me ænigne "under swegles begong gesacan ne tealde. 1775 "Hwät! me þäs on êðle edwenden cwom, "gyrn äfter gomene, seoððan Grendel wearð, "eald-gewinna, in-genga mîn: "ic þære sôcne singales wäg "môd-ceare micle. Þäs sig metode þanc, 1780 "êcean drihtne, þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd, "þät ic on þone hafelan heoro-dreórigne "ofer eald gewin eágum starige! "Gâ nu tô setle, symbel-wynne dreóh "wîgge weorðad: unc sceal worn fela 1785 "mâðma gemænra, siððan morgen bið." Geát wäs gläd-môd, geóng sôna tô, setles neósan, swâ se snottra hêht. Þâ wäs eft swâ ær ellen-rôfum, flet-sittendum fägere gereorded 1790 niówan stefne. Niht-helm geswearc deorc ofer dryht-gumum. Duguð eal ârâs; wolde blonden-feax beddes neósan, gamela Scylding. Geát ungemetes wel, rôfne rand-wîgan restan lyste: 1795 sôna him sele-þegn sîðes wêrgum, feorran-cundum forð wîsade, se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe, swylce þý dôgore heáðo-lîðende habban scoldon. 1800 Reste hine þâ rûm-heort; reced hlifade geáp and gold-fâh, gäst inne swäf, ôð þät hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode. Þâ com beorht sunne scacan ofer grundas; scaðan onetton, 1805 wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, wolde feor þanon cuma collen-ferhð ceóles neósan. Hêht þâ se hearda Hrunting beran, sunu Ecglâfes, hêht his sweord niman, 1810 leóflîc îren; sägde him þäs leánes þanc, cwäð he þone gûð-wine gôdne tealde, wîg-cräftigne, nales wordum lôg mêces ecge: þät wäs môdig secg. And þâ sîð-frome searwum gearwe 1815 wîgend wæron, eode weorð Denum äðeling tô yppan, þær se ôðer wäs häle hilde-deór, Hrôðgâr grêtte. XXVII. THE PARTING WORDS. Beówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþeówes: "Nu we sæ-lîðend secgan wyllað 1820 "feorran cumene, þät we fundiað "Higelâc sêcan. Wæron her tela "willum bewenede; þu ûs wel dohtest. "Gif ic þonne on eorðan ôwihte mäg "þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian, 1825 "gumena dryhten, þonne ic gyt dyde, "gûð-geweorca ic beó gearo sôna. "Gif ic þät gefricge ofer flôda begang, "þät þec ymbe-sittend egesan þýwað, "swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, 1830 "ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe, "häleða tô helpe. Ic on Higelâce wât, "Geáta dryhten, þeáh þe he geong sý, "folces hyrde, þät he mec fremman wile "wordum and worcum, þät ic þe wel herige, 1835 "and þe tô geóce gâr-holt bere "mägenes fultum, þær þe bið manna þearf; "gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta "geþingeð, þeódnes bearn, he mäg þær fela "freónda findan: feor-cýððe beóð 1840 "sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa deáh." Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware: "Þe þâ word-cwydas wittig drihten "on sefan sende! ne hýrde ic snotorlîcor "on swâ geongum feore guman þingian: 1845 "þu eart mägenes strang and on môde frôd, "wîs word-cwida. Wên ic talige, "gif þät gegangeð, þät þe gâr nymeð, "hild heoru-grimme Hrêðles eaferan, "âdl oððe îren ealdor þînne, 1850 "folces hyrde, and þu þîn feorh hafast, "þät þe Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben "tô geceósenne cyning ænigne, "hord-weard häleða, gif þu healdan wylt "mâga rîce. Me þîn môd-sefa 1855 "lîcað leng swâ wel, leófa Beówulf: "hafast þu gefêred, þät þâm folcum sceal, "Geáta leódum and Gâr-Denum "sib gemænum and sacu restan, "inwit-nîðas, þe hie ær drugon; 1860 "wesan, þenden ic wealde wîdan rîces, "mâðmas gemæne, manig ôðerne "gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð; "sceal hring-naca ofer heáðu bringan "lâc and luf-tâcen. Ic þâ leóde wât 1865 "ge wið feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte "æghwäs untæle ealde wîsan." Þâ git him eorla hleó inne gesealde, mago Healfdenes mâðmas twelfe, hêt hine mid þæm lâcum leóde swæse 1870 sêcean on gesyntum, snûde eft cuman. Gecyste þâ cyning äðelum gôd, þeóden Scildinga, þegen betstan and be healse genam; hruron him teáras, blonden-feaxum: him wäs bega wên, 1875 ealdum infrôdum, ôðres swîðor, þät hî seoððan geseón môston môdige on meðle. Wäs him se man tô þon leóf, þät he þone breóst-wylm forberan ne mehte, ac him on hreðre hyge-bendum fäst 1880 äfter deórum men dyrne langað beorn wið blôde. Him Beówulf þanan, gûð-rinc gold-wlanc gräs-moldan träd, since hrêmig: sæ-genga bâd âgend-freán, se þe on ancre râd. 1885 Þâ wäs on gange gifu Hrôðgâres oft geæhted: þät wäs ân cyning æghwäs orleahtre, ôð þät hine yldo benam mägenes wynnum, se þe oft manegum scôd. XXVIII. BEÓWULF RETURNS TO GEATLAND.--THE QUEENS HYGD AND THRYTHO. Cwom þâ tô flôde fela-môdigra 1890 häg-stealdra heáp; hring-net bæron, locene leoðo-syrcan. Land-weard onfand eft-sîð eorla, swâ he ær dyde; nô he mid hearme of hliðes nosan gästas grêtte, ac him tôgeánes râd; 1895 cwäð þät wilcuman Wedera leódum scawan scîr-hame tô scipe fôron. Þâ wäs on sande sæ-geáp naca hladen here-wædum, hringed-stefna mearum and mâðmum: mäst hlifade 1900 ofer Hrôðgâres hord-gestreónum. He þäm bât-wearde bunden golde swurd gesealde, þät he syððan wäs on meodu-bence mâðme þý weorðra, yrfe-lâfe. Gewât him on ýð-nacan, 1905 drêfan deóp wäter, Dena land ofgeaf. Þâ wäs be mäste mere-hrägla sum, segl sâle fäst. Sund-wudu þunede, nô þær wêg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes getwæfde; sæ-genga fôr, 1910 fleát fâmig-heals forð ofer ýðe, bunden-stefna ofer brim-streámas, þät hie Geáta clifu ongitan meahton, cûðe nässas. Ceól up geþrang, lyft-geswenced on lande stôd. 1915 Hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo, se þe ær lange tîd, leófra manna fûs, ät faroðe feor wlâtode; sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip oncer-bendum fäst, þý läs hym ýða þrym 1920 wudu wynsuman forwrecan meahte. Hêt þâ up beran äðelinga gestreón, frätwe and fät-gold; näs him feor þanon tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan: Higelâc Hrêðling þær ät hâm wunað, 1925 selfa mid gesîðum sæ-wealle neáh; bold wäs betlîc, brego-rôf cyning, heá on healle, Hygd swîðe geong, wîs, wel-þungen, þeáh þe wintra lyt under burh-locan gebiden häbbe 1930 Häreðes dôhtor: näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh, ne tô gneáð gifa Geáta leódum, mâðm-gestreóna. Mod Þryðo wäg, fremu folces cwên, firen ondrysne: nænig þät dorste deór genêðan 1935 swæsra gesîða, nefne sin-freá, þät hire an däges eágum starede; ac him wäl-bende weotode tealde, hand-gewriðene: hraðe seoððan wäs äfter mund-gripe mêce geþinged, 1940 þät hit sceaðen-mæl scyran môste, cwealm-bealu cýðan. Ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw idese tô efnanne, þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý, þätte freoðu-webbe feores onsäce äfter lîge-torne leófne mannan. 1945 Hûru þät onhôhsnode Heminges mæg; ealo drincende ôðer sædan, þät hió leód-bealewa läs gefremede, inwit-nîða, syððan ærest wearð gyfen gold-hroden geongum cempan, 1950 äðelum dióre, syððan hió Offan flet ofer fealone flôd be fäder lâre sîðe gesôhte, þær hió syððan wel in gum-stôle, gôde mære, lîf-gesceafta lifigende breác, 1955 hióld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego, ealles mon-cynnes mîne gefræge þone sêlestan bî sæm tweónum eormen-cynnes; forþam Offa wäs geofum and gûðum gâr-cêne man, 1960 wîde geweorðod; wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, þonon Eómær wôc häleðum tô helpe, Heminges mæg, nefa Gârmundes, nîða cräftig. XXIX. HIS ARRIVAL. HYGELAC'S RECEPTION. Gewât him þâ se hearda mid his hond-scole 1965 sylf äfter sande sæ-wong tredan, wîde waroðas. Woruld-candel scân, sigel sûðan fûs: hî sîð drugon, elne geeodon, tô þäs þe eorla hleó, bonan Ongenþeówes burgum on innan, 1970 geongne gûð-cyning gôdne gefrunon hringas dælan. Higelâce wäs sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, þät þær on worðig wîgendra hleó, lind-gestealla lifigende cwom, 1975 heaðo-lâces hâl tô hofe gongan. Hraðe wäs gerýmed, swâ se rîca bebeád, fêðe-gestum flet innan-weard. Gesät þâ wið sylfne, se þâ säcce genäs, mæg wið mæge, syððan man-dryhten 1980 þurh hleóðor-cwyde holdne gegrêtte meaglum wordum. Meodu-scencum hwearf geond þät reced Häreðes dôhtor: lufode þâ leóde, lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa. Higelâc ongan 1985 sînne geseldan in sele þam heán fägre fricgean, hyne fyrwet bräc, hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron: "Hû lomp eów on lâde, leófa Biówulf, "þâ þu færinga feorr gehogodest, 1990 "säcce sêcean ofer sealt wäter, "hilde tô Hiorote? Ac þu Hrôðgâre "wîd-cûðne weán wihte gebêttest, "mærum þeódne? Ic þäs môd-ceare "sorh-wylmum seáð, sîðe ne trûwode 1995 "leófes mannes; ic þe lange bäd, "þät þu þone wäl-gæst wihte ne grêtte, "lête Sûð-Dene sylfe geweorðan "gûðe wið Grendel. Gode ic þanc secge, "þäs þe ic þe gesundne geseón môste." 2000 Biówulf maðelode, bearn Ecgþiówes: "Þät is undyrne, dryhten Higelâc, "mære gemêting monegum fira, "hwylc orleg-hwîl uncer Grendles "wearð on þam wange, þær he worna fela 2005 "Sige-Scildingum sorge gefremede, "yrmðe tô aldre; ic þät eal gewräc, "swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendeles mâga "ænig ofer eorðan uht-hlem þone, "se þe lengest leofað lâðan cynnes, 2010 "fenne bifongen. Ic þær furðum cwom, "tô þam hring-sele Hrôðgâr grêtan: "sôna me se mæra mago Healfdenes, "syððan he môd-sefan mînne cûðe, "wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte. 2015 "Weorod wäs on wynne; ne seah ic wîdan feorh "under heofenes hwealf heal-sittendra "medu-dreám mâran. Hwîlum mæru cwên, "friðu-sibb folca flet eall geond-hwearf, "bædde byre geonge; oft hió beáh-wriðan 2020 "secge sealde, ær hió tô setle geóng. "Hwîlum for duguðe dôhtor Hrôðgâres "eorlum on ende ealu-wæge bär, "þâ ic Freáware flet-sittende "nemnan hýrde, þær hió nägled sinc 2025 "häleðum sealde: sió gehâten wäs, "geong gold-hroden, gladum suna Frôdan; "hafað þäs geworden wine Scyldinga "rîces hyrde and þät ræd talað, "þät he mid þý wîfe wäl-fæhða dæl, 2030 "säcca gesette. Oft nô seldan hwær "äfter leód-hryre lytle hwîle "bon-gâr bûgeð, þeáh seó brýd duge! XXX. BEÓWULF'S STORY OF THE SLAYINGS. "Mäg þäs þonne ofþyncan þeóden Heaðobeardna "and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, 2035 "þonne he mid fæmnan on flett gæð, "dryht-bearn Dena duguða biwenede: "on him gladiað gomelra lâfe "heard and hring-mæl, Heaðobeardna gestreón, "þenden hie þâm wæpnum wealdan môston, 2040 "ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lind-plegan "swæse gesîðas ond hyra sylfra feorh. "Þonne cwið ät beóre, se þe beáh gesyhð, "eald äsc-wîga, se þe eall geman "gâr-cwealm gumena (him bið grim sefa), 2045 "onginneð geômor-môd geongne cempan "þurh hreðra gehygd higes cunnian, "wîg-bealu weccean and þät word âcwyð: "'Meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan, "'þone þin fäder tô gefeohte bär 2050 "'under here-grîman hindeman sîðe, "'dýre îren, þær hyne Dene slôgon, "'weóldon wäl-stôwe, syððan wiðer-gyld läg, "'äfter häleða hryre, hwate Scyldungas? "'Nu her þâra banena byre nât-hwylces, 2055 "'frätwum hrêmig on flet gæð, "'morðres gylpeð and þone mâððum byreð, "'þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest!'" "Manað swâ and myndgað mæla gehwylce "sârum wordum, ôð þät sæl cymeð, 2060 "þät se fæmnan þegn fore fäder dædum "äfter billes bite blôd-fâg swefeð, "ealdres scyldig; him se ôðer þonan "losað lifigende, con him land geare. "Þonne bióð brocene on bâ healfe 2065 "âð-sweord eorla; syððan Ingelde "weallað wäl-nîðas and him wîf-lufan "äfter cear-wälmum côlran weorðað. "Þý ic Heaðobeardna hyldo ne telge, "dryht-sibbe dæl Denum unfæcne, 2070 "freónd-scipe fästne. Ic sceal forð sprecan "gen ymbe Grendel, þät þu geare cunne, "sinces brytta, tô hwan syððan wearð "hond-ræs häleða. Syððan heofones gim "glâd ofer grundas, gäst yrre cwom, 2075 "eatol æfen-grom, ûser neósan, "þær we gesunde säl weardodon; "þær wäs Hondsció hild onsæge, "feorh-bealu fægum, he fyrmest läg, "gyrded cempa; him Grendel wearð, 2080 "mærum magu-þegne tô mûð-bonan, "leófes mannes lîc eall forswealg. "Nô þý ær ût þâ gen îdel-hende "bona blôdig-tôð bealewa gemyndig, "of þam gold-sele gongan wolde, 2085 "ac he mägnes rôf mîn costode, "grâpode gearo-folm. Glôf hangode "sîd and syllîc searo-bendum fäst, "sió wäs orþoncum eall gegyrwed "deófles cräftum and dracan fellum: 2090 "he mec þær on innan unsynnigne, "diór dæd-fruma, gedôn wolde, "manigra sumne: hyt ne mihte swâ, "syððan ic on yrre upp-riht âstôd. "Tô lang ys tô reccenne, hû ic þam leód-sceaðan 2095 "yfla gehwylces ond-leán forgeald; "þær ic, þeóden mîn, þîne leóde "weorðode weorcum. He on weg losade, "lytle hwîle lîf-wynna breác; "hwäðre him sió swîðre swaðe weardade 2100 "hand on Hiorte and he heán þonan, "môdes geômor mere-grund gefeóll. "Me þone wäl-ræs wine Scildunga "fättan golde fela leánode, "manegum mâðmum, syððan mergen com 2105 "and we tô symble geseten häfdon. "Þær wäs gidd and gleó; gomela Scilding "fela fricgende feorran rehte; "hwîlum hilde-deór hearpan wynne, "gomen-wudu grêtte; hwîlum gyd âwräc 2110 "sôð and sârlîc; hwîlum syllîc spell "rehte äfter rihte rûm-heort cyning. "Hwîlum eft ongan eldo gebunden, "gomel gûð-wîga gioguðe cwîðan "hilde-strengo; hreðer inne weóll, 2115 "þonne he wintrum frôd worn gemunde. "Swâ we þær inne andlangne däg "nióde nâman, ôð þät niht becwom "ôðer tô yldum. Þâ wäs eft hraðe "gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles môdor, 2120 "sîðode sorh-full; sunu deáð fornam, "wîg-hete Wedra. Wîf unhýre "hyre bearn gewräc, beorn âcwealde "ellenlîce; þær wäs Äsc-here, "frôdan fyrn-witan, feorh ûðgenge; 2125 "nôðer hy hine ne môston, syððan mergen cwom, "deáð-wêrigne Denia leóde "bronde forbärnan, ne on bæl hladan "leófne mannan: hió þät lîc ätbär "feóndes fäðmum under firgen-streám. 2130 "Þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost "þâra þe leód-fruman lange begeâte; "þâ se þeóden mec þîne lîfe "healsode hreóh-môd, þät ic on holma geþring "eorl-scipe efnde, ealdre genêðde, 2135 "mærðo fremede: he me mêde gehêt. "Ic þâ þäs wälmes, þe is wîde cûð, "grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde fond. "Þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne; "holm heolfre weóll and ic heáfde becearf 2140 "in þam grund-sele Grendeles môdor "eácnum ecgum, unsôfte þonan "feorh ôðferede; näs ic fæge þâ gyt, "ac me eorla hleó eft gesealde "mâðma menigeo, maga Healfdenes. XXXI. HE GIVES PRESENTS TO HYGELAC. HYGELAC REWARDS HIM. HYGELAC'S DEATH. BEÓWULF REIGNS. 2145 "Swâ se þeód-kyning þeáwum lyfde; "nealles ic þâm leánum forloren häfde, "mägnes mêde, ac he me mâðmas geaf, "sunu Healfdenes, on sînne sylfes dôm; "þâ ic þe, beorn-cyning, bringan wylle, 2150 "êstum geýwan. Gen is eall ät þe "lissa gelong: ic lyt hafo "heáfod-mâga, nefne Hygelâc þec!" Hêt þâ in beran eafor, heáfod-segn, heaðo-steápne helm, hâre byrnan, 2155 gûð-sweord geatolîc, gyd äfter wräc: "Me þis hilde-sceorp Hrôðgâr sealde, "snotra fengel, sume worde hêt, "þät ic his ærest þe eft gesägde, "cwäð þät hyt häfde Hiorogâr cyning, 2160 "leód Scyldunga lange hwîle: "nô þý ær suna sînum syllan wolde, "hwatum Heorowearde, þeáh he him hold wære, "breóst-gewædu. Brûc ealles well!" Hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas 2165 lungre gelîce lâst weardode, äppel-fealuwe; he him êst geteáh meara and mâðma. Swâ sceal mæg dôn, nealles inwit-net ôðrum bregdan, dyrnum cräfte deáð rênian 2170 hond-gesteallan. Hygelâce wäs, nîða heardum, nefa swýðe hold and gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra gemyndig. Hýrde ic þät he þone heals-beáh Hygde gesealde, wrätlîcne wundur-mâððum, þone þe him Wealhþeó geaf, 2175 þeódnes dôhtor, þrió wicg somod swancor and sadol-beorht; hyre syððan wäs äfter beáh-þege breóst geweorðod. Swâ bealdode bearn Ecgþeówes, guma gûðum cûð, gôdum dædum, 2180 dreáh äfter dôme, nealles druncne slôg heorð-geneátas; näs him hreóh sefa, ac he man-cynnes mæste cräfte gin-fästan gife, þe him god sealde, heóld hilde-deór. Heán wäs lange, 2185 swâ hyne Geáta bearn gôdne ne tealdon, ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde; swýðe oft sägdon, þät he sleac wære, äðeling unfrom: edwenden cwom 2190 tîr-eádigum menn torna gehwylces. Hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian, heaðo-rôf cyning, Hrêðles lâfe, golde gegyrede; näs mid Geátum þâ sinc-mâððum sêlra on sweordes hâd; 2195 þät he on Biówulfes bearm âlegde, and him gesealde seofan þûsendo, bold and brego-stôl. Him wäs bâm samod on þam leód-scipe lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, ôðrum swîðor 2200 sîde rîce, þam þær sêlra wäs. Eft þät geiode ufaran dôgrum hilde-hlämmum, syððan Hygelâc läg and Heardrêde hilde-mêceas under bord-hreóðan tô bonan wurdon, 2205 þâ hyne gesôhtan on sige-þeóde hearde hilde-frecan, Heaðo-Scilfingas, nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces. Syððan Beówulfe brâde rîce on hand gehwearf: he geheóld tela 2210 fîftig wintru (wäs þâ frôd cyning, eald êðel-weard), ôð þät ân ongan deorcum nihtum draca rîcsian, se þe on heáre hæðe hord beweotode, stân-beorh steápne: stîg under läg, 2215 eldum uncûð. Þær on innan gióng niða nât-hwylces neóde gefêng hæðnum horde hond . d . . geþ . . hwylc since fâhne, he þät syððan . . . . . . . . þ . . . lð . þ . . l . g 2220 slæpende be fýre, fyrena hyrde þeófes cräfte, þät sie . . . . ðioð . . . . . . idh . folc-beorn, þät he gebolgen wäs. XXXII. THE FIRE-DRAKE. THE HOARD. Nealles mid geweoldum wyrm-horda . . . cräft sôhte sylfes willum, se þe him sâre gesceôd, 2225 ac for þreá-nêdlan þeów nât-hwylces häleða bearna hete-swengeas fleáh, for ofer-þearfe and þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig. Sôna in þâ tîde þät . . . . . þam gyste . . . . br . g . stôd, 2230 hwäðre earm-sceapen . . . . . . . . . ð . . . sceapen o . . . . i r . . e se fæs begeat, sinc-fät geseah: þær wäs swylcra fela in þam eorð-scräfe ær-gestreóna, swâ hy on geâr-dagum gumena nât-hwylc 2235 eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes þanc-hycgende þær gehýdde, deóre mâðmas. Ealle hie deáð fornam ærran mælum, and se ân þâ gen leóda duguðe, se þær lengest hwearf, 2240 weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna brûcan môste. Beorh eal gearo wunode on wonge wäter-ýðum neáh, niwe be nässe nearo-cräftum fäst: 2245 þær on innan bär eorl-gestreóna hringa hyrde hard-fyrdne dæl fättan goldes, feá worda cwäð: "Heald þu nu, hruse, nu häleð ne môston, "eorla æhte. Hwät! hit ær on þe 2250 "gôde begeâton; gûð-deáð fornam, "feorh-bealo frêcne fyra gehwylcne, "leóda mînra, þâra þe þis lîf ofgeaf, "gesâwon sele-dreám. Nâh hwâ sweord wege "oððe fetige fäted wæge, 2255 "drync-fät deóre: duguð ellor scôc. "Sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde "fätum befeallen: feormiend swefað, "þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon, "ge swylce seó here-pâd, sió ät hilde gebâd 2260 "ofer borda gebräc bite îrena, "brosnað äfter beorne. Ne mäg byrnan hring "äfter wîg-fruman wîde fêran "häleðum be healfe; näs hearpan wyn, "gomen gleó-beámes, ne gôd hafoc 2265 "geond säl swingeð, ne se swifta mearh "burh-stede beáteð. Bealo-cwealm hafað "fela feorh-cynna feorr onsended!" Swâ giômor-môd giohðo mænde, ân äfter eallum unblîðe hweóp, 2270 däges and nihtes, ôð þät deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan. Hord-wynne fond eald uht-sceaða opene standan, se þe byrnende biorgas sêceð nacod nîð-draca, nihtes fleógeð 2275 fýre befangen; hyne fold-bûend wîde gesâwon. He gewunian sceall hlâw under hrusan, þær he hæðen gold warað wintrum frôd; ne byð him wihte þê sêl. Swâ se þeód-sceaða þreó hund wintra 2280 heóld on hrusan hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, ôð þät hyne ân âbealh mon on môde: man-dryhtne bär fäted wæge, frioðo-wære bäd hlâford sînne. Þâ wäs hord râsod, 2285 onboren beága hord, bêne getîðad feá-sceaftum men. Freá sceáwode fira fyrn-geweorc forman sîðe. Þâ se wyrm onwôc, wrôht wäs geniwad; stonc þâ äfter stâne, stearc-heort onfand 2290 feóndes fôt-lâst; he tô forð gestôp, dyrnan cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh. Swâ mäg unfæge eáðe gedîgan weán and wräc-sîð, se þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð. Hord-weard sôhte 2295 georne äfter grunde, wolde guman findan, þone þe him on sweofote sâre geteóde: hât and hreóh-môd hlæw oft ymbe hwearf, ealne ûtan-weardne; ne þær ænig mon wäs on þære wêstenne. Hwäðre hilde gefeh, 2300 beado-weorces: hwîlum on beorh äthwearf, sinc-fät sôhte; he þät sôna onfand, þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod heáh-gestreóna. Hord-weard onbâd earfoðlîce, ôð þät æfen cwom; 2305 wäs þâ gebolgen beorges hyrde, wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan drinc-fät dýre. Þâ wäs däg sceacen wyrme on willan, nô on wealle leng bîdan wolde, ac mid bæle fôr, 2310 fýre gefýsed. Wäs se fruma egeslîc leódum on lande, swâ hyt lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sâre geendod. XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE. Þâ se gäst ongan glêdum spîwan, beorht hofu bärnan; bryne-leóma stôd 2315 eldum on andan; nô þær âht cwices lâð lyft-floga læfan wolde. Wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne, nearo-fâges nîð neán and feorran, hû se gûð-sceaða Geáta leóde 2320 hatode and hýnde: hord eft gesceát, dryht-sele dyrnne ær däges hwîle. Häfde land-wara lîge befangen, bæle and bronde; beorges getrûwode, wîges and wealles: him seó wên geleáh. 2325 Þâ wäs Biówulfe brôga gecýðed snûde tô sôðe, þät his sylfes him bolda sêlest bryne-wylmum mealt, gif-stôl Geáta. Þät þam gôdan wäs hreów on hreðre, hyge-sorga mæst: 2330 wênde se wîsa, þät he wealdende, ofer ealde riht, êcean dryhtne bitre gebulge: breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, swâ him geþýwe ne wäs. Häfde lîg-draca leóda fästen, 2335 eá-lond ûtan, eorð-weard þone glêdum forgrunden. Him þäs gûð-cyning, Wedera þióden, wräce leornode. Hêht him þâ gewyrcean wîgendra hleó eall-îrenne, eorla dryhten 2340 wîg-bord wrätlîc; wisse he gearwe, þät him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge. Sceolde læn-daga äðeling ær-gôd ende gebîdan worulde lîfes and se wyrm somod; 2345 þeáh þe hord-welan heólde lange. Oferhogode þâ hringa fengel, þät he þone wîd-flogan weorode gesôhte, sîdan herge; nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd, ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, 2350 eafoð and ellen; forþon he ær fela nearo nêðende nîða gedîgde, hilde-hlemma, syððan he Hrôðgâres, sigor-eádig secg, sele fælsode and ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum, 2355 lâðan cynnes. Nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemota, þær mon Hygelâc slôh, syððan Geáta cyning gûðe ræsum, freá-wine folces Freslondum on, Hrêðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebeáten; þonan Biówulf com sylfes cräfte, sund-nytte dreáh; + häfde him on earme ... XXX hilde-geatwa, þâ he tô holme stâg. Nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton 2365 fêðe-wîges, þe him foran ongeán linde bæron: lyt eft becwom fram þam hild-frecan hâmes niósan. Oferswam þâ sióleða bigong sunu Ecgþeówes, earm ân-haga eft tô leódum, 2370 þær him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce, beágas and brego-stôl: bearne ne trûwode, þät he wið äl-fylcum êðel-stôlas healdan cûðe, þâ wäs Hygelâc deád. Nô þý ær feá-sceafte findan meahton 2375 ät þam äðelinge ænige þinga, þät he Heardrêde hlâford wære, oððe þone cyne-dôm ciósan wolde; hwäðre he him on folce freónd-lârum heóld, êstum mid âre, ôð þät he yldra wearð, 2380 Weder-Geátum weóld. Hyne wräc-mäcgas ofer sæ sôhtan, suna Ôhteres: häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, þone sêlestan sæ-cyninga, þâra þe in Swió-rîce sinc brytnade, 2385 mærne þeóden. Him þät tô mearce wearð; he þær orfeorme feorh-wunde hleát sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelâces; and him eft gewât Ongenþiówes bearn hâmes niósan, syððan Heardrêd läg; 2390 lêt þone brego-stôl Biówulf healdan, Geátum wealdan: þät wäs gôd cyning. XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BEÓWULF.--STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS. Se þäs leód-hryres leán gemunde uferan dôgrum, Eádgilse wearð feá-sceaftum feónd. Folce gestepte 2395 ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhteres wîgum and wæpnum: he gewräc syððan cealdum cear-sîðum, cyning ealdre bineát. Swâ he nîða gehwane genesen häfde, slîðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþiówes, 2400 ellen-weorca, ôð þone ânne däg, þe he wið þam wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewât þâ twelfa sum torne gebolgen dryhten Geáta dracan sceáwian; häfde þâ gefrunen, hwanan sió fæhð ârâs, 2405 bealo-nîð biorna; him tô bearme cwom mâððum-fät mære þurh þäs meldan hond, Se wäs on þam þreáte þreotteoða secg, se þäs orleges ôr onstealde, häft hyge-giômor, sceolde heán þonon 2410 wong wîsian: he ofer willan gióng tô þäs þe he eorð-sele ânne wisse, hlæw under hrusan holm-wylme nêh, ýð-gewinne, se wäs innan full wrätta and wîra: weard unhióre, 2415 gearo gûð-freca, gold-mâðmas heóld, eald under eorðan; näs þät ýðe ceáp, tô gegangenne gumena ænigum. Gesät þâ on nässe nîð-heard cyning, þenden hælo âbeád heorð-geneátum 2420 gold-wine Geáta: him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, Wyrd ungemete neáh, se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde, sêcean sâwle hord, sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce: nô þon lange wäs 2425 feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden. Biówulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþeówes: "Fela ic on giogoðe guð-ræsa genäs, "orleg-hwîla: ic þät eall gemon. "Ic wäs syfan-wintre, þâ mec sinca baldor, 2430 "freá-wine folca ät mînum fäder genam, "heóld mec and häfde Hrêðel cyning, "geaf me sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde; "näs ic him tô lîfe lâðra ôwihte "beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc, 2435 "Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe Hygelâc mîn. "Wäs þam yldestan ungedêfelîce "mæges dædum morðor-bed strêd, "syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan, "his freá-wine flâne geswencte, 2440 "miste mercelses and his mæg ofscêt, "brôðor ôðerne, blôdigan gâre: "þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad "hreðre hyge-mêðe; sceolde hwäðre swâ þeáh "äðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 "Swâ bið geômorlîc gomelum ceorle "tô gebîdanne, þät his byre rîde "giong on galgan, þonne he gyd wrece, "sârigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað "hrefne tô hrôðre and he him helpe ne mäg, 2450 "eald and in-frôd, ænige gefremman. "Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce "eaforan ellor-sîð; ôðres ne gýmeð "tô gebîdanne burgum on innan "yrfe-weardes, þonne se ân hafað 2455 "þurh deáðes nýd dæda gefondad. "Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna bûre "wîn-sele wêstne, wind-gereste, "reóte berofene; rîdend swefað "häleð in hoðman; nis þær hearpan swêg, 2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce þær iú wæron. XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.--THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE. "Gewîteð þonne on sealman, sorh-leóð gäleð "ân äfter ânum: þûhte him eall tô rûm, "wongas and wîc-stede. Swâ Wedra helm "äfter Herebealde heortan sorge 2465 "weallende wäg, wihte ne meahte "on þam feorh-bonan fæhðe gebêtan: "nô þý ær he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte "lâðum dædum, þeáh him leóf ne wäs. "He þâ mid þære sorge, þe him sió sâr belamp, 2470 "gum-dreám ofgeaf, godes leóht geceás; "eaferum læfde, swâ dêð eádig mon, "lond and leód-byrig, þâ he of lîfe gewât. "Þâ wäs synn and sacu Sweona and Geáta, "ofer wîd wäter wrôht gemæne, 2175 "here-nîð hearda, syððan Hrêðel swealt, "oððe him Ongenþeówes eaferan wæran "frome fyrd-hwate, freóde ne woldon "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hreosna-beorh "eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 "Þät mæg-wine mîne gewræcan, "fæhðe and fyrene, swâ hyt gefræge wäs, "þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte, "heardan ceápe: Hæðcynne wearð, "Geáta dryhtne, gûð onsæge. 2485 "Þâ ic on morgne gefrägn mæg ôðerne "billes ecgum on bonan stælan, "þær Ongenþeów Eofores niósade: "gûð-helm tôglâd, gomela Scylfing "hreás heoro-blâc; hond gemunde 2490 "fæhðo genôge, feorh-sweng ne ofteáh. "Ic him þâ mâðmas, þe he me sealde, "geald ät gûðe, swâ me gifeðe wäs, "leóhtan sweorde: he me lond forgeaf, "eard êðel-wyn. Näs him ænig þearf, 2495 "þät he tô Gifðum oððe tô Gâr-Denum "oððe in Swió-rîce sêcean þurfe "wyrsan wîg-frecan, weorðe gecýpan; "symle ic him on fêðan beforan wolde, "âna on orde, and swâ tô aldre sceall 2500 "säcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað, "þät mec ær and sîð oft gelæste, "syððan ic for dugeðum Däghrefne wearð "tô hand-bonan, Hûga cempan: "nalles he þâ frätwe Fres-cyninge, 2505 "breóst-weorðunge bringan môste, "ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, "äðeling on elne. Ne wäs ecg bona, "ac him hilde-grâp heortan wylmas, "bân-hûs gebräc. Nu sceall billes ecg, 2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wîgan." Beówulf maðelode, beót-wordum spräc niéhstan sîðe: "Ic genêðde fela "gûða on geogoðe; gyt ic wylle, "frôd folces weard, fæhðe sêcan, 2515 "mærðum fremman, gif mec se mân-sceaða "of eorð-sele ût gesêceð!" Gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne, hwate helm-berend hindeman sîðe, swæse gesîðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520 "wæpen tô wyrme, gif ic wiste hû "wið þam aglæcean elles meahte "gylpe wiðgrîpan, swâ ic gió wið Grendle dyde; "ac ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, "rêðes and-hâttres: forþon ic me on hafu 2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard "oferfleón fôtes trem, feónd unhýre, "ac unc sceal weorðan ät wealle, swâ unc Wyrd geteóð, "metod manna gehwäs. Ic eom on môde from, "þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 "Gebîde ge on beorge byrnum werede, "secgas on searwum, hwäðer sêl mæge "äfter wäl-ræse wunde gedýgan "uncer twega. Nis þät eówer sîð, "ne gemet mannes, nefne mîn ânes, 2535 "þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle, "eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall "gold gegangan oððe gûð nimeð, "feorh-bealu frêcne, freán eówerne!" Ârâs þâ bî ronde rôf oretta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bär under stân-cleofu, strengo getrûwode ânes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sîð. Geseah þâ be wealle, se þe worna fela, gum-cystum gôd, gûða gedîgde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fêðan, (stôd on stân-bogan) streám ût þonan brecan of beorge; wäs þære burnan wälm heaðo-fýrum hât: ne meahte horde neáh unbyrnende ænige hwîle 2550 deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge. Lêt þâ of breóstum, þâ he gebolgen wäs, Weder-Geáta leód word ût faran, stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becom heaðo-torht hlynnan under hârne stân. 2555 Hete wäs onhrêred, hord-weard oncniów mannes reorde; näs þær mâra fyrst, freóde tô friclan. From ærest cwom oruð aglæcean ût of stâne, hât hilde-swât; hruse dynede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswâf wið þam gryre-gieste, Geáta dryhten: þâ wäs hring-bogan heorte gefýsed säcce tô sêceanne. Sweord ær gebräd gôd gûð-cyning gomele lâfe, 2565 ecgum ungleáw, æghwäðrum wäs bealo-hycgendra brôga fram ôðrum. Stîð-môd gestôd wið steápne rond winia bealdor, þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne: he on searwum bâd. 2570 Gewât þâ byrnende gebogen scrîðan tô, gescîfe scyndan. Scyld wel gebearg lîfe and lîce lässan hwîle mærum þeódne, þonne his myne sôhte, þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore 2575 wealdan môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf hrêð ät hilde. Hond up âbräd Geáta dryhten, gryre-fâhne slôh incge lâfe, þät sió ecg gewâc brûn on bâne, bât unswîðor, 2580 þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde, bysigum gebæded. Þâ wäs beorges weard äfter heaðu-swenge on hreóum môde, wearp wäl-fýre, wîde sprungon hilde-leóman: hrêð-sigora ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Geáta, gûð-bill geswâc nacod ät nîðe, swâ hyt nô sceolde, îren ær-gôd. Ne wäs þät êðe sîð, þät se mæra maga Ecgþeówes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde; 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wîc eardian elles hwergen, swâ sceal æghwylc mon âlætan læn-dagas. Näs þâ long tô þon, þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton. Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer æðme weóll, 2595 niwan stefne: nearo þrowode fýre befongen se þe ær folce weóld. Nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan, äðelinga bearn ymbe gestôdon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in ânum weóll sefa wið sorgum: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht onwendan, þam þe wel þenceð. XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BEÓWULF IN THE FEUD. Wîglâf wäs hâten Weoxstânes sunu, leóflîc lind-wiga, leód Scylfinga, 2605 mæg Älfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten under here-grîman hât þrowian. Gemunde þâ þâ âre, þe he him ær forgeaf wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, swâ his fäder âhte; 2610 ne mihte þâ forhabban, hond rond gefêng, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd geteáh, þät wäs mid eldum Eánmundes lâf, suna Ôhteres, þam ät säcce wearð wracu wine-leásum Weohstânes bana 2615 mêces ecgum, and his mâgum ätbär brûn-fâgne helm, hringde byrnan, eald sweord eotonisc, þät him Onela forgeaf, his gädelinges gûð-gewædu, fyrd-searo fûslîc: nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc, 2620 þeáh þe he his brôðor bearn âbredwade. He frätwe geheóld fela missera, bill and byrnan, ôð þät his byre mihte eorl-scipe efnan, swâ his ær-fäder; geaf him þâ mid Geátum gûð-gewæda 2625 æghwäs unrîm; þâ he of ealdre gewât, frôd on forð-weg. Þâ wäs forma sîð geongan cempan, þät he gûðe ræs mid his freó-dryhtne fremman sceolde; ne gemealt him se môd-sefa, ne his mæges lâf 2630 gewâc ät wîge: þät se wyrm onfand, syððan hie tôgädre gegân häfdon. Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela, sägde gesîðum, him wäs sefa geômor: "Ic þät mæl geman, þær we medu þêgun, 2635 "þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde "in biór-sele, þe ûs þâs beágas geaf, "þät we him þâ gûð-geatwa gyldan woldon, "gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe, "helmas and heard sweord: þê he ûsic on herge geceás 2640 "tô þyssum sîð-fate sylfes willum, "onmunde ûsic mærða and me þâs mâðmas geaf, "þê he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde, "hwate helm-berend, þeáh þe hlâford ûs "þis ellen-weorc âna âþôhte 2645 "tô gefremmanne, folces hyrde, "forþam he manna mæst mærða gefremede, "dæda dollîcra. Nu is se däg cumen, "þät ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað "gôdra gûð-rinca: wutun gangan tô, 2650 "helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sý, "glêd-egesa grim! God wât on mec, "þät me is micle leófre, þät mînne lîc-haman "mid mînne gold-gyfan glêd fäðmie. "Ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we rondas beren 2655 "eft tô earde, nemne we æror mægen "fâne gefyllan, feorh ealgian "Wedra þiódnes. Ic wât geare, "þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle "Geáta duguðe gnorn þrowian, 2660 "gesîgan ät säcce: sceal ûrum þät sweord and helm, "byrne and byrdu-scrûd bâm gemæne." Wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, wîg-heafolan bär freán on fultum, feá worda cwäð: "Leófa Biówulf, læst eall tela, 2665 "swâ þu on geoguð-feore geâra gecwæde, "þät þu ne âlæte be þe lifigendum "dôm gedreósan: scealt nu dædum rôf, "äðeling ân-hydig, ealle mägene "feorh ealgian; ic þe fullæstu!" 2670 Äfter þâm wordum wyrm yrre cwom, atol inwit-gäst ôðre sîðe, fýr-wylmum fâh fiónda niósan, lâðra manna; lîg-ýðum forborn bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte 2675 geongum gâr-wigan geóce gefremman: ac se maga geonga under his mæges scyld elne geeode, þâ his âgen wäs glêdum forgrunden. Þâ gen gûð-cyning mærða gemunde, mägen-strengo, 2680 slôh hilde-bille, þät hyt on heafolan stôd nîðe genýded: Nägling forbärst, geswâc ät säcce sweord Biówulfes gomol and græg-mæl. Him þät gifeðe ne wäs, þät him îrenna ecge mihton 2685 helpan ät hilde; wäs sió hond tô strong, se þe mêca gehwane mîne gefræge swenge ofersôhte, þonne he tô säcce bär wæpen wundrum heard, näs him wihte þê sêl. Þâ wäs þeód-sceaða þriddan sîðe, 2690 frêcne fýr-draca fæhða gemyndig, ræsde on þone rôfan, þâ him rûm âgeald, hât and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum; he geblôdegod wearð sâwul-drióre; swât ýðum weóll. XXXVII. BEÓWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH. 2695 Þâ ic ät þearfe gefrägn þeód-cyninges and-longne eorl ellen cýðan, cräft and cênðu, swâ him gecynde wäs; ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, ac sió hand gebarn môdiges mannes, þær he his mæges healp, 2700 þät he þone nîð-gäst nioðor hwêne slôh, secg on searwum, þät þät sweord gedeáf fâh and fäted, þät þät fýr ongon sweðrian syððan. Þâ gen sylf cyning geweóld his gewitte, wäll-seaxe gebräd, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, þät he on byrnan wäg: forwrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan. Feónd gefyldan (ferh ellen wräc), and hi hyne þâ begen âbroten häfdon, sib-äðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan, 2710 þegn ät þearfe. Þät þam þeódne wäs sîðast sîge-hwîle sylfes dædum, worlde geweorces. Þâ sió wund ongon, þe him se eorð-draca ær geworhte, swêlan and swellan. He þät sôna onfand, 2715 þät him on breóstum bealo-nîð weóll, âttor on innan. Þâ se äðeling gióng, þät he bî wealle, wîs-hycgende, gesät on sesse; seah on enta geweorc, hû þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste 2720 êce eorð-reced innan heóldon. Hyne þâ mid handa heoro-dreórigne þeóden mærne þegn ungemete till, wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede, hilde-sädne and his helm onspeón. 2725 Biówulf maðelode, he ofer benne spräc, wunde wäl-bleáte (wisse he gearwe, þät he däg-hwîla gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne; þâ wäs eall sceacen dôgor-gerîmes, deáð ungemete neáh): 2730 "Nu ic suna mînum syllan wolde "gûð-gewædu, þær me gifeðe swâ "ænig yrfe-weard äfter wurde, "lîce gelenge. Ic þâs leóde heóld "fîftig wintra: näs se folc-cyning 2735 "ymbe-sittendra ænig þâra, "þe mec gûð-winum grêtan dorste, "egesan þeón. Ic on earde bâd "mæl-gesceafta, heóld mîn tela, "ne sôhte searo-nîðas, ne me swôr fela 2740 "âða on unriht. Ic þäs ealles mäg, "feorh-bennum seóc, gefeán habban: "forþam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira "morðor-bealo mâga, þonne mîn sceaceð "lîf of lîce. Nu þu lungre 2745 "geong, hord sceáwian under hârne stân, "Wîglâf leófa, nu se wyrm ligeð, "swefeð sâre wund, since bereáfod. "Bió nu on ôfoste, þät ic ær-welan, "gold-æht ongite, gearo sceáwige 2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, þät ic þý sêft mæge "äfter mâððum-welan mîn âlætan "lîf and leód-scipe, þone ic longe heóld." XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF. Þâ ic snûde gefrägn sunu Wihstânes äfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne 2755 hýran heaðo-siócum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrôf. Geseah þâ sige-hrêðig, þâ he bî sesse geóng, mago-þegn môdig mâððum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and þäs wyrmes denn, ealdes uht-flogan, orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse, hyrstum behrorene: þær wäs helm monig, eald and ômig, earm-beága fela, 2765 searwum gesæled. Sinc eáðe mäg, gold on grunde, gumena cynnes gehwone ofer-higian, hýde se þe wylle! Swylce he siomian geseah segn eall-gylden heáh ofer horde, hond-wundra mæst, 2770 gelocen leoðo-cräftum: of þam leóma stôd, þät he þone grund-wong ongitan meahte, wräte giond-wlîtan. Näs þäs wyrmes þær onsýn ænig, ac hyne ecg fornam. Þâ ic on hlæwe gefrägn hord reáfian, 2775 eald enta geweorc ânne mannan, him on bearm hladan bunan and discas sylfes dôme, segn eác genom, beácna beorhtost; bill ær-gescôd (ecg wäs îren) eald-hlâfordes 2780 þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs longe hwîle, lîg-egesan wäg hâtne for horde, hioro-weallende, middel-nihtum, ôð þät he morðre swealt. Âr wäs on ôfoste eft-sîðes georn, 2785 frätwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bräc, hwäðer collen-ferð cwicne gemêtte in þam wong-stede Wedra þeóden, ellen-siócne, þær he hine ær forlêt. He þâ mid þâm mâðmum mærne þióden, 2790 dryhten sînne driórigne fand ealdres ät ende: he hine eft ongon wäteres weorpan, ôð þät wordes ord breóst-hord þurhbräc. Beówulf maðelode, gomel on giohðe (gold sceáwode): 2795 "Ic þâra frätwa freán ealles þanc "wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, "êcum dryhtne, þe ic her on starie, "þäs þe ic môste mînum leódum "ær swylt-däge swylc gestrýnan. 2800 "Nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte "frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu "leóda þearfe; ne mäg ic her leng wesan. "Hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean, "beorhtne äfter bæle ät brimes nosan; 2805 "se scel tô gemyndum mînum leódum "heáh hlifian on Hrones nässe, "þät hit sæ-lîðend syððan hâtan "Biówulfes biorh, þâ þe brentingas "ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað." 2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne þióden þrîst-hydig, þegne gesealde, geongum gâr-wigan, gold-fâhne helm, beáh and byrnan, hêt hyne brûcan well: "Þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, 2815 "Wægmundinga; ealle Wyrd forsweóf, "mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte, "eorlas on elne: ic him äfter sceal." Þät wäs þam gomelan gingeste word breóst-gehygdum, ær he bæl cure, 2820 hâte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewât sâwol sêcean sôð-fästra dôm. XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES. Þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum earfoðlîce, þät he on eorðan geseah þone leófestan lîfes ät ende 2825 bleáte gebæran. Bona swylce läg, egeslîc eorð-draca, ealdre bereáfod, bealwe gebæded: beáh-hordum leng wyrm woh-bogen wealdan ne môste, ac him îrenna ecga fornâmon, 2830 hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lâfe, þät se wîd-floga wundum stille hreás on hrusan hord-ärne neáh, nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf middel-nihtum, mâðm-æhta wlonc 2835 ansýn ýwde: ac he eorðan gefeóll for þäs hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh mägen-âgendra mîne gefræge, þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære, 2840 þät he wið âttor-sceaðan oreðe geræsde, oððe hring-sele hondum styrede, gif he wäccende weard onfunde bûan on beorge. Biówulfe wearð dryht-mâðma dæl deáðe forgolden; 2845 häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred lænan lîfes. Näs þâ lang tô þon, þät þâ hild-latan holt ofgêfan, tydre treów-logan tyne ätsomne, þâ ne dorston ær dareðum lâcan 2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe; ac hy scamiende scyldas bæran, gûð-gewædu, þær se gomela läg: wlitan on Wîglâf. He gewêrgad sät, fêðe-cempa freán eaxlum neáh, 2855 wehte hyne wätre; him wiht ne speów; ne meahte he on eorðan, þeáh he ûðe wel, on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan, ne þäs wealdendes willan wiht oncirran; wolde dôm godes dædum rædan 2860 gumena gehwylcum, swâ he nu gen dêð. Þâ wäs ät þam geongan grim andswaru êð-begête þâm þe ær his elne forleás. Wîglâf maðelode, Weohstânes sunu, secg sârig-ferð seah on unleófe: 2865 "Þät lâ mäg secgan, se þe wyle sôð sprecan, "þät se mon-dryhten, se eów þâ mâðmas geaf, "eóred-geatwe, þe ge þær on standað, "þonne he on ealu-bence oft gesealde "heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, 2870 "þeóden his þegnum, swylce he þryðlîcost "ôhwær feor oððe neáh findan meahte, "þät he genunga gûð-gewædu "wrâðe forwurpe. Þâ hyne wîg beget, "nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum 2875 "gylpan þorfte; hwäðre him god ûðe, "sigora waldend, þät he hyne sylfne gewräc "âna mid ecge, þâ him wäs elnes þearf, "Ic him lîf-wraðe lytle meahte "ätgifan ät gûðe and ongan swâ þeáh 2880 "ofer mîn gemet mæges helpan: "symle wäs þý sæmra, þonne ic sweorde drep "ferhð-genîðlan, fýr unswîðor "weóll of gewitte. Wergendra tô lyt "þrong ymbe þeóden, þâ hyne sió þrag becwom. 2885 "Nu sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu "eall êðel-wyn eówrum cynne, "lufen âlicgean: lond-rihtes môt "þære mæg-burge monna æghwylc "îdel hweorfan, syððan äðelingas 2890 "feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, "dôm-leásan dæd. Deáð bið sêlla "eorla gehwylcum þonne edwît-lîf!" XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY. Hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan up ofer êg-clif, þær þät eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne däg môd-giômor sät, bord-häbbende, bega on wênum ende-dôgores and eft-cymes leófes monnes. Lyt swîgode niwra spella, se þe näs gerâd, 2900 ac he sôðlîce sägde ofer ealle; "Nu is wil-geofa Wedra leóda, "dryhten Geáta deáð-bedde fäst, "wunað wäl-reste wyrmes dædum; "him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna, 2905 "siex-bennum seóc: sweorde ne meahte "on þam aglæcean ænige þinga "wunde gewyrcean. Wîglâf siteð "ofer Biówulfe, byre Wihstânes, "eorl ofer ôðrum unlifigendum, 2910 "healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde "leófes and lâðes. Nu ys leódum wên "orleg-hwîle, syððan underne "Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges "wîde weorðeð. Wäs sió wrôht scepen 2915 "heard wið Hûgas, syððan Higelâc cwom "faran flot-herge on Fresna land, "þær hyne Hetware hilde gehnægdon, "elne geeodon mid ofer-mägene, "þät se byrn-wîga bûgan sceolde, 2920 "feóll on fêðan: nalles frätwe geaf "ealdor dugoðe; ûs wäs â syððan "Merewioinga milts ungyfeðe. "Ne ic tô Sweó-þeóde sibbe oððe treówe "wihte ne wêne; ac wäs wîde cûð, 2925 "þätte Ongenþió ealdre besnyðede "Hæðcyn Hrêðling wið Hrefna-wudu, "þâ for on-mêdlan ærest gesôhton "Geáta leóde Gûð-scilfingas. "Sôna him se frôda fäder Ôhtheres, 2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht âgeaf, "âbreót brim-wîsan, brýd âheórde, "gomela ió-meowlan golde berofene, "Onelan môdor and Ôhtheres, "and þâ folgode feorh-genîðlan 2935 "ôð þät hî ôðeodon earfoðlîce "in Hrefnes-holt hlâford-leáse. "Besät þâ sin-herge sweorda lâfe "wundum wêrge, weán oft gehêt "earmre teohhe andlonge niht: 2940 "cwäð he on mergenne mêces ecgum "getan wolde, sume on galg-treówum "fuglum tô gamene. Frôfor eft gelamp "sârig-môdum somod ær-däge, "syððan hie Hygelâces horn and býman 2945 "gealdor ongeâton. Þâ se gôda com "leóda dugoðe on lâst faran. XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS. "Wäs sió swât-swaðu Sweona and Geáta, "wäl-ræs wera wîde gesýne, "hû þâ folc mid him fæhðe tôwehton. 2950 "Gewât him þâ se gôda mid his gädelingum, "frôd fela geômor fästen sêcean, "eorl Ongenþió ufor oncirde; "häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen, "wlonces wîg-cräft, wiðres ne trûwode, 2955 "þät he sæ-mannum onsacan mihte, "heáðo-lîðendum hord forstandan, "bearn and brýde; beáh eft þonan "eald under eorð-weall. Þâ wäs æht boden "Sweona leódum, segn Higelâce. 2960 "Freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, "syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon. "Þær wearð Ongenþió ecgum sweorda, "blonden-fexa on bîd wrecen, "þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde 2965 "Eofores ânne dôm: hyne yrringa "Wulf Wonrêding wæpne geræhte, "þät him for swenge swât ædrum sprong "forð under fexe. Näs he forht swâ þêh, "gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe 2970 "wyrsan wrixle wäl-hlem þone, "syððan þeód-cyning þyder oncirde: "ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrêdes "ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, "ac he him on heáfde helm ær gescer, 2975 "þät he blôde fâh bûgan sceolde, "feóll on foldan; näs he fæge þâ git, "ac he hyne gewyrpte, þeáh þe him wund hrîne, "Lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn "brâdne mêce, þâ his brôðor läg, 2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, "brecan ofer bord-weal: þâ gebeáh cyning, "folces hyrde, wäs in feorh dropen. "Þâ wæron monige, þe his mæg wriðon, "ricone ârærdon, þâ him gerýmed wearð, 2985 "þät hie wäl-stôwe wealdan môston. "Þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne, "nam on Ongenþió îren-byrnan, "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; "hâres hyrste Higelâce bär. 2990 "He þâm frätwum fêng and him fägre gehêt "leána fore leódum and gelæste swâ: "geald þone gûð-ræs Geáta dryhten, "Hrêðles eafora, þâ he tô hâm becom, "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mâðmum, 2995 "sealde hiora gehwäðrum hund þûsenda "landes and locenra beága; ne þorfte him þâ leán ôðwîtan "mon on middan-gearde, syððan hie þâ mærða geslôgon; "and þâ Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor, "hâm-weorðunge, hyldo tô wedde. 3000 "Þät ys sió fæhðo and se feónd-scipe, "wäl-nîð wera, þäs þe ic wên hafo, "þe ûs sêceað tô Sweona leóde, "syððan hie gefricgeað freán ûserne "ealdor-leásne, þone þe ær geheóld 3005 "wið hettendum hord and rîce, "äfter häleða hryre hwate Scylfingas, "folc-ræd fremede oððe furður gen "eorl-scipe efnde. Nu is ôfost betost, "þät we þeód-cyning þær sceáwian 3010 "and þone gebringan, þe ûs beágas geaf, "on âd-färe. Ne scel ânes hwät "meltan mid þam môdigan, ac þær is mâðma hord. "gold unrîme grimme geceápod "and nu ät sîðestan sylfes feore 3015 "beágas gebohte; þâ sceal brond fretan, "äled þeccean, nalles eorl wegan "mâððum tô gemyndum, ne mägð scýne "habban on healse hring-weorðunge, "ac sceall geômor-môd golde bereáfod 3020 "oft nalles æne el-land tredan, "nu se here-wîsa hleahtor âlegde, "gamen and gleó-dreám. Forþon sceall gâr wesan "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, "häfen on handa, nalles hearpan swêg 3025 "wîgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn "fûs ofer fægum, fela reordian, "earne secgan, hû him ät æte speów, "þenden he wið wulf wäl reáfode." Swâ se secg hwata secgende wäs 3030 lâðra spella; he ne leág fela wyrda ne worda. Weorod eall ârâs, eodon unblîðe under Earna näs wollen-teáre wundur sceáwian. Fundon þâ on sande sâwul-leásne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf ærran mælum: þâ wäs ende-däg gôdum gegongen, þät se gûð-cyning, Wedra þeóden, wundor-deáðe swealt. Ær hî gesêgan syllîcran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wiðer-rähtes þær lâðne licgean: wäs se lêg-draca, grimlîc gryre-gäst, glêdum beswæled, se wäs fîftiges fôt-gemearces. lang on legere, lyft-wynne heóld 3045 nihtes hwîlum, nyðer eft gewât dennes niósian; wäs þâ deáðe fäst, häfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod. Him big stôdan bunan and orcas, discas lâgon and dýre swyrd, 3050 ômige þurh-etone, swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þûsend wintra þær eardodon: þonne wäs þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iú-monna gold galdre bewunden, þät þam hring-sele hrînan ne môste 3055 gumena ænig, nefne god sylfa, sigora sôð-cyning, sealde þam þe he wolde (he is manna gehyld) hord openian, efne swâ hwylcum manna, swâ him gemet þûhte. XLII. WÎGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE. Þâ wäs gesýne, þät se sîð ne þâh 3060 þam þe unrihte inne gehýdde wräte under wealle. Weard ær ofslôh feára sumne; þâ sió fæhð gewearð gewrecen wrâðlîce. Wundur hwâr, þonne eorl ellen-rôf ende gefêre 3065 lîf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mäg mon mid his mâgum medu-seld bûan. Swâ wäs Biówulfe, þâ he biorges weard sôhte, searo-nîðas: seolfa ne cûðe, þurh hwät his worulde gedâl weorðan sceolde; 3070 swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære, þâ þät þær dydon, þät se secg wære synnum scildig, hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fäst, wommum gewitnad, se þone wong strâde. 3075 Näs he gold-hwät: gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod. Wîglâf maðelode, Wihstânes sunu: "Oft sceall eorl monig ânes willan "wræc âdreógan, swâ ûs geworden is. 3080 "Ne meahton we gelæran leófne þeóden, "rîces hyrde ræd ænigne, "þät he ne grêtte gold-weard þone, "lête hyne licgean, þær he longe wäs, "wîcum wunian ôð woruld-ende. 3085 "Heóldon heáh gesceap: hord ys gesceáwod, "grimme gegongen; wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð, "þe þone þeóden þyder ontyhte. "Ic wäs þær inne and þät eall geond-seh, "recedes geatwa, þâ me gerýmed wäs, 3090 "nealles swæslîce sîð âlýfed "inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ôfoste gefêng "micle mid mundum mägen-byrðenne "hord-gestreóna, hider ût ätbär "cyninge mînum: cwico wäs þâ gena, 3095 "wîs and gewittig; worn eall gespräc "gomol on gehðo and eówic grêtan hêt, "bäd þät ge geworhton äfter wines dædum "in bæl-stede beorh þone heán "micelne and mærne, swâ he manna wäs 3100 "wîgend weorð-fullost wîde geond eorðan, "þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste. "Uton nu êfstan ôðre sîðe "seón and sêcean searo-geþräc, "wundur under wealle! ic eów wîsige, 3105 "þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað "beágas and brâd gold. Sîe sió bær gearo "ädre geäfned, þonne we ût cymen, "and þonne geferian freán ûserne, "leófne mannan, þær he longe sceal 3110 "on þäs waldendes wære geþolian." Hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes, häle hilde-diór, häleða monegum bold-âgendra, þät hie bæl-wudu feorran feredon, folc-âgende 3115 gôdum tôgênes: "Nu sceal glêd fretan "(weaxan wonna lêg) wîgena strengel, "þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre, "þonne stræla storm, strengum gebæded, "scôc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte heóld, 3120 "feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode." Hûru se snotra sunu Wihstânes âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone tôsomne þâ sêlestan, eode eahta sum under inwit-hrôf; 3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bär äled-leóman, se þe on orde geóng. Näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät hord strude, syððan or-wearde ænigne dæl secgas gesêgon on sele wunian, 3130 læne licgan: lyt ænig mearn, þät hi ôfostlice ût geferedon dýre mâðmas; dracan êc scufun, wyrm ofer weall-clif, lêton wæg niman, flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde. 3135 Þær wäs wunden gold on wæn hladen, æghwäs unrîm, äðeling boren, hâr hilde-rinc tô Hrones nässe. XLIII. BEÓWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE. Him þâ gegiredan Geáta leóde âd on eorðan un-wâclîcne, 3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, swâ he bêna wäs; âlegdon þâ tô-middes mærne þeóden häleð hiófende, hlâford leófne. Ongunnon þâ on beorge bæl-fýra mæst 3145 wîgend weccan: wudu-rêc âstâh sweart ofer swioðole, swôgende lêg, wôpe bewunden (wind-blond geläg) ôð þät he þâ bân-hûs gebrocen häfde, hât on hreðre. Higum unrôte 3150 môd-ceare mændon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; swylce giômor-gyd + lat . con meowle . . . . . wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig sælde geneahhe þät hio hyre . . . . gas hearde 3155 . . . . . ede wälfylla wonn . . hildes egesan hyðo haf mid heofon rêce swealh (?) Geworhton þâ Wedra leóde hlæw on hliðe, se wäs heáh and brâd, 3160 wæg-lîðendum wîde gesýne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rôfes bêcn: bronda betost wealle beworhton, swâ hyt weorðlîcost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 Hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde ær nîð-hydige men genumen häfdon; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, gold on greóte, þær hit nu gen lifað 3170 eldum swâ unnyt, swâ hit æror wäs. Þâ ymbe hlæw riodan hilde-deóre, äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, woldon ceare cwîðan, kyning mænan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc duguðum dêmdon, swâ hit ge-dêfe bið, þät mon his wine-dryhten wordum hêrge, ferhðum freóge, þonne he forð scile of lîc-haman læne weorðan. 3180 Swâ begnornodon Geáta leóde hlâfordes hryre, heorð-geneátas, cwædon þät he wære woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-þwærust, leódum lîðost and lof-geornost. APPENDIX THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG. [Footnote: See v. 1069 _seqq._] ". . . . . . . . . . . näs byrnað næfre." Hleoðrode þâ heaðo-geong cyning: "Ne þis ne dagað eástan, ne her draca ne fleógeð, "ne her þisse healle hornas ne byrnað, 5 "ac fêr forð berað fugelas singað, "gylleð græg-hama, gûð-wudu hlynneð, "scyld scefte oncwyð. Nu scýneð þes môna "waðol under wolcnum; nu ârîsað weá-dæda, "þe þisne folces nîð fremman willað. 10 "Ac onwacnigeað nu, wîgend mîne, "hebbað eówre handa, hicgeað on ellen, "winnað on orde, wesað on môde!" Þâ ârâs monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde; þâ tô dura eodon drihtlîce cempan, 15 Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, and ät ôðrum durum Ordlâf and Gûðlâf, and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lâste. Þâ git Gârulf Gûðere styrode, þät hie swâ freólîc feorh forman sîðe 20 tô þære healle durum hyrsta ne bæran, nu hyt nîða heard ânyman wolde: ac he frägn ofer eal undearninga, deór-môd häleð, hwâ þâ duru heólde. "Sigeferð is mîn nama (cwäð he), ic eom Secgena leód, 25 "wrecca wîde cûð. Fela ic weána gebâd, "heardra hilda; þe is gyt her witod, "swäðer þu sylf tô me sêcean wylle." Þâ wäs on wealle wäl-slihta gehlyn, sceolde cêlod bord cênum on handa 30 bân-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede, ôð þät ät þære gûðe Gârulf gecrang, ealra ærest eorð-bûendra, Gûðlâfes sunu; ymbe hine gôdra fela. Hwearf flacra hræw hräfn, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-brûn; swurd-leóma stôd swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære. Ne gefrägn ic næfre wurðlîcor ät wera hilde sixtig sige-beorna sêl gebæran, ne næfre swânas swêtne medo sêl forgyldan, 40 þonne Hnäfe guldon his häg-stealdas. Hig fuhton fîf dagas, swâ hyra nân ne feól driht-gesîða, ac hig þâ duru heóldon. Þâ gewât him wund häleð on wäg gangan, sæde þät his byrne âbrocen wære, 45 here-sceorpum hrôr, and eác wäs his helm þyrl. Þâ hine sôna frägn folces hyrde, hû þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson oððe hwäðer þæra hyssa . . . . . . . LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY. ABBREVIATIONS m.: masculine. f.: feminine. n.: neuter. nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc. w.: weak. w. v.: weak verb. st.: strong. st. v.: strong verb. I., II., III.: first, second, third person. comp.: compound. imper.: imperative. w.: with. instr.: instrumental. G. and Goth.: Gothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G.: Old High German. M.H.G.: Middle High German. The vowel ä = _a_ in _glad_ } The diphthong æ = _a_ in _hair_ } approximately. The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations. Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word. Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list. LIST OF NAMES. Abel, Cain's brother, 108. Älf-here (gen. Älf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wîglâf's, 2605. Äsc-here, confidential adviser of King Hrôðgâr (1326), older brother of Yrmenlâf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123. Bân-stân, father of Breca, 524. Beó-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Healfdene, 57. Beó-wulf (Biówulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Beówulfes, 857, etc., Biówulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Beówulfe, 610, etc., Biówulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Geátas. His father is the Wægmunding Ecgþeów (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hrêðel, king of the Geátas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hrêðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelâc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Geátas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrôðgâr, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrôðgâr (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelâc, 1964 ff.--After Hygelâc's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes Däghrefn, one of the Hûgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelâc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardrêd, son of Hygelâc, 2378 ff. After Heardrêd's death, the kingdom falls to Beówulf, 2208, 2390.--Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrêd, he kills the Scylfing, Eádgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. --His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff. Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Beánstân, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Beówulf, 506 ff. Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521. Brosinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed. Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff. Däg-hrefn (dat. Däghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hûgas, who, according to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of King Hygelâc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hûgas. Is crushed to death by Beówulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff. Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrêðmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gâr-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: Eást-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sûð-Dene, 463, Norð-Dene, 784.--Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be sæm tweónum," 1686. Ecg-lâf (gen. Ecglâfes, 499), Hûnferð's father, 499. Ecg-þeów (nom. Ecgþeów, 263, Ecgþeó, 373; gen. Ecgþeówes, 529, etc., Ecgþiówes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Geátas, of the house of the Wægmundings. Beówulf is the son of Ecgþeów, by the only daughter of Hrêðel, king of the Geátas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolâf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hrôðgâr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470. Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, 1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremôd. See Heremôd. Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþeów, the Scylfing, 62, 63. Earna-näs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Geátas, where occurred Beówulf's fight with the drake, 3032. Eádgils (dat. Eádgilse, 2393), son of Ôhthere, and grandson of Ongenþeów, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is Eánmund (gen. Eánmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured:-- The sons of Ôhthere, Eánmund and Eádgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Swiórîce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Geátas to Heardrêd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardrêd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardrêd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been Eánmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Weohstân brings death." Weohstân takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon Eánmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Weohstân does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.--After Heardrêd's and Eánmund's death, the descendant of Ongenþeów, Eádgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Beówulf, who has, since Heardrêd's death, ascended the throne of the Geátas, 2390. But Beówulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. Eádgils makes an invasion into the land of the Geátas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Beówulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Sweonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense). Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Geátas, son of Wonrêd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongenþeów (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygelâc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99. Eormen-rîc (gen. Eormenrîces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hâma has wrested the Brosinga mene from him, 1202. Eomær, son of Offa and Þryðo (cf. Þryðo), 1961. Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hôc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hôcing, Hnäf, a relative--perhaps a brother--of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnäf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnäf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnäf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Gûðlâf and Oslâf avenge Hnäf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160. Finna land. Beówulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580. Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signý. Cf. more at length Leo on Beówulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.) Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090. Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelâc fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hûgas, 1211, 2917. Fresan, Frisan, Frysan (gen. Fresena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Fresna, 2916: dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and Hûgas, in the war against whom Hygelâc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Fresna land, 2916. Fr..es wäl (in Fr..es wäle, 1071), mutilated proper name. Freáwaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frôda, in order to end a war between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065. Frôda (gen. Frôdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Freáware, 2026. Gârmund (gen. Gârmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is Eómær, 1961-63. Geátas (gen. Geáta, 205, etc.; dat. Geátum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wedergeátas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gûðgeátas, 1539; Sægeátas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrêðel; Hæðcyn, second son of Hrêðel; Hygelâc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrêd, son of Hygelâc; then Beówulf. Gifðas (dat. Gifðum, 2495), Gepidæ, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495. Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hrôðgâr's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Beówulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Äschere, 1295. Beówulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hrôðgâr, 1648. Gûð-lâf and Oslâf, Danish warriors under Hnäf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149. Hâlga, with the surname, _til_, the younger brother of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr, 61. His son is Hrôðulf, 1018, 1165, 1182. Hâma wrests the _Brosinga mene_ from Eormenrîc, 1199. Häreð (gen. Häreðes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelâc, 1930, 1982. Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrêðel, king of the Geátas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hrêðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþeów, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelâc, 2944 ff., 2992. Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhþeów, Hrôðgâr's wife, 621. Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mæg, 1945; Eómær, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of Gârmund, Offa's father. Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his relations to Hnäf and Finn, see Finn. Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hrêðel, king of the Geátas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Hæðcyn, 2440. Here-môd (gen. Heremôdes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710. Here-rîc (gen. Hererîces, 2207) Heardrêd is called Hererîces nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him. Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hûgas, conquer Hygelâc, king of the Geátas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917. Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Beówulf, the Scylding (57); rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogâr, Hrôðgâr, and Hâlga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, wäs married to the Scylfing, Ongenþeów, 62, 63. Heard-rêd (dat. Heardrêde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelâc, king of the Geátas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Beówulf, as nephew of Heardrêd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by Ôhthere's sons, 2386. This murder Beówulf avenges on Eádgils, 2396-97. Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Frôda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrôðgâr has given his daughter, Freáwaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frôda, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (Wîdsîð, 45-49). Heaðo-lâf (dat. Heaðo-lâfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþeów, Beówulf's father, kills him, 460. Heaðo-ræmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Beówulf, 519. Heoro-gâr (nom. 61; Heregâr, 467; Hiorogâr, 2159), son of Healfdene, and older brother of Hrôðgâr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Beówulf has received from Hrôðgâr (2156), and presents it to Hygelâc, 2158. Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogâr's son, 2161-62. Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrôðgâr's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Beówulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western. Hildeburh, daughter of Hôc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnäf, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn. Hnäf (gen. Hnäfes, 1115), a Hôcing (Wîdsîð, 29), the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn. Hond-sció, warrior of the Geátas: dat. 2077. Hôc (gen. Hôces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnäf (Wîdsîð, 29). Hrêðel (gen. Hrêðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Geátas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþeów, and has borne him Beówulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelâc, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hrêðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475. Hrêðla (gen. Hrêðlan, MS. Hrædlan, 454), the same as Hrêðel (cf. Müllenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Beówulf's coat of mail, 454. Hrêð-men (gen. Hrêð-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445. Hrêð-rîc, son of Hrôðgâr, 1190, 1837. Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, Ongenþeów, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, in battle. Hreosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Geátas, near which Ongenþeów's sons, Ôhthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hrêðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hrêðel's son, King Hæðcyn, fell, 2478 ff. Hrôð-gâr (gen. Hrôðgâres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrôðgâre, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogâr, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogâr was king of the Danes before Hrôðgâr, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþeów (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund (1190), and a daughter, Freáware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Beówulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hrôðgâr's rich gifts to Beówulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.--Other information about Hrôðgâr's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþeów, Beówulf's father, committed upon Heaðolâf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Freáware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.--Treachery of his brother's son, Hrôðulf, intimated, 1165-1166. Hrôð-mund, Hrôðgâr's son, 1190. Hrôð-ulf, probably a son of Hâlga, the younger brother of King Hrôðgâr, 1018, 1182. Wealhþeów expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrôðgâr's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hrôð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrôðgâr. Hrones-näs (dat. -nässe, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Geátas, visible from afar. Here is Beówulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137. Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hûnferð's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660. Hûgas (gen. Hûga, 2503), Hygelâc wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Däghrefn, whom Beówulf slays, 2503. [H]ûn-ferð, the son of Ecglâf, þyle of King Hrôðgâr. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Beówulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð. Hûn-lâfing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. See Note. Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Häreð, 1930; consort of Hygelâc, king of the Geátas, 1927; her son, Heardrêd, 2203, etc.--Her noble, womanly character is emphasized, 1927 ff. Hyge-lâc (gen. Hige-lâces, 194, etc., Hygelâces, 2387; dat. Higelâce, 452, Hygelâce, 2170), king of the Geátas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrêðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Beówulf, 374, 375. After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþeów, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþeów, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Beówulf from his expedition to Hrôðgâr, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Häreð, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrêd, 2203, 2376, 2387.--Hygelâc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hûgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17. Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frôda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Freáwaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrôðgâr, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wîdsîð, 45-59). Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320. Mere-wioingas (gen. Mere-wioinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922. Nägling, the name of Beówulf's sword, 2681. Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Wîdsîð, 35), the son of Gârmund, 1963; married (1950) to Þryðo (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, Eómær, 1961. Ôht-here (gen. Ôhtheres, 2929, 2933; Ôhteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongenþeów, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are Eánmund (2612) and Eádgils, 2393. Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), Ôhthere's brother, 2617, 2933. Ongen-þeów (nom. -þeów, 2487, -þió, 2952; gen. -þeówes, 2476, -þiówes, 2388; dat. -þió, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and Ôhthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþeów (2931), who kills Hæðcyn, 2925, and encloses the Geátas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelâc, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþeów's army. Ongenþeów himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff. Ôs-lâf, a warrior of Hnäf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f. Scede-land, 19. Sceden-îg (dat. Sceden-îgge, 1687), O.N., Scân-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom. Scêf or Sceáf. See Note. Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scêfing. 4. His son is Beówulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrôðgâr, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.--Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name. Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called Âr-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þeód-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109. Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Geátas, since Wîglâf, the son of Wihstân, who in another place, as a kinsman of Beówulf, is called a Wægmunding (2815), is also called leód Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:-- Scylf. | ------------------------ Wægmund. ....... | | ------------------ ---------- Ecgþeów. Weohstân. Ongenþeów. | | | -------- -------- --------------- Beówulf. Wîglâf. Onela. Ôhthere. | ----------------- Eáumund. Eádgils. The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, 63, Gûð-Scylfingas, 2928. Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wäls, 878, 898. His (son and) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff. Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelâc's grandfather, and Hrêðel's father, 1204. Sweon (gen. Sweona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Sweó-þeód, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Swiórice, 2384, 2496. Þryðo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of Eómær, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Geátas. Wäls (gen. Wälses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898. Wæg-mundingas (gen. Wægmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Wægmundings are on one side, Wihstân and his son Wîglâf; on the other side, Ecgþeów and his son Beówulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas. Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-geátas. See Geátas. Wêland (gen. Wêlandes, 455), the maker of Beówulf's coat of mail, 455. Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgâr. See Wulfgâr. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea. Wealh-þeów (613, Wealh-þeó, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hrôðgâr, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hrêðrîc and Hrôðmund, 1190; her daughter, Freáwaru, 2023. Weoh-stân (gen. Weox-stânes, 2603, Weoh-stânes, 2863, Wih-stânes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a Wægmunding (2608), father of Wîglâf, 2603. In what relationship to him Älfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.--Weohstân is the slayer of Eánmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrêd. See Eánmund. Wîg-lâf, Weohstân's son, 2603, etc., a Wægmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Älfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Beówulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.--He supports Beówulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff. Won-rêd (gen. Wonrêdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979. Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Geátas, Wonrêd's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelâc and Ongenþeów with Ongenþeów himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþeów, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongenþeów a mortal blow, 2978 ff. Wulf-gâr, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hrôðgâr's court, and is his "âr and ombiht," 335. Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgþeów has slain Heoðolâf, a warrior of this tribe, 460. Yrmen-lâf, younger brother of Äschere, 1325. ADDITIONAL. Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, _giant_. Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, 198. Hrêðling, son of Hrêðel, Hygelâc: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of Hygelâc, the Geats, 2961. Scêfing, the son (?) of Scêf, or Sceáf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See Note. ABBREVIATIONS. B.: Bugge. Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. C.: Cosijn. E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf Gr.: Grein. H.: Heyne. Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf. H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. Ho.: Holder. K.: Kemble. Kl.: Kluge. Müllenh.: Müllenhoff. R.: Rieger. S.: Sievers. Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. Ten Br.: Ten Brink. Th.: Thorpe. Z.: Zupitza. PERIODICALS. Ang.: Anglia. Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beiträge. Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. Germ.: Germania. Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc. NOTES. l. 1. hwät: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. _Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood_, and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.--E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853: "Sin I shal beginne the game, _What_, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!" we ... gefrunon is a variant on the usual epic formulæ ic gefrägn (l. 74) and mîne gefræge (l. 777). _Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix_, etc., open with the same formula. l. 1. "Gâr was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."--Br. 124. Cf. _Maldon_, l. 296; _Judith_, l. 224; _Gnom. Verses_, l. 22; etc. l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Sceáf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."--E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc. l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = _to terrify_. l. 15. S. suggests þâ (_which_) for þät, as object of dreógan; and for aldor-leáse, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.--_Beit._ ix. 136. S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured." l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,--the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"--Br., p. 78. Cf. _A.-S. Chron._ an. 855. H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., _Beit._ ix. 135) eaferan; cf. _Fata Apost._: lof wîde sprang þeódnes þegna. "The name _Beowulf_ means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. _beorn_, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and _beohata_, 'warrior,' in Cædmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with _beowulf_."--Sw. Cf. "Arcite and Palamon, That foughten _breme_, as it were bores two." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 841, ed. Morris. Cf. M. Müller, _Science of Lang._, Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's _Daniel_, 104. l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = _Scania_, in Sweden(?). l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesîðas below. H.-So. compares _Héliand_, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21. l. 22. on ylde: cf. "_In elde_ is bothe wisdom and usage." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1590, ed. Morris. l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc. l. 28. faroð = _shore, strand, edge._ Add these to the meanings in the Gloss. l. 31. The object of âhte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum weóld of l. 30.--H.-So. R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: _Beit._ xii. 80, ix. 188; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lændagas for lange. l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."--Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863). ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, _Inglinga Saga;_ the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc. l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It is the Ætheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."--Br., p. 168. l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over with earth."--E. See Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, xix. l. 51. (1) sele-rædende (K., S., C.); (2) sêle-rædenne (H.); (3) sele-rædende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha. l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800. l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable þâ, four with the verb gewîtan, nine with the formula Hrôðgâr (Beówulf, Unferð) maðelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in general (him, swâ, sê, hwät, þâ, hêht, wäs, mäg, cwôm, stræt). l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as mec for mé, the possessive sín, gamol, dógor, swát for eald, dæg, blód, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildenædre (_war-adder_) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (_gold-giver_) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (_goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men_) for 'king,'" etc.--Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (_men_), etc. l. 60. H.-So. reads ræswa (referring to Heorogâr alone), and places a point (with the Ms.) after Heorogâr instead of after ræswa. Cf. l. 469; see B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 193. l. 62. Elan here (OHG. _Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan_) is thought by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he reads: [On-]elan ewên, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda. l. 68. For hê, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted insubord. clauses.--Sw. l. 70. þone, here = þonne, _than_, and micel = mâre? The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, medo-ärn micle mâ gewyrcean,--þone = _by much larger than_,--in which þone (þonne) would come in naturally. l. 73. folc-scare. Add _folk-share_ to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. gûð-scearu. l. 74. ic wide gefrägn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = _men said._ Cf. _Judith_, ll. 7, 246; _Phoenix_, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) formula, mîne gefræge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc. ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun."--Br., p. 32. l. 84. _Son-in-law and father-in-law;_ B., a so-called _dvanda_ compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means _uncle and nephew;_ and Wîdsîð's suhtorfædran, used of the same persons. l. 88. "The word dreám conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."--E. Cf. l. 3021; and _Judith_, l. 350; _Wanderer_, l. 79, etc. ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the lines attributed by Bede to Cædmon: Nû wê sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. --Sw., p. 47. ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe. ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in _Beówulf_] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."--Br. 71. l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George. l. 100. onginnan in _Beówulf_ is treated like verbs of motion and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without tô; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, 244. Cf. _gan_ (= _did_) in Mid. Eng.: _gan_ espye (Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 254, ed. Morris). l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, feónd on healle; cf. l. 142.--_Beit._ xii. ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (_a bolt_ or _bar_).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence _a fiend._ ... Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the name with grindan, _to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy._ Grendel is then _the tearer, the destroyer_."--Br., p. 83. l. 102. gäst = _stranger_ (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc. l. 103. See Ha., p. 4. l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern English, by hæfð and hæfde with the past participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 433, 408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc. l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... drihten in parenthesis. l. 108. þäs þe = _because_, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. 228, 627, 1780, 2798); _according as_ (l. 1351). l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (_Lord_) and Deofol (_devil_; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; cf. tô sæ (l. 318), ofer sæ (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), tô räste (l. 1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc. l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).--_Beit._ ix. 137. l. 120. unfælo = _uncanny_ (R.). l. 131. E. translates, _majestic rage;_ adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is = Icel. sviði, _a burn_ or _burning_. Cf. l. 737. l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. 101.--_Beit._ xii. 80. See Gûðlâc, l. 1042. l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement. l. 146. S. destroys period after sêlest, puts wäs ... micel in parenthesis, and inserts a colon after tîd. l. 149. B. reads sârcwidum for syððan. l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after Deniga.--_Beit._ xii. 82. l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol. l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched. l. 169. ne ... wisse: _nor had he desire to do so_ (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for other suggestions. l. 169. myne wisse occurs in _Wanderer_, l. 27. l. 174. The gerundial inf. with tô expresses purpose, defines a noun or adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. tô + inf. at ll. 316, 2557. ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, _In days of yore_, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old. l. 177. gâst-bona is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens (_Thunor_, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= _giant-killer_), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both _man_ and _monster_.--E. l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both môd-ceare and mæl-ceare as accus., others as instr. ll. 190, 1994. seáð: for this use of seóðan cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used. l. 194. fram hâm = _in his home_ (S., H.-So.); but fram hâm may be for fram him (_from them_, i.e. _his people_, or _from Hrothgar's_). Cf. Ha., p. 8. l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase. l. 200. See _Andreas, Elene_, and _Juliana_ for swan-râd (_= sea_). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." --E. Cf. ganotes bäð, l. 1862. l. 203. Concessive clauses with þeáh, þeáh þe, þeáh ... eal, vary with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne. l. 204. hæl, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various forms, = _augury, omen, divination_, etc. Cf. hælsere, _augur_; hæl, _omen;_ hælsung, _augurium_, hælsian, etc. Cf. Tac., _Germania_, 10. l. 207. C. adds "= _impetrare_" to the other meanings of findan given in the Gloss. l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and _Andreas_, l. 993.--E. E. compares Byron's "And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," --_Corsair_, i.17. and Scott's "Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." --_Lord of the Isles_, iv. 7. l. 218. Cf. "The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." --Chaucer, _Knightes Tale_, l. 1648, ed. Morris. l. 219. Does ân-tîd mean _hour_ (Th.), or _corresponding hour_ = ând-tîd (H.-So.), or _in due time_ (E.), or _after a time_, when ôþres, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., _Beit._ viii. 568. l. 224. eoletes may = (1) _voyage_; (2) _toil, labor_; (3) _hurried journey;_ but _sea_ or _fjord_ appears preferable. ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second among the Geats in South Sweden."--Br., p. 15. l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in _Beówulf_ the earliest sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is Sæ.... To this they added Wæter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-bæð."--Br., p. 163-166. l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion where we should use the present participle."--Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 1803, 268, etc. Cf. German _spazieren fahren reiten_, etc., and similar constructions in French, etc. l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas bæron. B. inserts (?) after holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on the wall." l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc. l. 249. seld-guma = _man-at-arms in another's house_ (Wood); = _low-ranking fellow_ (Ha.); stubenhocker, _stay-at-home_ (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," _Marmion_, i. 5. l. 250. näfne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = _unless_; cf. ll. 1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = _except_, see l. 1354. Cf. bûtan, gif, þeáh. l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in _Beówulf_, see S. A. Brooke, _Hist. of Early Eng. Lit_. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Beówulf," see J. A. Harrison, _Overland Monthly_. l. 252. ær as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, 732. For ind., cf. l. 2020. l. 253. leás = _loose_, _roving_. Ettmüller corrected to leáse. l. 256. This proverb (ôfest, etc.) occurs in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 293. l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = _eminent_, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. _Laws of Ælfred_, C. 17: Nâ þät ælc eald sý, ac þät he eald sý on wîsdôme. l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with _sehen, horen_, etc., French construction with _voir, entendre_, etc., and the classical constructions. l. 275. dæd-hata = _instigator_. Kl. reads dæd-hwata. l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten Br. = _Tidskr_. viii. 291. l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms 'æghwæðer ('ægðer), éghwæðer, etc. This prefixed 'æ, óe corresponds to the Goth, _aiw_, OHG. _eo_, _io_, and is umlauted from á, ó by the i of the gi which originally followed."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190. l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called 'weeds.'"--E. l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for close quarters."--Br., p. 121. l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, _Myth._ 195; Tacitus, _Germania_, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic Æstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."--E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's _Short History_, Harper & Bros. l. 303. "See Kemble, _Saxons in England_, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's _Teutonic Mythology_, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship."--Br., p. 128. Cf. _Elene_, l. 50. l. 304. Gering proposes hleór-bergan = _cheek-protectors_; cf. _Beit._ xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hleór-bergan."--E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. heals, _neck_ + beorgan, _to cover_ or _protect_; and harbor, < A.-S. here, _army_ + beorgan, id.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's _Exod._ l. 175. l. 305. For ferh wearde and gûðmôde grummon, B. and ten Br. read ferh-wearde (l. 305) and gûðmôdgum men (l. 306), = _the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men_. l. 311. leóma: cf. Chaucer, _Nonne Preestes Tale_, l. 110, ed. Morris: "To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede _lemes_." l. 318. On the double gender of sæ, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of _between_ at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So _Cædmon_, l. 163 (Thorpe), _Exod._ l. 562 (Hunt), etc. l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and _Andreas_, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." --E. l. 322. S. inserts comma after scîr, and makes hring-îren (= _ring-mail_) parallel with gûð-byrne. l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. _weapon-house_, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."--E., after G. Stephens. l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal _damask'd_ o'er with gold."--E. l. 336. "æl-, el-, kindred with Goth. _aljis_, other, e.g. in ælþéodig, elþéodig, foreign."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47. l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn. l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same beód-geneátas,--"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."--E. Cf. _Andreas_ (K.), l. 2177. l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817. l. 353. sîð here, and at l. 501, probably means _arrival_. E. translates the former by _visit_, the latter by _adventure_. l. 357. unhâr = _hairless, bald_ (Gr., etc.). l. 358. eode is only one of four or five preterits of gân (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. geóng (gióng: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that eode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, _Gen._ ll. 626, 834; _Exod._ (Hunt) l. 102. l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glädman Hrôðgâr, abandoning Thorkelin's glädnian. There is a glass. hilaris glädman.--_Beit._ xii. 84; same as gläd. l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, 1822, 526. Cf. _do_ in "that will _do_"; _doughty_, etc. l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of _knight_."--E. l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fäder, "hyphens are risky toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fäder could only = _grandfather_. eald here can only mean _honored_, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. _alt-vater_. l. 378. Th. and B. propose Geátum, as presents from the Danish to the Geatish king.--_Beit._ xii. l. 380. häbbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = _as if_. ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go into the hall together." l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is subject-acc. to seón. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's _Exod_. l. 214. l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."--Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168. l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'"--Br., p. 126. l. 407. Wes ... hâl: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into wassail. Cf. Skeat's _Luke_, i. 28; _Andreas_ (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc. l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorðan [in passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorðan generally an action."--Sw. Cf. Mod. German _werden_ and _sein_ in similar relations. l. 414. Gr. translates hâdor by _receptaculum_; cf. Gering, _Zachers Zeitschr._ xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion. ll. 420, 421. B. reads: þær ic (_on_) fîfelgeban (= _ocean_) ýðde eotena cyn. Ten Br. reads: þær ic fîfelgeban ýðde, eotena hâm. Ha. suggests fîfelgeband = _monster-band_, without further changes. l. 420. R. reads þæra = _of them_, for þær.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 399; _Beit._ xii. 367. l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158. l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's determination to fight single-handed. l. 441. þe hine = _whom_, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.--Sw. l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider the Geátas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. Alfred translates Juti by Geátas, but _Jutland_ by _Gotland_. In the laws they are called Guti.--_Beit._ xii. 1, etc. l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = _fearlessly_, modifying etan. Kl. reads anforhte = _timid_. l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: _thou wilt not need my head to hide_ (i.e. _bury_). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, _thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head!_ H.-So. supposes heáfod-weard, _a guard of honor_, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hýdan; hence, _you need not give me any guard_, etc. Cf. Schmid, _Gesetze der A._, 370-372. l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeð. l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (_Beit._ xii. 87) agree essentially in translating feorme, _food_. R. translates _consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, support_, seems preferable to either. l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.--_Beovulfs Kvadet_, l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 18, etc. l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."-- Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.--_Walks in London_, ii. 228. l. 455. This is the ælces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd bið swîðost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in _Beówulf_. l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 _seq._ ll. 457, 458. B. reads wære-ryhtum ( = _from the obligations of clientage_). l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs. l. 488. "The duguð, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the nation, are the support of the throne."--E. The M. E. form of the word, _douth_, occurs often. Associated with geogoð, ll. 160 and 622. l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrêð-secgum, = _disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes_. Others, as Körner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sæl = _think upon happiness_. But cf. onband beadu-rûne, l. 501. B. supposes onsæl meoto =_speak courteous words_. _Tidskr_. viii. 292; _Haupts Zeitschr._ xi. 411; _Eng. Stud_. ii. 251. l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783. l. 494. Cf. Grimm's _Andreas_, l. 1097, for deal, =_proud, elated, exulting; Phoenix_ (Bright), l. 266. l. 499. MS. has Hunferð, but the alliteration requires Ûnferð, as at ll. 499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See _List of Names_. l. 501. sîð = _arrival_ (?); cf. l. 353. l. 504. þon mâ = _the more_ (?), may be added to the references under þon. l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28. l. 509. dol-gilp = _idle boasting_. The second definition in the Gloss. is wrong. l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted."--Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term _eagre_ still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his _Threnod. Angust._ 'But like an _eagre_ rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's _Boethius_, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's _Cædmon_, 69, etc. l. 524. Krüger and B. read Bânstânes.--_Beit._ ix. 573. l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. _guten Muthes_) geþinges; but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... þingea = wyrsena þinga, _can stand_; cf. gen. pl. banan, _Christ_, l. 66, etc. l. 534. Insert, under eard-lufa (in Gloss.), earfoð, st. n., _trouble, difficulty, struggle_; acc. pl. earfeðo, 534. l. 545 _seq._ "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in _Wîdsíth_. The story seems legendary, not mythical."--Br., pp. 60, 61. ll. 574-578. B. suggests swâ þær for hwäðere, = _so there it befell me_. But the word at l. 574 seems = _however_, and at l. 578 = _yet_; cf. l. 891; see S.; _Beit._ ix. 138; _Tidskr_. viii. 48; _Zacher_, iii. 387, etc. l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fâgum sweordum (no ic þäs fela gylpe!), supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. supply geflites. l. 599. E. translates nýd-bâde by _blackmail_; adding "nêd bâd, _toll_; nêd bâdere, _tolltaker_."--Land Charters, Gloss, v. l. 601. MS. has ond = _and_ in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = _and_. l. 612. _seq._ Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."--E. l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.--E. l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old. l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþeów at l. 1164. l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ l. 237 (ed. Morris): "Of _yeddynges_ he bar utterly the prys." Cf. _giddy_. l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne. l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = _and_. l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the _night-ganger_ of _Leechdoms_, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.--E. l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.--E. l. 681. B. considers þeáh ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. _although_. l. 682. gôdra = _advantages in battle_ (Gr.), _battle-skill_ (Ha.), _skill in war_ (H.-So.). Might not nât be changed to nah = ne + âh (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation _ability_ (?) --_he has not the ability to_, etc. l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.--_Beit._ ix. 189. B. omits hîe as occurring in the previous hemistich.--_Beit._ xii. 89. l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."--E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's _Elene_, l. 88; _Wîdsîð_, l. 6, etc. l. 711. B. translates þâ by _when_ and connects with the preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects to the use of com as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (_Beit_, xii.) l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind,--þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian âna inuan lande, _the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land_ (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."--Br. p. 36. l. 717. Dietrich, in _Haupt._ xi. 419, quotes from Ælfric, _Hom._ ii. 498: hê beworhte þâ bigelsas mid gyldenum læfrum, _he covered the arches with gold-leaf_,--a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. _oriel_ = _aureolum_, a gilded room.--E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets. l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest _hell-thane_ (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and make häle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142. l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrân. l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, _Ecl._ ii. 26: "Cum placidum ventis _staret_ mare." l. 757. gedräg. _Tumult_ is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. = _occupation, lair_. l. 759. R. reads môdega for gôda, "because the attribute cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate." l. 762. Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1537, for a similar use of ût = _off_.--E. l. 769. The foreign words in _Beówulf_ (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like _Cain, Abel_, etc.) deófol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrîfan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), gigant (l. 113), mîl- (l. 1363), stræt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc. l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -ræden, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in _Andreas_, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, _a great scare under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout_; one might compare bescerwan, _to deprive_, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-scerwen would = _a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer_.--H.-So., p. 93. See B., _Tidskr_. viii. 292. l. 771. Ten Br. reads rêðe, rênhearde, = _raging, exceeding bold_. l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like ænige þinga, nænige þinga (_not at all_), hûru þinga (_especially_) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 182. l. 811. myrðe. E. translates _in wanton mood_. Toller-Bosw. does not recognize _sorrow_ as one of the meanings of this word. ll. 850, 851. S. reads deóp for deóg and erases semicolon after weól, = _the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore_; cf. l. 1424. B. reads deáð-fæges deóp, etc., = _the deep welled with the doomed one's gore_.--_Beit._ xii. 89. l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe mearas below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his _blancke" = steed_, l. 23900; Kent's _Elene_, l. 1185. l. 859. Körner, _Eng. Stud_. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sæm tweónum as a mere formula = _on earth_; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. tweóne is part of the separable prep. _between_; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's _Andreas_, l. 558. l. 865. Cf. _Voyage of Ôhthere and Wulfstân_ for an account of funeral horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22. l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation. l. 871 _seq._ R. considers this a technical description of improvised alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment. l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = _rehearse_, for secg, which suits the verbs in the next two lines. ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wälsinges gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."--Br., p. 63. Cf. _Nibelung. Lied_, l. 739. l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gân, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."--Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027. l. 895. "brûcan (_enjoy_) always has the genitive."--Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, _A.-S. Gram._, p. 151. l. 898. Scherer proposes hâte, = _from heat_, instr. of hât, _heat_; cf. l. 2606. l. 901. hê þäs âron þâh = _he throve in honor_ (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma after þâh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause.--_Beit._ viii. 568. Cf. weorð-myndum þâh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.--H.-So. l. 902. Heremôdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = _the valiant_; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremôd" here and the bad one, l. 1710 _seq._--B. however holds fast to Heremôd.--_Beit._ xii. 41. on feónda geweald, l. 904,--_into the hands of devils_, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; _Christ_, l. 1416; _Andreas_, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwôd, cf. _Gen._ l. 2579; Hunt's _Dan._ 17: hîe wlenco anwôd. l. 902 _seq._ "Heremôd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a chieftain."--Br., p. 66. l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon. l. 917. Cf. Hunt's _Exod._, l. 170, for similar language. l. 925. hôs, G. hansa, _company_, "the word from which the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."--E. l. 927. on staþole = _on the floor_ (B., Rask, ten Br.).--_Beit._ xii. 90. l. 927. May not steápne here = _bright_, from its being immediately followed by golde fâhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen _stepe_," _Prol._ l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's _Ste. Marherete_, pp. 9, 108; _St. Kath._, l. 1647. l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= _sorrows_), gen. plu. of gyrn, as suggested by one commentator. l. 937. B. (_Beit._ xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wîd-scofen (häfde). Gr. makes weá nom. absolute. l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. _old-shock_; perhaps the pop. interjection _O shucks!_ (!) l. 959. H. explains we as a "plur. of majesty," which Beówulf throws off at l. 964. l. 963. feónd þone frätgan (B. _Beit._ xii. 90). l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply _injury, mischief, hatred_, and the prose meaning _sin_ is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only _hater_, but _persecutor, enemy_, just as nîð is both _hatred_ and _violence, strength_; heard is _sharp_ as well as _hard_."--Sw. l. 986. S. places wäs at end of l. 985 and reads stîðra nägla, omitting gehwylc and the commas after that and after sceáwedon. _Beit._ ix. 138; stêdra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987. l. 986. Miller (_Anglia_, xii. 3) corrects to æghwylene, in apposition to fingras. l. 987. hand-sporu. See _Anglia_, vii. 176, for a discussion of the intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems. l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unheóru = ungeheuer. l. 992. B. suggests heátimbred for hâten, and gefrätwon for -od; Kl., hroden (_Beit._ ix. 189). l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = _aurifrisium_. l. 997. After þâra þe = _of those that_, the depend, vb. often takes sg. for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.--Sw.; Dietrich. l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," etc.--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, _Bootle, Battle_field, etc.--Skeat, _Principles_, i. 250. l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, _Prol._ (ed. Morris) l. 550: "Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of _harre_." ll. 1005-1007. See _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 391, and _Beit._ xii. 368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage. l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sæl and mæl, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your _seals and meals_," = _times and occasions_, i.e. have your wits about you.--E. ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in conjunction. l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language. ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... þâra). Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 91. l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, ll. 1458, 1660; Hûnlâfing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc. l. 1034. scûr-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see Professor Pearce's article in _Mod. Lang. Notes_, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing discussion. l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the word here = _enclosure, palings of the court_. Cf. _Cædmon_, ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings l. 1043. Grundt. emends wîg to wicg, = _charger_; and E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, 7. l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all." For Ingwin, see _List of Names_. l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, _concerning, about_ (Ebert's _Jahrb._, 1862, p. 269). l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = _concerning_ (?). Cf. _Fight at Finnsburg_, Appendix. l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" "west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words. l. 1073. Eotenas = _Finn's people, the Frisians_; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, etc., and _Beit._ xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known. l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 394). Kl., wið H. wiht gefeohtan. ll. 1085 and 1099. weá-lâf occurs in Wulfstan, _Hom._ 133, ed. Napier.--E. Cf. daroða lâf, _Brunanb._, l. 54; âdes lâfe, _Phoenix_, 272 (Bright), etc. l. 1098. elne unflitme = _so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht streitig war_.--B., _Beit._ iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme occurs. l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wære here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029. l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = _sword_, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (_Eng. Stud._ i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = _bright gold_; B., andiége = Goth, _andaugjo, evidently_. Cf. incge lâfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= _young men_) gold âhôfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's _Exod._ l. 190. ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (hêt þâ ...) bânfatu bärnan ond on bæl dôn, earme on eaxe = _to place the arms in the ashes_, reading gûðrêc = _battle-reek_, for -rinc (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (_Beit._ xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and _Beit._ viii. 568. For gùðrinc âstâh, cf. Old Norse, _stiga á bál_, "ascend the bale-fire." l. 1116. sweoloðe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides to let new grass grow, is called _zwayling_."--E. Cf. _sultry_, G. _schwül_, etc. l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rêc âstâh, l. 3145; and _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 450: wælmist âstâh. l. 1122. ätspranc = _burst forth, arose_ (omitted from the Gloss.), < ät + springan. l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = _loyally and without contest_, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97. l. 1137. scacen = _gone_; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728. l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., _Beit._ xii. 31, who conjectures a gap after 1142). l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hûn Lâfing, = _Hûn placed the sword Lâfing_, etc.--_Beit._ xii. 32; cf. R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's _Archiv_, 72, 374, etc.). l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rædenne, þonne him Hûn Lâfing, = _military brotherhood, when Hûn laid upon his breast_ (the sword) _Lâfing_. There is a sword _Laufi, Lövi_ in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the _leaving_ (lâf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc. l. 1152. roden = _reddened_ (B., _Tidskr_. viii. 295). l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, _Anz. f. dtsch. Altert._, 10, 226; B., _Beit._ xii. 29-37. Cf. _Wîdsîð_, l. 33, etc. ll. 1160, 1161. leóð (lied = _song, lay_) and gyd here appear synonyms. ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another."--Br., p. 18. l. 1163. Cf. _wonderwork_. So _wonder-death, wonder-bidding, wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight_, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = _wondrous_, in _wunder-schön_, etc. l. 1165. þâ gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefäderan = Hrôðgâr and Hrôðulf, l. 1018. Cf. âðum-swerian, l. 84. l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, ät fôtum, etc., where Ûnferð is first introduced. l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches still. l. 1192. ymbutan, _round about_, is sometimes thus separated: ymb hie ûtan; cf. _Voyage of Ôhthere_, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; _Beówulf_, ll. 859, 1686, etc. l. 1194. bewägned, a [Greek: hapax legomenon], tr. _offered_ by Th. Probably a p. p. wägen, made into a vb. by -ian, like _own, drown_, etc. Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc. l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (_Piers Plow_., etc.). l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, 2174. ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem may be approximately dated,--if Hygelâc is the _Chochi-laicus_ of Gregory of Tours, _Hist. Francorum_, iii. 3,--about A.D. 512-20. l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. _Brisinga men_) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. _Elder Edda, Hamarshemt_. Hâma stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrîc; cf. _Traveller's Song_, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelâc's history,--a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction. l. 1200. For Brôsinga mene, cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 72. C. suggests fleáh, = _fled_, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making hê subject of fleáh and geceás. l. 1202. B. conjectures geceás êcne ræd to mean _he became a pious man and at death went to heaven_. Heime (Hâma) in the _Thidrekssaga_ goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hrôðgâr's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761. l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = _property_, for feorh, which would be a parallel for breóst-gewædu ... beáh below. l. 1213. E. remarks that in the _Laws of Cnut_, i. 26, the devil is called se wôdfreca werewulf, _the ravening werwolf_. l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bêge onfêng. _Beit._ viii. 570. For hreâ- Kl. suggests hræ-. l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that reigns after Hrôðgâr. l. 1229. Kl. suggests sî, = _be_, for _is_. l. 1232. S. gives _wine-elated_ as the meaning of druncne.--_Beit._ ix. 139; Kl. _ibid_. 189, 194. But cf. _Judith_, ll. 67, 107. l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language. l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267. l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,--Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, _The Viking Age_, i. 126. Cf. Murray's _Dict._ s. v. l. 1248. ânwîg-gearwe = _ready for single combat_ (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; _Beit._ ix. 210, 282. l. 1252. Some consider this _fitt_ the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself. l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = _wasted;_ Kolbing reads furode; but cf. wêsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode. ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesýne and wîdcûð, etc. l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."--Br., p. 41. l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain." l. 1261. The MS. has se þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savageness.--H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc. l. 1270. âglæca = _Grendel_, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.--Sw. l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether it should be read ânwealda, = _only ruler_.--Sw. l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu þeód-wrecan, þeód- = _monstrous_; but why not regard þeód as opposition to sunu, = _her son, the prince?_ See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion, _Eng. Stud._ i. 500. l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sôna) sâra = _return of sorrows._ l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geþrúen, _forged_, and is an isolated p. p."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc. ll. 1292. þe hine = _whom;_ cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; _Hêliand_, l. 1308. l. 1298. be sæm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's _Exod_. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to _us_-ward, etc.--Earle's _Philol._, p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192. l. 1301. C. proposes ôðer him ärn = _another apartment was assigned him_. l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrôf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be unnecessary, under also meaning _in_, as _in_ (or _under_) these circumstances. l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest nægde or nêgde, _accosted_, < nêgan = Mid. Ger. _nêhwian_, pr. p. _nêhwiandans, approach_. For hnægan, _press down, vanquish_, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc. l. 1321. C. suggests neád-lâðum for neód-laðu, _after crushing hostility_; but cf. freónd-laðu, l. 1193. l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefägnod = _rejoicing in her fill_, a parallel to æse wlanc, l. 1333. l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of far-reaching consequence."--_Beit._ xii. 93. l. 1345. B. reads geó for eów (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 205). ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." --E. l. 1347. Cf. sele-rædende at l. 51. l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,--a repetition (dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislîcost."--Sw. l. 1352. ides, like firas, _men_, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. [Greek: númphæ], to superhuman or semi-divine women. ll. 1360-1495 _seq._ E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the poetical accounts of _Æneid_, vii. 563; _Lucretius_, vi. 739, etc. l. 1360. firgenstreám occurs also in the _Phoenix_ (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; _Andreas_, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); _Gnomic Verses_, l. 47, etc. l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207. l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrînende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, _encircling_ (Sarrazin, _Beit._ xi. 163); hrîmge = _frosty_ (Sw.); _with frost-whiting covered_ (Ha.). See Morris, _Blickling Hom_., Preface, vi., vii. l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrîmige edoras behrofene, _rimy, roofless halls_. l. 1366. nîðwundor may = nið- (as in nið-sele, _q. v._) wundor, _wonder of the deep_. l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's _Exod_., l. 319. l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent with adj. l. 1371. "seleð is not dependent on ær, for in that case it would be in the subjunctive, but ær is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction ær in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' etc."--Sw. l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf. l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.--Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swât (l. 2694), etc., for eald, blôd. l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of wîtan, _go_, = _let us go;_ cf. French _allons_, Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102. l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage. l. 1402. geatolîc probably = _in his equipments_, as B. suggests (_Beit._ xii. 83), comparing searolîc. ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gân (Goth, _gaggida_). Cf. _Andreas_, l. 1096, etc. l. 1405. S. (_Beit._ ix. 140) supplies [þær heó] gegnum fôr; B. (_ibid._ xii. 14) suggests hwær heó. l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take ân-paðas = paths wide enough for only one, like Norwegian _einstig_; cf. stîge nearwe, just above. _Trail_ is the meaning. Cf. enge ânpaðas, uncûð gelâd, _Exod._ (Hunt), l. 58. l. 1421. Cf. oncýð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc. l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "_Falanx_ foeða." l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... Icel. _nykr_, water-goblin, Dan. _nök, nisse_, Swed. _näcken_, G. _nix, nixe_, etc." See Skeat, _Nick._ l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnæged, _prostrated_, and regards nîða as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = _by force._ l. 1441. -bora = _bearer, stirrer;_ occurs in other compds., as mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora. l. 1447. him = _for him_, a remoter dative of reference.--Sw. l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = _flaming_. l. 1457. león is the inf. of lâh; cf. onlâh (< onleón) at l. 1468. lîhan was formerly given as the inf.; cf. læne = læhne. l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin. l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave. häft-mêce may be = Icel. _heptisax_ (_Anglia_, iii. 83), "hip-knife." l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old treasures.'".--Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365. l. 1460. âter-teárum = _poison-drops_ (C., _Beit._ viii. 571; S., _ibid_. xi. 359). l. 1467. þät, comp. relative, = _that which_; "we testify _that_ we do know." l. 1480. forð-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = _mihi defuncto_.--M. Callaway, _Am. Journ. of Philol._, October, 1889. l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif or bûton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For bûton, cf. ll. 967, 1561. l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner of the weak preterits."--Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210. l. 1490. Kl. reads wäl-sweord, = _battle-sword_. l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."--Br., p. 45. l. 1514. B. (_Beit._ xii. 362) explains niðsele, hrôfsele as _roof-covered hall in the deep_; cf. Grettir Saga (_Anglia_, iii. 83). l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = _seized by the hair_. l. 1543. and-leán (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-leán. l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.--_Beit._ ix. 140. l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after ýðelîce; Sw. and S. place comma after gescêd. l. 1584. ôðer swylc = _another fifteen_ (Sw.); = _fully as many_ (Ha.). ll. 1592-1613 _seq._ Cf. _Anglia_, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga). l. 1595. blondenfeax = _grizzly-haired_ (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. _Brunanb._, l. 45 (Bright). l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = _agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that_, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., _Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wîscton = _wished_.--_Beit._ viii. 571. l. 1607. broden mæl is now regarded as a comp. noun, = _inlaid or damascened sword_.--W., Ho. l. 1611. wäl-râpas = _water-ropes = bands of frost_ (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, _whirlpool_. Cf. wæl, _gurges_, Wright, Voc., _Gnom. Verses_, l. 39.--E. l. 1611. wægrâpas (Sw.) = _wave-bands_ (Ha.). l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, _haunts of the giants_ (Northumbr. ea for eo). l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., _Beit._ xii. 369); cf. l. 290. l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand idese to refer to the queen. l. 1651. Cf. _Anglia_, iii. 74, _Beit._ xi. 167, for coincidences with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.). l. 1657. Restore MS. reading wigge in place of wîge. l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... èste for eácen ... oftost, omitting brackets (_Zackers Zeitschr._ iv. 206). G. translates _mighty ... often_. l. 1675. ondrædan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as a: abútan, amang, aweg, aright, adr'ædan."--Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98. ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, 1563, 1691, etc. l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, _Gnomic Verses_, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186. ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."--E. Cf. Mohammedan usage. ll. 1703, 1704. þät þê eorl nære geboren betera (B., _Tidskr._ 8, 52). l. 1715. âna hwearf = _he died solitary and alone_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38); = _lonely_ (Ha.); = _alone_ (G.). l. 1723. leód-bealo longsum = _eternal hell-torment_ (B., _Beit._ xii. 38, who compares _Ps. Cott._ 57, lîf longsum). l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, _towards possession_; Ha., _to possessions_. l. 1730. môdgeþonc, like lig, sæ, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender (m., n. in the case of môdgeþ.). l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on [Greek: hubris], or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743). l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The language closely resembles that of Psalm 64. l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = wô(u)m; cf. wôh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. 295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below (l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated. l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wôh, _wrong_ = gen. wôs or wôges, dat. wô(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wôra, dat. wô(u)m, etc.; and cf. declension of heáh, hreóh, rûh, etc. l. 1748. wergan gâstes; cf. _Blickl. Hom._ vii.; _Andreas_, l. 1171. "_Auld Wearie_ is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."--E. Bede's _Eccles. Hist._ contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil. l. 1750. on gyld = _in reward_ (B. _Beit._ xii. 95); Ha. translates _boastfully_; G., _for boasting_; Gr., _to incite to boastfulness_. Cf. _Christ_, l. 818. l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the evil eye (_mal occhio, mauvais æil_). Cf. Vergil, _Ecl._ iii. 103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their enemies with possessing this weapon. l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C.'s conjecture; cf. _Elene_, l. 150. So G., _honored in war_. l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of beón is plainly seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc. l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, 1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.--March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145. l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; _Maldon_, 106; _Judith_, 205-210, etc. l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before "the warriors." For onettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss. ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglâfes (i.e. Unferth); [_he_] (Beo.) _thanked him_ (Un.) _for the loan_. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915. ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true knight'"--E. l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelâce. l. 1835 gâr-holt more properly means _spear-shaft_; cf. äsc-holt. l. 1855. sêl = _better_ (Grundt.; B., _Beit._ xii. 96), instead of MS. wel. ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century."--E. l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemæne, agreeing with sib.--_Beit._ ix. 140, 190. l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a considerable height, such as forty feet."--E. l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = _seas_. l. 1865. B. proposes geþôhte, = _with firm thought_, for geworhte; cf. l. 611. l. 1876. geseón = _see again_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190). S. and B. insert nâ to modify geseón and explain Hrôðgâr's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567. l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = _burned?_--S., Th. l. 1887. orleahtre is a _[Greek: hapax legomenon]_. E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gôd cyning of l. 11. l. 1896. scaðan = _warriors_ (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. l. 253. l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hrôðgâr's men; at l. 1901 the bât-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."--E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb ân-tîd ôþres dôgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (fâmig-heals, clifu, nässas, sælde, brim, etc.).--The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study. l. 1904. R. proposes, gewât him on naca, = _the vessel set out_, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (_Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1913. Cf. the same use of ceól, = _ship_, in the _A.-S. Chron._, ed. Earle-Plummer; _Gnomic Verses_, etc. l. 1914. S. inserts þät hê before on lande. l. 1916. B. makes leófra manna depend on wlâtode, = _looked for the dear men ready at the coast_ (_Beit._ xii. 97). l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = _remained;_ but cf. l. 1929. S. conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (_Beit._ ix. 141). l. 1927 _seq._ "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."--Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 _seq._ l. 1933. C. suggests frêcnu, = _dangerous, bold_, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 _seq._, Sigemund and Heremôd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., _Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit._ iv. 279; Müllenhoff, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, _Beit._ iv. 500-521; R. _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 402; B., _ibid._ iv. 206; Körner, _Eng. Stud._ i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106. l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þryðo (Gr.'s _Drida_ of the _Vita Offæ Secundi_) of the present passage. The tale is told of her, not of Hygd. l. 1936. Suchier proposes andæges, = _eye to eye_; Leo proposes ândæges, = _the whole day_; G., _by day_. No change is necessary if an be taken to govqern hire, = _on her_, and däges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a genitive of time, = _by day_. l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsêce, = _seek, require_; but cf. 2955. l. 1966. Cf. the _heofoncandel_ of _Exod_. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's candles.' l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 _seq._ for the actual slayer of Ongenþeów, i.e. Eofor, to whom Hygelâc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998. l. 1981. meodu-scencum = _with mead-pourers_ or _mead-cups_ (G., Ha.); _draught or cup of mead_ (Toller-Bosw.). l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [heá-]. l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading hæ nû (for hæðnû), which he regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hæð). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; _Beit._ xii. 9. l. 1985. sînne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third person, sîn (declined like mîn). It is used not only as a true reflexive, but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. _ejus_)"--Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790. l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of seáð; cf. to "glow" with emotion, "boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc. l. 2010. B. proposes fâcne, = _in treachery_, for fenne. Cf. _Juliana_, l. 350; _Beit._ xii. 97. l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,--_ale_ (as here: ealu-wæg), _mead, beer, wine, lîð_ (cider? Goth. _leiþus_, Prov. Ger. _leit-_ in _leit-haus_, ale-house), etc. l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for wäs. l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = _agree, be pleased with_ (Ha.); _appear_ (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.). ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = _gave_) wære äfter leód-hryre: lytle hwîle bongâr bûgeð, þeáh seó brýd duge = _oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be._ Cf. Kl., _Beit._ ix. 190; B., _Beit._ xii. 369; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62. l. 2036. Cf. Kl, _Beit._ ix. 191; R., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 404. l. 2042. For beáh B. reads bâ, = _both_, i.e. Freaware and the Dane. l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wîgende, = _fighting_, for lifigende. l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is not so designated in the MS., though þâ (at l. 2822) is written with capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893. l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note. l. 2115 _seq._ B. restores thus: Þær on innan gióng niðða nâthwylc, neóde tô gefêng hæðnum horde; hond ätgenam seleful since fâh; nê hê þät syððan âgeaf, þeáh þe hê slæpende besyrede hyrde þeófes cräfte: þät se þióden onfand, bý-folc beorna, þät hê gebolgen wäs. --_Beit._ xii. 99; _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 210. l. 2128. ätbär here = _bear away_, not given in the Gloss. l. 2129. B. proposes færunga, = _suddenly_, for Gr.'s reading in the text.--_Beit._ xii. 98. l. 2132. MS. has þine life, which Leo translates _by thy leave_ (= ON. _leyfi_); B., _by thy life_.--_Beit._ xii. 369. l. 2150. B. renders gen, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my gracious king" (_Beit._ xii. 99). l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað, are poetic archaisms.--Sw. l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = _prince_, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-heáfodsegn, = _helm_; cf. l. 1245. l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf leófa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc. l. 2158. ærest is possibly the verbal subs. from ârîsan, _to arise, = arising, origin_. R. suggested ærist, _arising, origin_. Cf. Bede, _Eccles. Hist._, ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) _resurrection_. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's _Chronicle_, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., _Beit._ x. 222; and cf. l. 2166. l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wên]don, = _weened_, instead of Th.'s [oft säg]don. l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is "laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lâfing on Hengest's breast, l. 1145. l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure."--Br., p. 22. l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., _Beit._ ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that þûsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, _Ges. der Angl_, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration. l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" [throne].--E. l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra. l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight. l. 2213. B. proposes sê þe on hearge hæðen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75. l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."--Br., p. 50. l. 2216. neóde. E. translates _deftly_; Ha., _with ardor_. H.-So. reads neóde, = _with desire, greedily_, instr. of neód. l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy. ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gäst sylfes willum.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 100. l. 2225. For þeów read þegn.--K. and Z. l. 2225. þeów, st. m., _slave, serf_ (not in H.-So.). l. 2227. For ofer-þearfe read ærnes þearfa.--Z. ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes: secg synbysig sôna onwlâtode, þeáh þâm gyste gryrebrôga stôd, hwäðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa . . . . . . . . . . feásceapen, þâ hyne se fær begeat. --_Beit._ xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69. l. 2232. W. suggests seah or seîr for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolîc. l. 2233. Z. surmises eorð-hûse (for -scräfe). l. 2241. B. proposes læn-gestreóna, = _transitory_, etc.; Th., R. propose leng (= _longer_) gestreóna; S. accepts the text but translates "the long accumulating treasure." l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = _hard to find_; (2) hord-wynne dæl,--_a deal of treasure-joy_ (cf. l. 2271).--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 211; _Beit._ xii. 102. l. 2247. fecword = _banning words_ (?) MS. has fec. l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = _furbish_, for fetige: _I own not one who may_, etc. l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, 1280. l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in _Beówulf_. l. 2264. Cf. _Maldon_, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking. l. 2276. Z. suggests swýðe ondrædað; Ho. puts gesêcean for Gr.'s gewunian. l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrûsan. "Three hundred winters," at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missera, l. 1499; hund þûsenda, l. 2995; þritig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; þritig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan þûsendo, l. 2196, etc. l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = _inminutus_; cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 102. l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = _carry off_, with on- = E. _un--(un-bind, -loose, -tie_, etc.), G. _ent-_. The negro still pronounces _on-do_, etc. l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," etc. So ten Br. l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hâm, = _home_, for him.--_Beit._ xii. 103. l. 2335. E. translates eálond utan by _the sea-board front, the water-washed land on the (its) outside_. See B., _Beit._ xii. 1, 5. l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares _Guy of Warwick_, ll. 49, 376. l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laðan cynne as apposition to mægum. l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 _seq._ l. 2362. Gr. inserts âna, = _lone-going_, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Krüger, _Beit._ ix. 575. Cf. l. 379. l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."--Br., p. 48. l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelâc in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 _seq._, 2917, etc. l. 2368. B. proposes _quiet sea_ as trans, of sióleða bigong, and compares Goth. _anasilan_, to be still; Swed. dial, _sil_, still water between waterfalls.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 214. l. 2380. hyne--Heardrêd; so him, l. 2358. l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swió-rîce as identical with the modern _Sverige_ = Sweden; cf. l. 2496. l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = _at the banquet_; cf. Möller, _Alteng. Volksepos_, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or. l. 2391. Cf. l. 11. l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mûllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that Eádgils, Ôhthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to feónd. G. translates _friend_.--_Beit._ xii. 13; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert_. iii. 177. l. 2395. Eádgils is Ôhthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is Ôhthere's brother; cf. ll. 2933, 2617. l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As _Beówulf_ is essentially _the_ Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero. l. 2437. R. proposes stýred, = _ordered, decreed_, for strêd.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iii. 409. l. 2439. B. corrects to freó-wine = _noble friend_, asking, "How can Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's freá-wine [MS.], _lord?_" l. 2442. feohleás gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by money--in this case an unintentional fratricide."--Sw. l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75. l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (_Tidskr_. viii. 56). W. conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before þonne. l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.--K., Th., S. (_Zeitschr. f. D. Phil._ xxi. 3, 357). ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 232) proposes: þonne se ân hafað þurh dæda nýd deáðes gefandod. (2) B. proposes: þurh dæda nîð deáðes gefondad. --_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 215. l. 2458. Cf. sceótend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rîdend. Cf. _Judith_, l. 305, etc. l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths. l. 2477. On oþþe = _and_, cf. B., _Tidskr_. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83. l. 2489. B. proposes hreá-blâc for Gr.'s heoro-.--_Tikskr_. viii. 297. l. 2494. S. suggests êðel-wynne. l. 2502. E. translates for dugeðum, _of my prowess_; so Ettmüller. ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the monster's boastfulness."--Ha., p. 85. l. 2524. and-hâttres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreðes and âttres, _blast and venom_. Cf. oruð, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where âttor- also occurs). l. 2526. E. quotes fleón fôtes trym from _Maldon_, l. 247. l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stân-bogan (for stôd on stân-bogan) depending on geseah. l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose deór, _brave one_, i.e. Beowulf, for deóp. L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslâw, = _sharp_.--_Beit._ xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86. ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescîfe (MS. to gscipe) = German _schief_, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, _bent, coiled?_ cf. l. 2568, þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after tô and read gescäpe, = _his fate_; cf. l. 26: him þâ Scyld gewât tô gescäp-hwîle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78. l. 2589. grund-wong = _the field_, not _the earth_ (so B.); H.-So., _cave_, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87. l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.--_Beit._ ix. 141. l. 2604. Müllenh. explains leód Scylfinga in _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ iii. 176-178. l. 2607. âre = _possessions, holding_ (Kl., _Beit._ ix. 192; Ha., p. 88). l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. êðel-, land-riht, word-riht. l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wræccan wineleásum Weohstân bana, = _whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain_. ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, _Germania_, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his _comitatus_. l. 2643. B. proposes ûser.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 216. l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wîtan, _to go_, used like Mod. Eng. _let us_ + inf., Lat. _eamus_, Ital. _andiamo_, Fr. _allons_; M. E. (_Layamon_) _uten_. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, _A.-S. Gram._, pp. 104, 196. l. 2650. B. suggests hât for hyt,.--_Beit._ xii. 105. l. 2656. fâne = fâh-ne; cf. fâra = fâh-ra, l. 578; so heánne (MS.) = heáh-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram. ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrûd, as at l. 453, = _battle-shirt?_ B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrûd and bâm gemæne. B. reads býwdu, = _handsome_, etc. Gr. suggests unc nû, = _to us two now_, for ûrum; and K. and Grundt. read beón gemæne for bâm, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89. l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition. l. 2681. Nägling; cf. Hrunting, Lâfing, and other famous wundor-smiða geweorc of the poem. l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = _which_.--_Beit._ xii. 105. l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum. l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language. l. 2698. B. (_Beit._ xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272. l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hýdan. l. 2700. hwêne; cf. Lowl. Sc. _wheen_, a number; Chaucer's _woon_, number. l. 2702. S. proposes þâ (for þät) þät fýr, etc., = _when the fire began_, etc. l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton."--E. l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wräc, = _drove out all the life_; cf. _Gen._ l. 1385.--_Beit._ ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,--_he felled the foe_, etc.--_Ibid_. Parentheses seem unnecessary. l. 2727. däg-hwîl = _time allotted, lifetime_. l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744. l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158. l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhîgean or oferhîgan, = Goth, _ufarhauhjan_, p. p. _ufarhauhids_ (Gr. [Greek: tuphwtheis]) = _exceed in value_.--_Tidskr_. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhýdian, = _to make arrogant, infatuate_; cf. oferhýd.--_Beit._ ix. 192. l. 2770. gelocen leoðocräftum = (1) _spell-bound_ (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) _wrought with hand-craft_ (G.); (3) _meshed, linked together_ (H., Ho.); cf. _Elene_, ll. 1251, 522. l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlâfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (_Tidskr_. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlâforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlâford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives ærgescôd as a compd. = ære calceatus, _sheathed in brass_. Ha. translates ærgescôd as vb. and adv. l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes ät ende; landes ät ende, _Exod_. (Hunt). l. 2792. MS. reads wäteres weorpan, which R. would change to wätere sweorfan. l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-næs)."--Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137. l. 2815. Wîglâf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word lâf (Wîg-_lâf_, ende-_lâf_). l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. _novissima verba_, and Ger. _jüngst_, lately. l. 2837. E. translates on lande, _in the world_, comparing _on lîfe, on worulde_. l. 2840. geræsde = pret. of geræsan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as ræsan; cf. l. 2691. l. 2859. B. proposes deáð ârædan, = _determine death_.--_Beit._ xii. 106. l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, _Haupts Zeitschr._ xvi. 353-355. l. 2871. S. and W. propose ôwêr.--_Beit._ ix. 142. l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrâðe forwurpe, þâ, etc. l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget. l. 2879. ätgifan = _to render, to afford_; omitted in Gloss. ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord."--Br., p. 56. l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of _gens_ or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, _Germania_, 7; and cf. "kith and kin." l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, _Saxons_, i. 235. l. 2901. The _[Greek: angelos]_ begins his _[Greek: angelia]_ here. l. 2910. S. proposes higemêðe, _sad of soul;_ cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (_Beit._ ix. 142). B. considers higemêðum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (_Beit._ xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = _for the dead_. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446. l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers."--_Beit._ xii. 106. l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race. l. 2940 _seq._ B. conjectures: cwäð hîe on mergenne mêces ecgum gêtan wolde, sumon galgtreowu âheáwan on holte ond hîe âhôan on þâ fuglum tô gamene. --_Beit._ xii. 107, 372. Cf. S., _Beit._ ix. 143. gêtan = _cause blood to be shed._ l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gôda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."--Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter. l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelâces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.--_Beit._ xii. 108. S. suggests sæce, = _pursuit_. l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in _Exod_. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton hie wêrige. l. 2989. bär is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe."--H.-So. Cf. _Hildebrands Lied_, ll. 61, 62. l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., _Beit._ xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's _bis senas gentes_ and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelâc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongentheów, with jewels, enormous estates, and _his_ only daughter's hand." l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing Eádgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.--_Haupts Zeitschr._ xiv. 239. l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and _Exod._ (Hunt.) l. 293. l. 3022. E. quotes: "Thai token an harp _gle and game_ And maked a lai and yaf it name." --_Weber_, l. 358. and from Percy, "The word _glee_, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition." l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."--Br., p. 57. l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's _Dan._ l. 731, for similar language. l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here: [banan eác fundon bennum seócne (nê) ær hî þæm gesêgan syllîcran wiht] wyrm on wonge... --_Beit._ xii. 372. Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert [þær] before gesêgan. l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fâh]. l. 3044. lyft-wynne, _in the pride of the air_, E.; _to rejoice in the air_, Ha. l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. hêlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. hælsere, haruspex, augur. l. 3060. B. suggests gehýðde, = _plundered_ (i.e. by the thief), for gehýdde. ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [deáðe] hwâr þonne eorl ellenrof ende gefêre = _let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture_, etc.--_Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwâr and dependent upon wundur, = _a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: _is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?_--_Zachers Zeitschr._ xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus: Wundrað hwät þonne, eorl ellen-rôf, ende gefêre lîf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mäg (etc.), in which hwät would = þurh hwät at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live.... So Beówulf knew not (wondered how) through what _his_ end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwâr read wære: Wundur wære þonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's. l. 3053. galdre bewunden, _spell-bound_, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoðo-cräftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus." l. 3073. herh, hearh, _temple_, is conjectured by E. to survive in _Harrow. Temple, barrow_, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Biówulfes biorh of l. 2808. l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = _ravage_, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = _tread_. l. 3074. H.-So. omits strâdan, = _tread, stride over_, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strûdan, q. v. l. 3075. S. proposes: näs hê goldhwätes gearwor häfde, etc., = _Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor_.--_Beit._ ix. 143. B. reads, goldhwäte gearwor häfde, etc., making goldhwäte modify êst, = _golden favor_; but see _Beit._ xii. 373, for B.'s later view. l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."--_Beit._ xii. 109. l. 3097. B. and S. propose äfter wine deádum, = _in memory of the dead friend_.--_Beit._ ix. 144. l. 3106. The brâd gold here possibly includes the iú-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brâd by _bullion_. l. 3114. B. supposes folc-âgende to be dat. sg. to gôdum, referring to Beowulf. l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. _vescor_, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.--_Beit._ viii. 573. l. 3120. fûs = _furnished with_; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss. ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes: eóde eahta sum under inwit-hrôf hilderinca: sum on handa bär, etc. --_Beit._ ix. 144. l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to äðeling_c_, the MS. having _e_. l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."-- _Ynglinga Saga_, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles. l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures: ... swôgende lêc wôpe bewunden windblonda lêg (lêc from lâcan, see Gloss.).--_Beit._ xii. 110. Why not windblonda lâc? l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected wind-blond geläg because a great fire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents." l. 3151 _seq._ B. restores conjecturally: swylce giômor-gyd sio geó-meowle [äfter Beówulfe] bunden-heorde [song] sorg-cearig, sæde geneahhe, þät hió hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]êde, wälfylla worn, [w]îgendes egesan, hý[n]ðo ond häftnýd, heóf on rîce wealg. --_Beit._ xii. 100. Here geó-meowle = _old woman_ or _widow;_ bunden-heorde = _with bound locks;_ heóf = _lamentation;_ cf. l. 3143. on rîce wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon rêce swealg = _heaven swallowed the smoke_.-- H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (geómeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021. l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lâfe, for betost, and omits colon after bêcn. So B., _Zachers Zeitschr._ iv. 224. l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero." ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes: woldon gên cwîðan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wel sprecan. --_Beit._ xii. 112. l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum. l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."--Br., p. 18. NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG. The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his _Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium_, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, _Alteng. Epos_, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (_Beit._ xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnäf fell, _i.e._ as described in _Beówulf_ as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (_Anzeiger f. d. Altert_.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in _Beówulf_, l. 1086, he is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125. "The _Fight at Finnsburg_ and the lays from which our _Beówulf_ was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."--Br., p. 101. l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." --_Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch_, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnað næfre. So. G.--_Beit._ xii. 22; _Anzeiger f. d. Altert._ x. 229. l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean _arrows_, and supplies: ac hêr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flânbogan], fugelas singað. He compares Saxo, p. 95, _cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant_, as explanatory of l. 6.--_Beit._ xii. 22. But see Brooke, _Early Eng. Literature_, who supposes fugelas = _raven_ and _eagle_, while græg-hama is = _wulf_ (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle. l. 11. hicgeað, etc.: cf. _Maldon_, l. 5; _Exod_. l. 218. l. 15. Cf. B. (_Beit._ xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13. ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Gârulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as Gûðlâf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and _Beówulf_, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (_Beit._ xii. 25) conjectures: þâ gyt Gûðdene Gârulf styrode, þät hê swâ freólîc feorh forman sîðe tô þære healle durum hyrsta ne bære, nû hîe nîða heard ânyman wolde; in which Gûðdene is the same as Sigeferð, l. 24; hê (l. 22) refers to Gârulf; and hîe (l. 21) to hyrsta. l. 27. swäðer = _either_ (bad or good, life or death).--H.-So. l. 29. cêlod: meaning doubtful; cf. _Maldon_, l. 283. G. renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"? l. 30. B. suggests bâr-helm, = _boar-helm._ Cf. Saxo, p. 96.--_Beit._ xii. 26. l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hræw hräfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hræw hräfen fram ôðrum = _flew from one corpse to another_.--_Beit._ xii. 27. l. 43. B. supposes wund häleð to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnäf, in opposition to Holtzmann (_Germania_, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.--_Beit._ xii. 28. l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrôr = _equipments useless_.--_Beit._ xii. 28. l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle."--B., _Beit._ xii. 28. ADDENDA. ll. 105 and 218. MS. and Ho. read won-sæli and fâmi-heals. ll. 143, 183, 186, etc. Read þæm for þäm. l. 299. MS. reads gôd-fremmendra. So H.-So. l. 338. Ho. marks wräc- and its group long. l. 530. Hwät should here probably be printed as an interj., hwät! Cf. ll. 1, 943, 2249. l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for näs. The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in _Eng. Stud._ xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary. l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with swâ. GLOSSARY A ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) _but_ (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.--2) _but_ (N.H.G. aber), _nevertheless_, 602, 697, etc.--3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991. aglæca, ahlæca, äglæca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, _trouble_, O.N. agi, _terror_, + lâc, _gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble_; hence): 1) _evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being_; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.--2) _great hero, mighty warrior_; of Sigemund, 894; of Beówulf: gen. sg. aglæcan(?), 1513; of Beówulf and the drake: nom. pl. þâ aglæcean, 2593. aglæc-wîf, st. n., _demon, devil, in the form of a woman_; of Grendel's mother, 1260. aldor. See ealdor. al-wealda. See eal-w. am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., _servant, man-servant_: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgâr, 336. ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), _servant, man-servant_: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Beówulf's servant, 674. an, prep, with the dat., _on, in, with respect to_, 678; _with, among, at, upon_ (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see. ancor, st. m., _anchor_: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884. ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), _anchor-cable_: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919. and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.) anda, w. m., _excitement, vexation, horror_: dat. wrâðum on andan, 709, 2315. and-git, st. n., _insight, understanding_: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan. and-hâtor, st. m. n., _heat coming against one_: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres, 2524. and-lang, -long, adj., _very long._ hence 1) _at whole length, raised up high_: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).--2) _continual, entire_; andlangne däg, 2116, _the whole day_; andlonge niht, 2939. and-leán, st. n., _reward, payment in full_: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.). and-risno, st. f. (see rîsan, surgere, decere), _that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette_: dat. pl. for andrysnum, _according to etiquette_, 1797. and-saca, w. m., _adversary_: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683. and-slyht, st. m., _blow in return_: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht). and-swaru, st. f., _act of accosting_: 1) to persons coming up, _an address_, 2861.--2) in reply to something said, _an answer_, 354, 1494, 1841. and-weard, adj., _present, existing_: acc. sg. n. swîn ofer helme and-weard (_the image of the boar, which stands on his helm_), 1288. and-wlita, w. m., _countenance_: acc. sg. -an, 690. an-sund, adj., _entirely unharmed_: nom. sg. m., 1001. an-sýn, f., _the state of being seen_: hence 1) _the exterior, the form_, 251: ansýn ýwde, _showed his form_, i.e. appeared, 2835.--2) _aspect, appearance_, 929; on-sýn, 2773. an-walda, w. m., _He who rules over all, God_, 1273. See Note. atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), _hostile, frightful, cruel_: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.--cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus. atelîc, adj., _terrible, dreadful_: atelîc egesa, 785. Â â, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), _ever, always_, 455, 882, 931, 1479: â syððan, _ever afterwards, ever, ever after_, 283, 2921.--_ever_, 780.--Comp. nâ. âd st. m. _funeral pile_: acc. sg. âd, 3139; dat. sg. âde, 1111, 1115. âd-faru, st. f., _way to the funeral pile_, dat. sg. on âd-färe, 3011. âdl, st. f. _sickness_, 1737, 1764, 1849. âð, st. m., _oath in general_, 2740; _oath of allegiance_, 472 (?); _oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples_, 1098, 1108. âð-sweord, st. n., _the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath_: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord. âðum-swerian, m. pl., _son-in-law and father-in-law_: dat. pl., 84. âgan, verb, pret. and pres., _to have, to possess_, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. âh, 1728; inf. âgan, 1089; prt. âhte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nâh hwâ sweord wege (_I have no one to wield the sword_), 2253. âgen, adj., _own, peculiar_, 2677. âgend (prs. part. of âgan), _possessor, owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgendes, _of God_, 3076.--Compounds: blæd-, bold-, folc-, mägen-âgend. âgend-freá, w. m., _owner, lord_: gen. sg. âgend-freán, 1884. âhsian, ge-âhsian, w. v.: 1) _to examine, to find out by inquiring_: pret. part. ge-âhsod, 433.--2) _to experience, to endure_: pret. âhsode, 1207; pl. âhsodon, 423. âht, st. n. (contracted from â-wiht, which see), _something, anything_: âht cwices, 2315. ân, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) _this, that_, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.--2) _one_, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb âne niht (_the next night_), 135; þurh ânes cräft, 700; þâra ânum, 1038; ân äfter ânum, _one for the other_ (Hrêðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, ân äfter eallum, 2269; ânes hwät, _some single thing, a part_, 3011; se ân leóda duguðe, _the one of the heroes of the people_, 2238; ânes willan, _for the sake of a single one_, 3078, etc.--Hence, again, 3) _alone, distinguished_, 1459, 1886.--4) _a_, in the sense of an indefinite article: ân ... feónd, 100; gen. sg. ânre bêne (or to No.2[?]), 428; ân ... draca, 221l--5) gen. pl. ânra, in connection with a pronoun, _single_; ânra gehwylces, _every single one_, 733; ânra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne feáum ânum, _except a few single ones_, 1082.--6) solus, _alone_: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., âna Geáta duguðe, _alone of the warriors of the Geátas_, 2658.--7) solitarius, _alone, lonely_, see æn.--Comp. nân. ân-feald, adj., _simple, plain, without reserve_: acc. sg. ânfealdne geþôht, _simple opinion_, 256. ân-genga, -gengea, w. m., _he who goes alone_, of Grendel, 165, 449. ân-haga, w. m., _he who stands alone_, solitarius, 2369. ân-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-râd-r, _of one resolve_, i.e. of firm resolve), _of one opinion_, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668. ânga, adj. (only in the weak form), _single, only_: acc. sg. ângan dôhtor, 375, 2998; ângan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ângan brêðer, 1263. ân-päð, st. m., _lonely way, path_: acc. pl. ânpaðas, 1411. ân-ræd, adj. (cf. under ân-hydig), _of firm resolution, resolved_, 1530, 1576. ân-tîd, st. f., _one time_, i.e. the same time, ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores, _about the same time the second day_ (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.--ân stands as in ân-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, _harmonious, of the same disposition_. ânunga, adv., _throughout, entirely, wholly_, 635. âr, st. m., _ambassador, messenger_, 336, 2784. âr, st. f., 1) _honor, dignity_: ârum healdan, _to hold in honor_, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.--2) _favor, grace, support_: acc. sg. âre, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. âre, 2379; gen. pl. hwät ... ârna, 1188.--Comp. worold-âr; also written ær. âr-fäst, adj., _honorable, upright_, 1169; of Hûnferð (with reference to 588). See fäst. ârian, w. v., (_to be gracious_), _to spare_: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nænegum ârað; of Grendel, 599. âr-stäf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), _grace, favor_: dat. pl. mid ârstafum, 317.--_Help, support_: dat. pl. for âr-stafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458. See stäf. âter-teár, m., _poisonous drop_: dat. pl. îren âter-teárum fâh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460. âttor, st. n., _poison_, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716. âttor-sceaða, w. m., _poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon_: gen. sg. -sceaðan, 2840. âwâ, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of â, which see), _ever_: âwâ tô aldre, _fôr ever and ever_, 956. Ä ädre, adv., _hastily, directly, immediately_, 77, 354, 3107. [ædre.] äðele, adj., _noble_: nom. sg., of Beówulf, 198, 1313; of Beówulf's father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. äðelan cynnes, 2235. äðeling, st. m., _nobleman, man of noble descent_, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hrôðgâr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Beówulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Däghrefn, 2507;--then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Äschere, 1295; Hrôðgâr's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremôd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Beówulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. --Comp. sib-äðeling. äðelu, st. n., only in the pl., _noble descent, nobility_, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. äðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning äðelum gôd, _the king, of noble birth_, 1871; äðelum dióre, _worthy on account of noble lineage_, 1950; äðelum (hæleþum, MS.), 332.--Comp. fäder-äðelu. äfnan, w. v. w. acc., _to perform, to carry out, to accomplish_: inf. ellen-weorc äfnan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1465; pret. unriht äfnde, _perpetrated wrong_, 1255. ge-äfnan, 1) _to carry out, to do, to accomplish_: pret. pl. þät geäfndon swâ, _so carried that out_, 538; pret. part. âð wäs geäfned, _the oath was sworn_, 1108.--2) _get ready, prepare_: pret. part. geäfned, 3107. See efnan. äfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of _forth, away, from, back_), a) adv., _thereupon, afterwards_, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.--ic him äfter sceal, _I shall go after them_, 2817; in word äfter cwäð, 315, the sense seems to be, _spoke back, having turned_; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) _after_, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; äfter beorne, _after the_ (death of) _the hero_, 2261, so 2262; äfter mâððum-welan, _after_ (obtaining) _the treasure_, 2751.--2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, _in consequence of, conformably to_: äfter rihte, _in accordance with right_, 1050, 2111; äfter faroðe, _with the current_, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., äfter heaðo-swâte, _in consequence of the blood of battle_, 1607; äfter wälnîðe, _in consequence of mortal enmity_, 85; _in accordance with, on account of, after, about_: äfter äðelum (hæleþum, MS.)frägn, _asked about the descent_, 332; ne frin þu äfter sælum, _ask not after my welfare_, 1323; äfter sincgyfan greóteð, _weeps for the giver of treasure_, 1343; him äfter deórum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880; ân äfter ânum, _one for the other_, 2462, etc.--3) (local), _along_: äfter gumcynnum, _throughout the races of men, among men_, 945; sôhte bed äfter bûrum, _sought a bed among the rooms of the castle_ (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; äfter recede wlât, _looked along the hall_, 1573; stone äfter stâne, _smelt along the rocks_, 2289; äfter lyfte, _along the air through the air_, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc. äf-þunca, w. m., _anger, chagrin, vexatious affair_: nom., 502. äglæcea. See aglæcea. äled (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., _fire_, 3016. [æled.] äled-leóma, w. m., _(fire-light), torch_: acc. sg. leóman, 3126. See leóma. äl-fylce (from äl-, Goth. ali-s, [Greek: allos], and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., _other folk, hostile army_: dat. pl. wið älfylcum, 2372. äl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., _almighty_: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se äl-mihtiga, 92. äl-wiht, st. m., _being of another species, monster_: gen. pl. äl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501. äppel-fealu, adj., _dappled sorrel_, or _apple-yellow_: nom. pl. äppel-fealuwe mearas, _apple-yellow steeds_, 2166. ärn, st. n., _house_, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þryð-, win-ärn. äsc, st. m., _ash_ (does not occur in Beówulf in this sense), _lance, spear_, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (quâ instr.) äscum and ecgum, _with spears and swords_, 1773. äsc-holt, st. n., _ash wood, ashen shaft_: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, _the ashen shafts gray above_ (spears with iron points), 330. äsc-wîga, w. m., _spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear_: nom. sg., 2043. ät, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) _with, near, at, on, in_ (rest): ät hýðe, in _harbor_, 32; ät symle, _at the meal_, 81, ät âde, _on the funeral-pile_, 1111, 1115; ät þe ânum, _with thee alone_, 1378; ät wîge, _in the fight_, 1338; ät hilde, 1660, 2682; ät æte, _in eating_, 3027, etc. b) _to, towards, at, on_ (motion to): deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan, _seized upon the heart_, 2271; gehêton ät härgtrafum, _vowed at_ (or _to_) _the temples of the gods_, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, _away from_ (as starting from near an object): geþeah þät ful ät Wealhþeón, _took the cup from W_., 630; fela ic gebâd grynna ät Grendle, _from Grendel_, 931; ät mînum fäder genam, _took me from my father to himself_, 2430.--2) temporal, _at, in, at the time of_: ät frumsceafte, _in the beginning_, 45; ät ende, _at an end_, 224; fand sînne dryhten ealdres ät ende, _at the end of life, dying_, 2791; similarly, 2823; ät feohgyftum, _in giving gifts_, 1090; ät sîðestan, _finally_, 3014. ät-græpe, adj., _laying hold of_, prehendens, 1270. ät-rihte, adv., _almost_, 1658. Æ ædre, êdre, st. f., _aqueduct, canal_ (not in Beów.), _vein_ (not in Beów.), _stream, violent pouring forth_: dat. pl. swât ædrum sprong, _the blood sprang in streams_, 2967; blôd êdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743. æðm, st. m., _breath, gasp, snort_: instr. sg. hreðer æðme weóll, _the breast_ (of the drake) _heaved with snorting_, 2594. æfen, st. m., _evening_, 1236. æfen-gram, adj., _hostile at evening, night-enemy_: nom. sg. m. æfen-grom, of Grendel, 2075. æfen-leóht, st. n., _evening-light_: nom. sg., 413. æfen-räst, st. f., _evening-rest_: acc. sg. -räste, 647, 1253. æfen-spræc, st. f., _evening-talk_: acc. sg. gemunde ...æfen-spræce, _thought about what he had spoken in the evening_, 760. æfre, adv., _ever, at any time_, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, æfre ne, _never_, 2601.--Comp. næfre. æg-hwâ (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwër), pron., _every, each_: dat. sg. æghwæm, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, _in all, throughout, thoroughly_: æghwäs untæle, _thoroughly blameless_, 1866; æghwäs unrîm, _entirely innumerable quantity_, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136. æg-hwäðer (O.H.G. êo-ga-hwëdar): 1) _each_ (of two): nom. sg. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred, _each of the two_ (Beówulf and the drake) _had reached the end_, 2845; dat. sg. æghwäðrum wäs brôga fram ôðrum, _to each of the two_ (Beówulf and the drake) _was fear of the other_, 2565; gen. sg. æghwäðres ... worda and worca, 287.--2) _each_ (of several): dat. sg. heora æghwäðrum, 1637. æg-hwær, adv., _everywhere_, 1060. æg-hwilc (O.H.G. êo-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, _every_ (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dæl æghwylcne, 622.--2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. æg-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. æghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. æghwylc, 985, 988; (wäs) æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, _each one_ (of two) _true to the other_, 1166. æg-weard, st. f., _watch on the sea shore_: acc. sg. æg-wearde, 241. æht (abstract form from âgan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) _possession, power_: acc. sg. on flôdes æht, 42; on wäteres æht, _into the power of the water_, 516; on æht gehwearf Denigea freán, _passed over into the possession of a Danish master_, 1680.--2) _property, possessions, goods_: acc. pl. æhte, 2249.--Comp. mâðm-, gold-æht. æht (O.H.G. âhta), st. f., _pursuit_: nom. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum, segn Higelâce, _then was pursuit offered to the people of the Sweonas, (their) banner to Hygelâc_ (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelâc), 2958. ge-æhtan, w. v., _to prize, to speak in praise of_: pret. part. geæhted, 1866. [geähtan.] ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., _a speaking of with praise, high esteem_: gen. sg. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, _seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born_, 369. [geähtla.] æn (oblique form of ân), num., _one_: acc. sg. m. þone ænne þone..., _the one whom_..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, _much oftener than one time_, 1580; forð onsendon ænne, _sent him forth alone_, 46. æne, adv., _once_: oft nalles æne, 3020. ænig, pron., _one, any one_, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, _would in no way, not at all_, 792; lyt ænig mearn, _little did any one sorrow_ (i.e. no one), 3130.--With the article: näs se folccyning ... ænig, _no people's king_, 2735.--Comp. nænig. æn-lîc, adj., _alone, excellent, distinguished_: ænlîc ansýn, _distinguished appearance_, 251; þeáh þe hió ænlîcu sý, _though she be beautiful_, 1942. ær (comparative form, from â): 1) adv., _sooner, before, beforehand_, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., _for a long time_, 2596; eft swâ ær, _again as formerly_, 643; ær ne siððan, _neither sooner nor later_, 719; ær and sîð, _sooner and later_ (all times), 2501; nô þý ær (_not so much the sooner_), _yet not_, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.--2) conjunct., _before, ere_: a) with the ind.: ær hió tô setle geóng, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: ær ge fyr fêran, _before you travel farther_, 252; ær he on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; ær þon däg cwôme, _ere the day break_, 732; ær correlative to ær adv.: ær he feorh seleð, aldor an ôfre, ær he wille ..., _he will sooner_ (rather) _leave his life upon the shore, before_ (than) _he will_ ..., 1372.--3) prepos. with dat., _before_ ær deáðe, _before death_, 1389; ær däges hwîle, _before daybreak_, 2321; ær swylt-däge, _before the day of death_, 2799. æror, comp. adv., _sooner, before-hand_, 810; _formerly_, 2655. ærra, comp. adj., _earlier_; instr. pl., ærran mælum, _in former times_, 908, 2238, 3036. ærest, superl.: 1) adv., _first of all, foremost_, 6, 617, 1698, etc.--2) as subst. n., _relation to, the beginning_: acc. þät ic his ærest þe eft gesägde (_to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented_), 2158. See Note. ær-däg, st. m. (_before-day_), _morning-twilight, gray of morning_: dat. sg. mid ærdäge, 126; samod ærdäge, 1312, 2943. ærende, st. n., _errand, trust_: acc. sg., 270, 345. ær-fäder, st. m., _late father, deceased father_: nom sg. swâ his ærfäder, 2623. ær-gestreón, st. n., _old treasure, possessions dating from old times_: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela ærgestreóna, _much of such old treasure_, 2233. See gestreón. ær-geweorc, st. n., _work dating from old times_: nom. sg. enta ær-geweorc, _the old work of the giants_ (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc. ær-gôd, adj., _good since old times, long invested with dignity_ or _advantages_: äðeling ærgôd, 130; (eorl) ærgôd, 1330; îren ærgôd (_excellent sword_), 990, 2587. ær-wela, w. m., _old possessions, riches dating from old times_: acc. sg. ærwelan, 2748. See wela. æs, st. n., _carcass, carrion_: dat. (instr.) sg. æse, of Äschere's corpse, 1333. æt, st. m., _food, meat_: dat, sg., hû him ät æte speów, _how he fared well at meat_, 3027. ættren (see âttor), adj., _poisonous_: wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât, ættren ellorgâst, se ær inne swealt, _so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon_ (Grendel's mother) _who died therein_, 1618 B bana, bona, w. m., _murderer_, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongenþeówes, of Hygelâc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþeów (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wäs ecg bona, 2507; wearð wracu Weohstânes bana, 2614.--Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gâst-, hand-, mûð-bana. bon-gâr, st. m. _murdering spear_, 2032. ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, _to command, to bid_: inf., 74. bâd, st. f., _pledge_, only in comp.: nýd-bâd. bân, st. n., _bone_: dat. sg. on bâne (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693. bân-côfa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -côfan, 1446. bân-fâg, adj., _variegated with bones_, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrôðgâr's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable. bân-fät, st. n., _bone-vessel_, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bân-fatu, 1117. bân-hring, st. m., _the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint_: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bânhringas bräc (_broke her neck-joint_), 1568. bân-hûs, st. n., _bone-house_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bânhûs gebräc, 2509; similarly, 3148. bân-loca, w. m., _the enclosure of the bones_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bât bânlocan, _bit the body_, 743; nom. pl. burston bânlocan, _the body burst_ (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819. bât, st. m., _boat, craft, ship_, 211.--Comp. sæ-bât. bât-weard, st. m., _boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft._ dat. sg. -wearde, 1901. bäð, st. n., _bath_: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bäð, _over the diver's bath_ (i.e. the sea), 1862. bärnan, w. v., _to cause to burn, to burn_: inf. hêt ... bânfatu bärnan, _bade that the bodies be burned_, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bärnan, _began to consume the splendid country-seats_ (the dragon), 2314. for-bärnan, w. v., _consume with fire_: inf. hy hine ne môston ... brondefor-bärnan, _they_ (the Danes) _could not burn him_ (the dead Äschere) _upon the funeral-pile_, 2127. bædan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), _to incite, to encourage_: pret. bædde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. ge-bædan, w. v., _to press hard_: pret. part. bysigum gebæded, _distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger_ (of battle), 2581; _to drive, to send forth_: stræla storm strengum gebæded, _the storm of arrows sent with strength_, 3118; _overcome_: draca ... bealwe gebæded, _the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle_, 2827. bæl (O.N. bâl), st. n., _fire, flames_: (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, _passed (through the air) with fire_, 2309; häfde landwara lîge befangan, bæle and bronde, _with fire and burning_, 2323.--Especially, _the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile_, 1110, 1117, 2127; ær he bæl cure, _ere he sought the burning_ (i.e. died), 2819; hâtað ... hlæw gewyrcean ... äfter bæle, _after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up_ (Beówulf's words), 2804. bæl-fýr, st. n., _bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile_: gen. pl. bælfýra mæst, 3144. bæl-stede, st. m., _place for the funeral-pile_: dat. sg. in bæl=stede, 3098. bæl-wudu, st. m., _wood for the funeral-pile_, 3113. bær, st. f., _bier_, 3106. ge-bæran, w. v., _to conduct one's self, behave_: inf. w. adv., ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe ... sêl gebæran, _I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment_, 1013; he on eorðan geseah þone leófestan lîfes ät ende bleáte gebæran, _saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably_ (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825. ge-bætan (denominative from bæte, _the bit_), w. v., _to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle_: pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre hors gebæted, 1400. be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning _near_, "but not of one direction, as ät, but more general"): 1) local, _near by, near, at, on_ (rest): be ýdlâfe uppe lægon, _lay above, upon the deposit of the waves_ (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; häfde be honda, _held by the hand_ (Beówulf held Grendel), 815; be sæm tweonum, _in the circuit of both the seas_, 859, 1686; be mäste, _on the mast_, 1906; by fýre, _by the fire_, 2220; be nässe, _at the promontory_, 2244; sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ bið mägða cräft be wæpnedmen, _the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior_ (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.--2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, _on, upon, by_: gefêng be eaxle, _seized by the shoulder_, 1538; âlêdon leófne þeóden be mäste, _laid the dear lord near the mast_, 36; be healse genam, _took him by the neck, fell upon his neck_, 1873; wæpen hafenade be hiltum, _grasped the weapon by the hilt_, 1757, etc.--3) with this is connected the causal force, _on account of, for, according to_: ic þis gid be þe âwräc, _I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake_, 1724; þû þe lær be þon, _learn according to this, from this_, 1723; be fäder lâre, _according to her father's direction_, 1951.--4) temporal, _while, during_: be þe lifigendum, _while thou livest, during thy life_, 2666. See bî. bed, st. n., _bed, couch_: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.--Comp: deað-, hlin-, läger-, morðor-, wäl-bed. ge-bedde, w. f., _bed-fellow_: dat. sg. wolde sêcan ewên tô gebeddan, _wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her_, 666.--Comp. heals-gebedde. begen, fem. bâ, _both_: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on bâ healfa, _on two sides_ (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bâm, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, ûrum bâm, 2661; gen. n. bega, 1874, 2896; bega gehwäðres, _each one of the two_, 1044; bega folces, of _both peoples_, 1125. ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, _to cause to swell, to swell_), _to irritate_: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þät he êcean dryhtne bitre gebulge, _that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord_, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402. â-belgan, _to anger_: pret. sg. w. acc. ôð þät hyne ân âbealh mon on môde, _till a man angered him in his heart_, 2281; pret. part. âbolgen, 724. ben, st. f., _wound_: acc. sg. benne, 2725.--Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben. benc, st. f., _bench_: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.--Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc. benc-swêg, st. m., (_bench-rejoicing_), _rejoicing which resounds from the benches_, 1162. benc-þel, st. n., _bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand_: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-boards_ (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240. bend, st. m. f., _bond, fetter_: acc. sg. forstes bend, _frost's bond_, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.--Comp.: fýr-, hell-, hyge-, îren-, oncer-, searo-, wäl-bend. ben-geat, st. n., (_wound-gate_), _wound-opening_: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122. bera (O.N. beri), w. m., _bearer_: in comp. hleor-bera. beran, st. v. w. acc., _to carry_; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone mâððum byreð, _carries the treasure_ (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; hêht þâ se hearda Hrunting beran, _to bring Hrunting_, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bär, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bär fäted wæge, _brought the lord the costly vessel_, 2282; pl. bæron, 213, 1636, etc.; bæran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.--The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms _go, come_: þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, 2654; gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; ic gefrägn sunu Wihstânes hringnet beran, 2755; wîgheafolan bär, 2662; helmas bæron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bæran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons. ät-beran, _to carry to_: inf. tô beadulâce (_battle_) ätberan, 1562; pret. þâ hine on morgentîd on Heaðoræmas holm up ätbär, _the sea bore him up to the Heaðoræmas_, 519; hió Beówulfe medoful ätbär _brought Beówulf the mead-cup_, 625; mägenbyrðenne ... hider ût ätbär cyninge mînum, _bore the great burden hither to my king_, 3093; pl. hî hyne ätbæron tô brimes faroðe, 28. for-beran, _to hold, to suppress_: inf. þät he þone breóstwylm forberan ne mehte, _that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast_, 1878. ge-beran, _to bring forth, to bear_: pret. part. þät lâ mäg secgan se þe sôð and riht fremeð on folce ... þät þes eorl wære geboren betera (_that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born_), 1704. ôð-beran, _to bring hither_: pret. þâ mec sæ ôðbär on Finna land, 579. on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, _to carry off, to take away_: inf. îren ærgôd þät þäs ahlæcan blôdge beadufolme onberan wolde, _excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon_, 991; pret. part. (wäs) onboren beága hord, _the treasure of the rings had been carried off_, 2285.--Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, sâwl-berend. berian (denominative from bär, _naked_), w. v., _to make bare, to clear_: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, _cleared the bench-place_ (by removing the benches), 1240. berstan, st. v., _to break, to burst_: pret. pl. burston bânlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.--_to crack, to make the noise of breaking_: fingras burston, _the fingers cracked_ (from Beówulf's gripe), 761. for-berstan, _break, to fly asunder_: pret. Nägling forbärst, _Nägling_ (Beówulf's sword) _broke in two_, 2681. betera, adj. (comp.), _better_: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704. bet-lîc, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. n., of Hrôðgâr's hall, 781; of Hygelâc's residence, 1926. betst, betost (superl.), _best, the best_: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. nu is ôfost betost, þät we ..., _now is haste the best, that we..._, 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrûda betst, 453; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872. bêcn, st. n., _(beacon), token, mark, sign_: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rôfes bêcn (of Beówulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen. bêg. See beág. bên, st. f., _entreaty_: gen. sg. bêne, 428, 2285. bêna, w. m., _suppliant_, supplex: nom. sg. swâ þu bêna eart (_as thou entreatest_), 352; swâ he bêna wäs (_as he had asked_), 3141; nom. pl. hy bênan synt, 364. ge-betan: 1) _to make good, to remove_: pret. ac þu Hrôðgâre wîdcûðne weán wihte gebêttest, _hast thou in any way relieved Hrôðgâr of the evil known afar_, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncýððe ealle gebêtte, _removed all trouble_, 831. --2) _to avenge_: inf. wihte ne meahte on þam feorhbonan fæhðe gebêtan, _could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer_, 2466. beadu, st. f., _battle, strife, combat_: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, _in combat_, 1540; gen. pl. bâd beadwa ge-þinges, _waited for the combats_ (with Grendel) _that were in store for him_, 710. beadu-folm, st. f., _battle-hand_: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991. beado-grîma, w. m., _(battle-mask), helmet_: acc. pl. -grîman, 2258. beado-hrägl, st. n., _(battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail_, 552. beadu-lâc, st. n., (_exercise in arms, tilting_), _combat, battle_: dat. sg. tô beadu-lâce, 1562. beado-leóma, w. m., (_battle-light_), _sword_: nom. sg., 1524. beado-mêce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. beado-mêcas, 1455. beado-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110. beadu-rôf, adj., _strong in battle_: gen. sg. -rôfes, of Beówulf, 3162. beadu-rûn, st. f., _mystery of battle_: acc. sg. onband beadu-rûne, _solved the mystery of the combat_, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501. beadu-scearp, adj., _battle-sharp, sharp for the battle_, 2705. beadu-scrûd, st. n., (_battle-dress_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: gen. pl. beaduscrûda betst, 453. beadu-serce, w. f., (_battle-garment_), _corselet, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756. beado-weorc, st. n., (_battle-work_), _battle_: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, _rejoiced at the battle_, 2300. beald, adj., _bold, brave_: in comp. cyning-beald. bealdian, w. v., _to show one's self brave_: pret. bealdode gôdum dædum (_through brave deeds_), 2178. bealdor, st. m., _lord, prince_: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568. bealu, st. n., _evil, ruin, destruction_: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.--Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, leód-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wîg-bealu. bealu, adj., _deadly, dangerous, bad_: instr. sg. hyne sâr hafað befongen balwon bendum, _pain has entwined him in deadly bands_, 978. bealo-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, death by the sword_(?), 2266. bealo-hycgende, pres. part., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: gen. pl. æghwäðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566. bealo-hydig, adj., _thinking of death, meditating destruction_: of Grendel, 724. bealo-nîð, st. m., (_zeal for destruction_), _deadly enmity_: nom. sg., 2405; _destructive struggle_: acc. sg. bebeorh þe þone bealonîð, _beware of destructive striving_, 1759; _death-bringing rage_: nom. sg. him on breóstum bealo-nîð weóll, _in his breast raged deadly fury_ (of the dragon's poison), 2715. bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., _splendor, brightness, clearness_: nom. sg. eágena bearhtm, 1767.--2) _sound, tone_: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, _they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound_, 1432. bearm, m., gremium, sinus, _lap, bosom_: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.--2) figuratively, _possession, property_, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, âlecgan); dat. sg. him tô bearme cwom mâððumfät mære, _came into his possession_, 2405. bearn, st. n., 1) _child, son_: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglâfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.--2) in a broader sense, _scion, offspring, descendant_: nom. sg. Ongenþeów's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, _children of men_, 879; häleða bearn, 1190; äðelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.--Comp.: brôðor-, dryht-bearn. bearn-gebyrdu, f., _birth, birth of a son_: gen. sg. þät hyre ealdmetod êste wære bearn-gebyrdo, _has been gracious through the birth of such a son_ (i.e. as Beówulf), 947. bearu, st. m., (_the bearer_, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), _tree_, collectively _forest_: nom. pl. hrîmge bearwas, _rime-covered_ or _ice-clad_, 1364. beácen, st. n., _sign, banner_, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht beácen godes, _of the sun_, 570; gen. pl. beácna beorhtost, 2778. See bêcn. ge-beácnian, w. v., _to mark, to indicate_: pret. part. ge-beácnod, 140. beág, st. m., _ring, ornament_: nom. sg. beáh (_neck-ring_), 1212; acc. sg. beáh (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bêg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge, _she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem_, 1164; gen. sg. beáges (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. beágas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. beága, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.-- Comp.: earm-, heals-beág. beág-gyfa, w. m., _ring-giver_, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103. beág-hroden, adj., _adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps_: nom. sg. beághroden, cwên, of Hrôðgâr's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164), 624. beáh-hord, st. m. n., _ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings_: gen. sg. beáh-hordes, 895; dat. pl. beáh-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. beáh-horda weard, of King Hrôðgâr, 922. beáh-sele, st. m., _ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed_: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178. beáh-þegu, st. f., _the receiving of the ring_: dat. sg. äfter beáh-þege, 2177. beáh-wriða, w. m. _ring-band_, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. beáh-wriðan, 2019. beám, st. m., _tree_, only in the compounds fyrgen-, gleó-beám. beátan, st. v., _thrust, strike_: pres. sg. mearh burhstede beáteð, _the steed beats the castle-ground_ (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-beáten, _died, struck by the battle-axe_, 2360. beorh, st. m.: 1) _mountain, rock_: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.--2) _grave-mound, tomb-hill_: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.--Comp. stân-beorh. beorh, st. f., _veil, covering, cap_; only in the comp. heáfod-beorh. beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), _to save, to shield_: inf. wolde feore beorgan, _place her life in safety_, 1294; here-byrne ... seó þe bâncôfan beorgan cûðe, _which could protect his body_, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600. be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), _to take care, to defend one's self from_: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, _cannot keep himself from stain_ (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þe þone bealontð, 1759. ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), _to save, to protect_: pret. sg. þät gebearh feore, _protected the life_, 1549; scyld wel gebearg lîfe and lîce, 2571. ymb-beorgan, _to surround protectingly_: pret. sg. bring ûtan ymb-bearh, 1504. beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering_: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þät beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Beówulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. tô þære byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frätwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: beácna beorhtost, 2778. --2) _excellent, remarkable_: gen. sg. beorhtre bôte, 158. --Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht. beorhte, adv., _brilliantly, brightly, radiantly_, 1518. beorhtian, w. v., _to sound clearly_: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swêg, 1162. beorn, st. m., _hero, warrior, noble man_: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), 1881, (Beówulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Beów.), 1025, (Äschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Beówulf and his companions), 211, (Hrôðgâr's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Beówulf's liege-men), 2405.--Comp.: folc-, gûð-beorn. beornan, st. v., _to burn_: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.--Comp. un-byrnende. for-beornan, _to be consumed, to burn_: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673. ge-beornan, _to be burned_: pret. gebarn, 2698. beorn-cyning, st. m., _king of warriors, king of heroes_: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149. beódan, st. v.: 1) _to announce, to inform, to make known_: inf. biódan, 2893.--2) _to offer, to proffer_ (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, _offered them an agreement_, 1086; pret. part. þâ wäs æht boden Sweona leódum, _then was pursuit offered the Swedish people_, 2958; inf. ic þäm gôdan sceal mâðmas beódan, _I shall offer the excellent man treasures_, 385. â-beódan, _to present, to announce_: pret. word inne âbeád, _made known the words within_, 390; _to offer, to tender, to wish_: pret. him hæl âbeád, _wished him health_ (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hælo âbeád, 2419; eoton weard âbeád, _offered the giant a watcher_, 669. be-beódan, _to command, to order_: pret. swâ him se hearda bebeád, _as the strong man commanded them_, 401. Similarly, swâ se rîca bebeád, 1976. ge-beódan: 1) _to command, to order_: inf. hêt þâ gebeódan byre Wihstânes häleða monegum, þät hie..., _the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..._, 3111.--2) _to offer_: him Hygd gebeád hord and rîce, _offered him the treasure and the chief power_, 2370; inf. gûðe gebeódan, _to offer battle_, 604. beód-geneát, st. m., _table-companion_: nom. and acc. pl. geneátas, 343, 1714. beón, verb, _to be_, generally in the future sense, _will be_: pres. sg. I. gûðgeweorca ic beó gearo sôna, _I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds_, 1826; sg. III. wâ bið þäm þe sceal..., _woe to him who_...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þe wilna gâd (_no wish will be denied thee_), 661; þær þe bið manna þearf, _if thou shalt need the warriors_, 1836; ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw, _is not becoming, honorable to a woman_, 1941; eft sôna bið _will happen directly_, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne bióð brocene, _then are broken_, 2064; feor cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þam þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. beó (bió) þu on ôfeste, _hasten!_ 386, 2748; beó wið Geátas gläd, _be gracious to the Geátas_, 1174. beór, st. n., _beer_: dat. sg. ät beóre, _at beer-drinking_, 2042; instr. sg. beóre druncen, 531; beóre druncne, 480. beór-scealc, st. m., _keeper of the beer, cup-bearer_: gen. pl. beór-scealca sum (one of Hrôðgâr's followers, because they served the Geátas at meals), 1241. beór-sele, st. m., _beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk_: dat. sg. in (on) beórsele, 482, 492, 1095; biórsele, 2636. beór-þegu, st. f., _beer-drinking, beer-banquet_: dat. sg. äfter beórþege, 117; ät þære beórþege, 618. beót, st. n., _promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken_: acc. sg. he beót ne âlêh, _did not break his pledge_, 80; beót eal ... gelæste, _performed all that he had pledged himself to_, 523. ge-beótian, w. v., _to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self_: pret. gebeótedon, 480, 536. beót-word, st. n., same as beót: dat. pl. beót-wordum spräc, 2511. biddan, st. v., _to beg, to ask, to pray_: pres. sg. I. dôð swâ ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þe biddan wille ânre bêne, _beg thee for one_, 427; pret. swâ he selfa bäd, _as he himself had requested_, 29; bäd hine blîðne (supply wesan) ät þære beórþege, _begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet_, 618; ic þe lange bäd þät þu..., _begged you a long time that you_, 1995; frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, _begged his lord for protection_ (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bäd þät ge geworhton, _asked that you_..., 3097; pl. wordum bædon þät..., 176. on-bidian, w. v., _to await_: inf. lætað hilde-bord her onbidian ... worda geþinges, _let the shields await here the result of the conference_ (lay the shields aside here), 397. bil, st. n. _sword_: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.--Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, wîg-bil. bindan, st. v., _to bind, to tie_: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, _the bound wood_, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, _a sword bound with gold_, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning. ge-bindan, _to bind_: pret. sg. þær ic fîfe geband, _where I had bound five_(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ôðer fand sôðe gebunden, _the king's man found_ (after many had already praised Beówulf's deed) _other words_ (also referring to Beówulf, but in connection with Sigemund) _rightly bound together_, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenmæl wrättum gebunden, _sword bound with ornaments_, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, _bound together by sorrow_, 1744; gomel gûðwîga eldo gebunden, _hoary hero bound by old age_ (fettered, oppressed), 2112. on-bindan, _to unbind, to untie, to loose_: pret. onband, 501. ge-bind, st. n. coll., _that which binds, fetters_: in comp. îs-gebind. bite, st. m., _bite_, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite îrena, _the swords' bite_, 2260; dat. sg. äfter billes bite, 2061.--Comp. lâð-bite. biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) _sharp, cutting, cutting in_: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran stræle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bânum, _with sharp teeth_, 2693.--2) _irritated, furious_: nom. pl. bitere, 1432. bitre, adv., _bitterly_ (in a moral sense), 2332. bî, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) _near, at, on, about, by_ (as under be, No. 1): bî sæm tweónum, _in the circuit of both seas_, 1957; ârâs bî ronde, _raised himself up by the shield_, 2539; bî wealle gesät, _sat by the wall_, 2718. With a freer position: him big stôdan bunan and orcas, _round about him_, 3048.--2) _to, towards_ (motion): hwearf þâ bî bence, _turned then towards the bench_, 1189; geóng bî sesse, _went to the seat_, 2757. bîd (see bîdan), st. n., _tarrying hesitation_: þær wearð Ongenþió on bîd wrecen, _forced to tarry_, 2963. bîdan, st. v.: 1) _to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait_: inf. nô on wealle leng bîdan wolde, _would not stay longer within the wall_ (the drake), 2309; pret. in þýstrum bâd, _remained in darkness_, 87; flota stille bâd, _the craft lay still_, 301; receda ... on þäm se rîca bâd, _where the mighty one dwelt_, 310; þær se snottra bâd, _where the wise man_ (Hrôðgâr) _waited_, 1314; he on searwum bâd, _he_ (Beówulf) _stood there armed_, 2569; ic on earde bâd mælgesceafta, _lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate_, 2737; pret. pl. sume þær bidon, _some remained, waited there_, 400.--2) _to await, to wait for_, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bîdan woldon Grendles gûðe, _wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it_, 482; similarly, 528; wîges bîdan, _await the combat_, 1269; nalas andsware bîdan wolde, _would await no answer_, 1495; pret. bâd beadwa geþinges, _awaited the event of the battle_, 710; sægenga bâd âgend-freán, _the sea-goer_ (boat) _awaited its owner_, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bâd, lâðan lîges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82. â-bîdan, _to await_, with the gen.: inf., 978. ge-bîdan: 1) _to tarry, to wait_: imp. gebîde ge on beorge, _wait ye on the mountain_, 2530; pret. part. þeáh þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden häbbe Häreðes dôhtor _although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle_, 1929.--2) _to live through, to experience, to expect_ (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedäg mînne gebîdan, _shall live my last day_, 639; ne wênde ... bôte gebîdan, _did not hope ... to live to see reparation_, 935; fela sceal gebîdan leófes and lâðes, _experience much good and much affliction_, 1061; ende gebîdan, 1387, 2343; pret. he þäs frôfre gebâd, _received consolation_ (compensation) _therefore_, 7; gebâd wintra worn, _lived a great number of years_, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. tô gebîdanne ôðres yrfeweardes, _to await another heir_, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. tô gebîdanne þät his byre rîde on galgan, _to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows_, 2446; pret. dreám-leás gebâd þät he..., _joyless he experienced it, that he_..., 1721; þäs þe ic on aldre gebâd þät ic..., _for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that_..., 1780. on-bîdan, _to wait, to await_: pret. hordweard onbâd earfoðlîce ôð þät æfen cwom, _scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening_, 2303. bîtan, st. v., _to bite_, of the cutting of swords: inf. bîtan, 1455, 1524; pret. bât bânlocan, _bit into his body_ (Grendel), 743; bât unswîðor, _cut with less force_ (Beówulf's sword), 2579. blanca, w. m., properly _that which shines_ here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857. ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., _mixture, heaving mass, a turning_.--Comp.: sund-, ýð-geblond, windblond. blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., _mixed_, i.e. having gray hair, _gray-headed_, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595. bläc, adj., _dark, black_: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802. blâc, adj.: 1) _gleaming, shining_: acc. sg. blâcne leóman, _a brilliant gleam_, 1518.--2) of the white death-color, _pale_; in comp. heoroblâc. blæd, st. m.: 1) _strength, force, vigor_: nom. sg. wäs hira blæd scacen (of both tribes), _strength was gone_, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; nu is þînes mägnes blæd âne hwîle, _now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time_, 1762.--2) _reputation, renown, knowledge_ (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. blæd, 18; (þîn) blæd is âræred, _thy renown is spread abroad_, 1704. blæd-âgend, pt., _having renown, renowned_: nom. pl. blæd-âgende, 1014. blæd-fäst, adj., _firm in renown, renowned, known afar_: acc. sg. blædfästne beorn (of Äschere, with reference to 1329), 1300. bleát, adj., _miserable, helpless_; only in comp. wäl-bleát. bleáte, adv., _miserably, helplessly_, 2825. blîcan, st. v., _shine, gleam_: inf., 222 blîðe, adj.: 1) _blithe, joyous, happy_ acc. sg. blîðne, 618.--2) _gracious, pleasing_: nom. sg. blîðe, 436.--Comp. un-blîðe. blîð-heort, adj., _joyous in heart, happy_: nom. sg., 1803. blôd, st. n., _blood_: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blôde, 848; äfter deórum men him langað beorn wið blôde, _the hero_ (Hrôðgâr) _longs for the beloved man contrary to blood_, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blôde, 486, 935, 1595, etc. blôd-fâg, adj., _spotted with blood, bloody_, 2061. blôdig, adj., _bloody_: acc. sg. f. blôdge, 991; acc. sg. n. blôdig, 448; instr. sg. blôdigan gâre, 2441. ge-blôdian, w. v., _to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood_: pret. part. ge-blôdegod, 2693. blôdig-tôð, adj., _with bloody teeth_: nom. sg. bona blôdig-tôð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083. blôd-reów, adj., _bloodthirsty, bloody-minded_: nom. sg. him on ferhðe greów breóst-hord blôd-reów, _in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling_, 1720. be-bod, st. n., _command, order_; in comp. wundor-bebod. bodian, w. v., _(to be a messenger), to announce, to make known_: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blîð-heort bodode, _the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight_ (the rising sun), 1803. boga, w. m., _bow_, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. flân-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stân-boga. bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), _gangway_; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231. bold, st. n., _building, house, edifice_: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelâc's residence), 1926; (Beówulfs residence), 2197, 2327.--Comp. fold-bold. bold-âgend, pt., _house-owner, property-holder_: gen. pl. monegum boldâgendra, 3113. bolgen-môd, adj., _angry at heart, angry_, 710, 1714. bolster, st. m., _bolster, cushion, pillow_: dat. pl. (reced) geond-bræded wearð beddum and bolstrum, _was covered with beds and bolsters_, 1241.--Comp. hleór-bolster. bon-. See ban-. bora, w. m., _carrier, bringer, leader_: in the comp. mund-, ræd-, wæg-bora. bord, st. n., _shield_: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebräc, _over the crashing of the shields_, 2260.--Comp.: hilde-, wîg-bord. bord-häbbend, pt., _one having a shield, shield-bearer_: nom. pl. häbbende, 2896. bord-hreóða, w. m., _shield-cover, shield_ with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hreóðan, 2204. bord-rand, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg., 2560. bord-weall, st. m., _shield-wall, wall of shields_: acc. sg., 2981. bord-wudu, st. m., _shield-wood, shield_: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244. botm, st. m., _bottom_: dat. sg. tô botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507. bôt (emendation, cf. bêtan), st. f.: 1) _relief, remedy_: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bôte, 935; acc. sg. bôte, 910.--2) _a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute_: gen. sg. bôte, 158. brand, brond, st. m.: 1) _burning, fire_: nom. sg. þâ sceal brond fretan (_the burning of the body_), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne môston ... bronde forbärnan (_could not bestow upon him the solemn burning_), 2127; häfde landwara lîge befangen, bæle and bronde, _with glow, fire, and flame_, 2323.--2) in the passage, þät hine nô brond ne beadomêcas bîtan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated _sword, brand_ (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning _fire_ may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.--3) in the passage, forgeaf þâ Beówulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrôðgâr (perhaps _son_), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S. brant, bront, adj., _raging, foaming, going-high_, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568. brâd, adj.: 1) _extended, wide_: nom. pl. brâde rîce, 2208.--2) _broad_: nom. sg. heáh and brâd (of Beówulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brâdne mêce, 2979; (seax) brâd [and] brûnecg, _the broad, short sword with bright edge_, 1547.--3) _massive, in abundance_. acc, sg. brâd gold, 3106. ge-bräc, st. n., _noise, crash_: acc. sg. borda gebräc, 2260. geond-brædan, w. v., _to spread over, to cover entirely_: pret. part. geond-bræded, 1240. brecan, st. v.: 1) _to break, to break to pieces_: pret. bânhringas bräc, (the sword) _broke the joints_, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þät þær ænig mon wære ne bræce, _that no one should break the agreement_, 1101; pret. part. þonne bióð brocene ... âð-sweord eorla, _then are the oaths of the men broken_, 2064.--2) probably also simply _to break in upon something, to press upon_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sædeór monig hildetuxum heresyrcan bräc, _many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail_ (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.--3) _to break out, to spring out_: inf. geseah ... streám ût brecan of beorge, _saw a stream break out from the rocks_, 2547; lêt se hearda Higelâces þegn brâdne mêce ... brecan ofer bordweal, _caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields_, 2981.--4) figuratively, _to vex, not to let rest_: pret. hine fyrwyt bräc, _curiosity tormented_ (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785. ge-brecan, _to break to pieces_: pret. bânhûs gebräc, _broke in pieces his body_ (Beówulf in combat with Däghrefn), 2509. tô-brecan, _to break in pieces_: inf., 781; pret. part. tô-brocen, 998. þurh-brecan, _to break through_, pret. wordes ord breósthord þurh-bräc, _the word's point broke through his closed breast_, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793. brecð, st. f., _condition of being broken, breach_: nom. pl. môdes brecða (_sorrow of heart_), 171. â-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., _to fell to the ground, to kill_ (?): pret. âbredwade, 2620. bregdan, st. v., properly _to swing round_, hence: 1) _to swing_: inf. under sceadu bregdan, _swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows_, 708; pret. brägd ealde lâfe, _swung the old weapon_, 796; brägd feorh-genîðlan, _swung his mortal enemy_ (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git eágorstreám ... mundum brugdon, _stirred the sea with your hands_ (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. broden (brogden) mæl, _the drawn sword_, 1617, 1668.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ôðrum bregdan, _to weave a waylaying net for another_ (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrägl broden, _a woven shirt of mail_ (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756. â-bregdan, _to swing_: pret. hond up â-bräd, _swung, raised his hand_, 2576. ge-bregdan: 1) _swing_: pret. hring-mæl gebrägd, _swung the ringed sword_, 1565; eald sweord eácen ... þät ic þý wæpne gebrägd, _an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon_, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wällseaxe gebräd, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, _to draw out of the sheath_: sweord ær gebräd, _had drawn the sword before_, 2563.--2) _to knit, to knot, to plait_: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebroden, 1444. on-bregdan, _to tear open, to throw open_: pret. onbräd þâ recedes mûðan, _had then thrown open the entrance of the hall_ (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724. brego, st. m., _prince, ruler_: nom. sg. 427, 610. brego-rôf, adj., _powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength_: nom. sg. m., 1926. brego-stôl, st. m., _throne_, figuratively for _rule_: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þûsendo, bold and brego-stôl, _seven thousand_ see under sceat), _a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince_, 2197; þær him Hygd gebeád ... brego-stôl, _where H. offered him the chief power_, 2371; lêt þone bregostôl Beówulf healdan, _gave over to Beówulf the chief power_ (did not prevent Beówulf from entering upon the government), 2390. breme, adj., _known afar, renowned_. nom. sg., 18. brenting (see brant), st. m., _ship craft_: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808. â-breátan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. âbreót brimwîsan, _killed the sea-king_ (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See breótan. breóst, st. n.: 1) _breast_: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þät mîne breóst wereð, _which protects my breast_, 453; dat. pl. beadohrägl broden on breóstum läg. 552.--2) _the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom_: nom. sg. breóst innan weóll þeóstrum geþoncum, _his breast heaved with troubled thoughts_, 2332; dat. pl. lêt þâ of breóstum word ût faran, _caused the words to come out from his bosom_, 2551. breóst-gehygd, st. n. f., _breast-thought, secret thought_: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819. breóst-gewædu, st. n. pl., _breast-clothing, garment covering the breast_, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163. breóst-hord, st. m., _breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul_: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793. breóst-net, st. n., _breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg. breóst-net broden, 1549. breóst-weorðung, st. f., _ornament that is worn upon the breast_: acc. sg. breóst-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Beówulf receives from Wealhþeów (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelâc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frätwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name breóst-weorðung. breóst-wylm, st. m., _heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom_: acc. sg, 1878. breótan, st. v., _to break, to break in pieces, to kill_: pret. breát beódgeneátas, _killed his table-companions_ (courtiers), 1714. â-breótan, same as above: pret. þone þe heó on räste âbreát, _whom she killed upon his couch_, 1299; pret. part. þâ þät monige gewearð, þät hine seó brimwylf âbroten häfde, _many believed that the sea-wolf_ (Grendel's mother) _had killed him_, 1600; hî hyne ... âbroten häfdon, _had killed him_ (the dragon), 2708. brim, st. n., _flood, the sea_: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. tô brimes faroðe, _to the sea_, 28; ät brimes nosan, _at the sea's promontory_, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, _the waves subsided_, 570. brim-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea_: acc. pl. -clifu, 222. brim-lâd, st. f., _flood-way, sea-way_: acc. sg. þâra þe mid Beówulfe brimlâde teáh, _who had travelled the sea-way with B._, 1052. brim-lîðend, pt, _sea-farer, sailor_ acc. p. -lîðende, 568. brim-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, the flood of the sea_: acc. pl. ofer brim-streámas, 1911. brim-wîsa, w. m., _sea-king_: acc. sg. brimwîsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Geátas, 2931. brim-wylf, st. f., _sea-wolf_ (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. seó brimwylf, 1507, 1600. brim-wylm, st. m., _sea-wave_: nom. sg., 1495. bringan, anom. v., _to bring, to bear_: prs. sg. I. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, _bring to your assistance thousands of warriors_, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer heáðu bringan lâc and luftâcen, _shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea_, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. we þâs sælâc ... brôhton, _brought this sea-offering_ (Grendel's head), 1654. ge-bringan, _to bring_: pres. subj. pl. þat we þone gebringan ... on âdfäre, _that we bring him upon the funeral-pile_, 3010. brosnian, w. v., _to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces_: prs. sg. III. herepâd ... brosnað äfter beorne, _the coat of mail falls to pieces after_ (the death of) _the hero_, 2261. brôðor, st. m., _brother_: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brêðer, 1263; gen. sg. his brôðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brôðrum, 588, 1075. ge-brôðru, pl., _brethren, brothers_: dat. pl. sät be þæm gebrôðrum twæm, _sat by the two brothers_, 1192. brôga, w. m., _terror, horror_: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brôgan, 583.--Comp.: gryre-, here-brôga. brûcan, st. v. w. gen., _to use, to make use of_: prs. sg. III. se þe longe her worolde brûceð, _who here long makes use of the world_, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brûc manigra mêda, _make use of many rewards, give good rewards_, 1179; _to enjoy_: inf. þät he beáhhordes brûcan môste, _could enjoy the ring-hoard_, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. breác lîfgesceafta, _enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time_, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: breác þonne môste, 1488; imp. brûc þisses beáges, _enjoy this ring, take this ring_, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wel brûcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. hêt hine wel brûcan, 1046; hêt hine brûcan well, 2813; imp. brûc ealles well, 2163. brûn, adj., _having a brown lustre, shining_: nom. sg. sió ecg brûn, 2579. brûn-ecg, adj., _having a gleaming blade_: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brâd [and] brûnecg, _her broad sword with gleaming blade_, 1547. brûn-fâg, adj., _gleaming like metal_: acc. sg. brûnfâgne helm, 2616. bryne-leóma, w. m., _light of a conflagration, gleam of fire _: nom. sg., 2314. bryne-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire_: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327. brytnian (properly _to break in small pieces_, cf. breótan), w. v., _to bestow, to distribute_: pret. sinc brytnade, _distributed presents_, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384. brytta, w. m., _giver, distributer_, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. beága bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923. bryttian (_to be a dispenser_), w. v., _to distribute, to confer_: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, _bestows wisdom upon the human race_, 1727. brýd, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_: acc. sg. brýd, 2931; brýde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenþeów (?).--2) _betrothed, bride_: nom. sg., of Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáware, 2032. brýd-bûr, st. n., _woman's apartment_: dat. sg. eode ... cyning of brýdbûre, _the king came out of the apartment of his wife_ (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922. bunden-stefna, w. m., _(that which has a bound prow), the framed ship_: nom. sg., 1911. bune, w. f., _can_ or _cup, drinking-vessel_: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776. burh, burg, st. f., _castle, city, fortified house_: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.--Comp.: freó, freoðo-, heá-, hleó-, hord-, leód-, mæg-burg. burh-loca, w. m., _castle-bars_: dat. sg. under burh-locan, _under the castle-bars_, i.e. in the castle (Hygelâc's), 1929. burh-stede, st. m., _castle-place, place where the castle_ or _city stands_: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266. burh-wela, w. m., _riches, treasure of a castle_ or _city_: gen. sg. þenden he burh-welan brûcan môste, 3101. burne, w. f., _spring, fountain_: gen. þære burnan wälm, _the bubbling of the spring_, 2547. bûan, st. v.: 1) _to stay, to remain, to dwell_: inf. gif he weard onfunde bûan on beorge, _if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain_, 2843.--2) _to inhabit_, w. acc.: meduseld bûan, _to inhabit the mead-house_, 3066. ge-bûan, w. acc., _to occupy a house, to take possession_: pret. part. heán hûses, hû hit Hring Dene äfter beórþege gebûn häfdon, _how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it_ (had made their beds in it), 117.--With the pres. part. bûend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bûend. bûgan, st. v., _to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee_: prs. sg. III. bon-gâr bûgeð, _the fatal spear sinks_, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, _that the armed hero had to sink down_ (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. beáh eft under eorðweall, _turned, fled again behind the earth-wall_, 2957; pret. pl. bugon tô bence, _turned to the bench_, 327, 1014; hy on holt bugon, _fled to the wood_, 2599. â-bûgan, _to bend off, to curve away from_: pret. fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, _from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench_, 776. be-bûgan, w. acc., _to surround, to encircle_: prs. swâ (_which_) wäter bebûgeð, 93; efne swâ sîde swâ sæ bebûgeð windige weallas, _as far as the sea encircles windy shores_, 1224. ge-bûgan, _to bend, to bow, to sink_: a) intrans.: heó on flet gebeáh, _sank on the floor_, 1541; þâ gebeáh cyning, _then sank the king_, 2981; þâ se wyrm gebeáh snûde tôsomne (_when the drake at once coiled itself up_), 2568; gewât þâ gebogen scrîðan tô, _advanced with curved body_ (the drake), 2570.--b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebeáh, _sank upon the couch in the hall_, 691; similarly gebeág, 1242. bûr, st. n., _apartment, room_: dat. sg. bûre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. bûrum, 140.--Comp. brýd-bûr. bûtan, bûton (from be and ûtan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, _lest_: bûtan his lîc swice, _lest his body escape_, 967. With ind. following, _but_: bûton hit wäs mâre þonne ænig mon ôðer tô beadulâce ätberan meahte, _but it_ (the sword) _was greater than any other man could have carried to battle_, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, _except_: þâra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston bûton Fitela mid hine, _which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him_, 880; ne nom he mâðm-æhta mâ bûton þone hafelan, etc., _he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone_, 1615.--2) prep, with dat., _except_: bûton folcscare, 73; bûton þe, 658; ealle bûton ânum, 706. bycgan, w. v., _to buy, to pay_: inf. ne wäs þät gewrixle til þät hie on bâ healfa bicgan scoldon freónda feorum, _that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides_ (as well to Grendel as to his mother), _had to pay with the lives of their friends_, 1306. be-bycgan, _to sell_: pret. nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorhlege (_now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life_), 2800. ge-bycgan, _to buy, to acquire; to pay_: pret. w. acc. nô þær ænige ... frôfre gebohte, _obtained no sort of help, consolation_, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, _paid it with his life_, 2482; pret. part. sylfes feore beágas [geboh]te, _bought rings with his own life_, 3015. byldan, w. v. (_to make_ beald, which see), _to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds_: inf. w. acc. swâ he Fresena cyn on beórsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095. ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. hie on gebyrd hruron gâre wunde, 1075. ge-byrdu, st. f., _birth_; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu. byrdu-scrûd, st. n., _shield-ornament, design upon a shield_(?): nom. sg., 2661. byre, st. m., (_born_) _son_: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, _young man, youth_: acc. pl. bædde byre geonge, _encouraged the youths_ (at the banquet), 2019. byrðen, st. f., _burden_; in comp. mägen-byrðen. byrele, st. m., _steward, waiter, cupbearer_: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162. byrgan, w. v., _to feast, to eat_: inf., 448. ge-byrgea, w. m., _protector_; in comp. leód-gebyrgea. byrht. See _beorht_. byrne, w. f., _shirt of mail, mail_: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, _ring-shirt_, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sîde byrnan, _large coat of mail_, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hâre byrnan, _gray coat of mail_ (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, _the ring of the shirt of mail_ (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, _with gleaming mail_, 3141.--Comp.: gûð-, here-, heaðo-, îren-, îsern-byrne. byrnend. See beornan. byrn-wîga, w. m., _warrior dressed in a coat of mail_: nom. sg., 2919. bysgu, bisigu, st. f., _trouble, difficulty, opposition_: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581. bysig, adj., _opposed, in need_, in the compounds lîf-bysig, syn-bysig. býme, w. f., _a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone_: gen. sg. býman gealdor, _the sound of the trumpet_, 2944. býwan, w. v., _to ornament, to prepare_: inf. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon, _who should prepare the helmets_, 2258. C camp, st. m., _combat, fight between two_: dat. sg. in campe (Beówulf's with Däghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506. candel, st. f., _light, candle_: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.--Comp. woruld-candel. cempa, w. m., _fighter, warrior, hero_: nom. sg. äðele cempa, 1313; Geáta cempa, 1552; rêðe cempa, 1586; mære cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hûga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.--Comp. fêðe-cempa. cennan, w. v.: 1) _to bear_, w. acc.: efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende, _who bore the son_, 944; pret. part. þäm eafera wäs äfter cenned, _to him was a son born_, 12.--2) reflexive, _to show one's self, to reveal one's self_: imp. cen þec mid cräfte, _prove yourself by your strength_, 1220. â-cennan, _to bear_: pret. part. nô hie fäder cunnon, hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, _they_ (the people of the country) _do not know his_ (Grendel's) _father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him_ (whether he has begotten a son), 1357. cênðu, st. f., _boldness_: acc. sg. cênðu, 2697. cêne, adj., _keen, warlike, bold_: gen. p.. cênra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cênoste, 206.--Comp.: dæd-, gâr-cêne. ceald, adj., _cold_: acc. pl. cealde streámas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsîðum, _with cold, sad journeys_, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;--Comp. morgen-ceald. cearian, w. v., _to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self_: prs. sg. III. nâ ymb his lîf cearað, _takes no care for his life_, 1537. cearig, adj., _troubled, sad_: in comp. sorh-cearig. cear-sîð, st. m., _sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow_, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsîðum (of Beówulf's expeditions against Eádgils), 2397. cearu, st. f., _care, sorrow, lamentation_: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.--Comp.: ealdor-, gûð-, mæl-, môd-cearu. cear-wälm, st. m., _care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast_: dat. pl. äfter cear-wälmum, 2067. cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þâ cear-wylmas, 282. ceaster-bûend, pt, _inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle_: dat. pl. ceaster-bûendum, of those established in Hrôðgâr's castle, 769. ceáp, st. m., _purchase, transaction_: figuratively, nom. sg. näs þät ýðe ceáp, _no easy transaction_, 2416; instr. sg. þeáh þe ôðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan ceápe, _although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase_, 2483. ge-ceápian, w. v., _to purchase_: pret. part. gold unrîme grimme geceápod, _gold without measure, bitterly purchased_ (with Beówulf's life), 3013. be-ceorfan, st. v., _to separate, to cut off_ (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þâ heáfde becearf, _cut off his head_, 1591; similarly, 2139. ceorl, st. m., _man_: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, _many a wise man_, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, _the old man_ (of King Hrêðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþeów, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, _wise men_, 202, 416, 1592. ceól, st. m., _keel_, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. ceól, 38, 238; gen. sg. ceóles, 1807. ceósan, st. v., _to choose_, hence, _to assume_: inf. þone cynedôm ciósan wolde, _would assume the royal dignity_, 2377; _to seek_: pret. subj. ær he bæl cure, _before he sought his funeral-pile_ (before he died), 2819. ge-ceósan, _to choose, to elect_: gerund, tô geceósenne cyning ænigne (sêlran), _to choose a better king_, 1852; imp. þe þät sêlre ge-ceós, _choose thee the better_ (of two: bealonîð and êce rædas), 1759; pret. he ûsic on herge geceás tô þyssum siðfate, _selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking_, 2639; geceás êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes leóht geceás, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. häfde ... cempan gecorone, 206. on-cirran, w. v., _to turn, to change_: inf. ne meahte ... þäs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, _could not change the will of the Almighty_, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, _turned higher_, 2952; þyder oncirde, _turned thither_, 2971. â-cîgan, w. v., _to call hither_: pret. âcîgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, _called from the retinue of the king seven men_, 3122. clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? _fetter_, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503. clif, cleof, st. n., _cliff, promontory_: acc. pl. Geáta clifu, 1912.--Comp.: brim-, êg-, holm-, stân-clif. ge-cnâwan, st. v., _to know, to recognize_: inf. meaht þu, mîn wine, mêce gecnâwan, _mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword_, 2048. on-cnâwan, _to recognize, to distinguish_: hordweard oncniów mannes reorde, _distinguished the speech of a man_, 2555. cniht, st. m., _boy, youth_: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, _to these boys_ (Hrôðgâr's sons), 1220. cniht-wesende, prs. part., _being a boy_ or _a youth_: acc. sg. ic hine cûðe cniht-wesende, _knew him while still a boy_, 372; nom. pl. wit þät gecwædon cniht-wesende, _we both as young men said that_, 535. cnyssan, w. v., _to strike, to dash against each other_: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed_ (in battle), 1329. collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, _of swollen mind_), _of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded_: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Beówulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wîglâf, 2786. corðer, st. n., _troop, division of an army, retinue_: dat. sg. þâ wäs ... Fin slägen, cyning on corðre, _then was Fin slain, the king in the troop_ (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, _out of the retinue of the king_, 3122. costian, w. v., _to try_; pret. (w. gen.) he mîn costode, _tried me_, 2085. côfa, w. m., _apartment, sleeping-room, couch_: in comp. bân-côfa. côl, adj., _cool_: compar. cearwylmas côlran wurðað, _the waves of sorrow become cooler_, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wîflufan ... côlran weorðað, _his love for his wife cools_, 2067. cräft, st. m., _the condition of being able_, hence: 1) _physical strength_: nom. sg. mägða cräft, 1284; acc. sg. mägenes cräft, 418; þurh ânes cräft, 700; cräft and cênðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cräfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.--2) _art, craft, skill_: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cräfte, _with secret_ (magic) _art_, 2169; dyrnan cräfte, 2291; þeófes cräfte, _with thief's craft_, 2221; dat. pl. deófles cräftum, _by devil's art_ (sorcery), 2089.--3) _great quantity_ (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cräft, 2223.--Comp.: leoðo-, mägen-, nearo-, wîg-cräft. cräftig, adj.: 1) _strong, stout_: nom. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; nîða cräftig, 1963. Comp. wîg-cräftig.--2) _adroit, skilful_: in comp. lagu-cräftig.--3) _rich_ (of treasures); in comp. eácen-cräftig. cringan, st. v., _to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded_: pret. subj. on wäl crunge, _would sink into death, would fall_, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wäle crungon, 1114. ge-cringan, same as above: pret. he under rande gecranc, _fell under his shield_, 1210; ät wîge gecrang, _fell in battle_, 1338; heó on flet gecrong, _fell to the ground_, 1569; in campe gecrong, _fell in single combat_, 2506. cuma (_he who comes_), w. m., _newcomer, guest_: nom. sg. 1807.--Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma. cuman, st. v., _to come_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu on weg cymest, _if thou comest from there_, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne we ût cymen, _when we come out_, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. com, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwom, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwôme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, com gongan, 711; com sîðian, 721; com in gân, 1645; cwom gân, 1163; com scacan, 1803; cwômon lædan, 239; cwômon sêcean, 268; cwôman scrîðan, 651, etc. [pret. côm, etc.] be-cuman, _to come, to approach, to arrive_: pret. syððan niht becom, _after the night had come_, 115; þe on þâ leóde becom, _that had come over the people_, 192; þâ he tô hâm becom, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becom ... hlynnan under hârne stân, 2553; lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan, 2366; ôð þät ende becwom, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þâ hyne sió þrag becwom, _when this time of battle came over him_, 2884. ofer-cuman, _to overcome, to compel_: pret. þý he þone feónd ofercwom, _thereby he overcame the foe_, 1274: pl. hie feónd heora ... ofercômon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nîða ofercumen, _compelled by combats_, 846. cumbol, cumbor, st. m., _banner_: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.--Comp. hilte-cumbor. cund, adj., _originating in, descended from_: in comp. feorran-cund. cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) _to know, to be acquainted with_ (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mînne can glädne Hrôðulf þät he ... wile, _I know my gracious H., that he will_..., 1181; II. eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the land_, 1378; III. he þät wyrse ne con, _knows no worse_, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, _knows the land well_, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrûnan scrîðað, _men do not know whither_..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cûðe, _knew him_, 372; cûðe he duguð þeáw, _knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers_, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cûðe þurh hwät..., _he himself did not know through what_..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cûðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): nô hie fäder cunnon (scil. nô hie cunnon) hwäðer him ænig wäs ær âcenned dyrnra gâsta, 1356.--2) with inf. following, _can, to be able_: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, _cannot defend himself_, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, _cannot say_, 50; pret. sg. cûðe reccan, 90; beorgan cûðe, 1446; pret. pl. hêrian ne cûðon, _could not praise_, 182; pret. subj. healdan cûðe, 2373. cunnian, w. v., _to inquire into, to try_, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for _roam over the sea_), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, _to try the young warrior's mind_, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, _tried the home_, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, _tried the flood_, i.e. swam through the sea, 508. cûð, adj.: 1) _known, well known; manifest, certain_: nom. sg. undyrne cûð, 150, 410; wîde cûð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cûðe folme, 1304; cûðe stræte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cûðe, 1146; acc. pl. cûðe nässas, 1913.--2) _renowned_: nom. sg. gûðum cûð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cûðe, 868.--3) also, _friendly, dear, good_ (see un-cûð).--Comp.: un-, wîd-cûð. cûð-lîce, adv., _openly, publicly_: comp. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lind-häbbende, _no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither_ (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244. cwalu, st. f., _murder, fall_: in comp. deáð-cwalu. cweccan (_to make alive_, see cwic), w. v., _to move, to swing_: pret. cwehte mägen-wudu, _swung the wood of strength_ (= spear), 235. cweðan, st. v., _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið ät beóre, _speaks at beer-drinking_, 2042.--b) w. acc.: pret. word äfter cwäð, 315; feá worda cwäð, 2247, 2663.--c) with þät following: pret. sg. cwäð, 92, 2159; pl. cwædon, 3182.--d) with þät omitted: pret. cwäð he gûð-cyning sêcean wolde, _said he would seek out the war-king_, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940. â-cweðan, _to say, to speak_, w. acc.: prs. þät word âcwyð, _speaks the word_, 2047; pret. þät word âcwäð, 655. ge-cweðan, _to say, to speak_: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. swâ þu gecwæde, 2665.--b)w. acc.: pret. wel-hwylc gecwäð, _spoke everything_, 875; pl. wit þät gecwædon, 535.--c) w. þät following: pret. gecwäð, 858, 988. cwellan, w. v., (_to make die_), _to kill, to murder_: pret. sg. II. þu Grendel cwealdest, 1335. â-cwellan, _to kill_: pret. sg. (he) wyrm âcwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel ær mâne âcwealde, _whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered_, 1056; beorn âcwealde, 2122. cwên, st. f.: 1) _wife, consort_ (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwên, 62; (Hrôðgâr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.--2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. beághroden cwên (Wealhþeów), 624; mæru cwên, 2017; fremu folces cwên (Þryðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwên (Wealhþeów), 666.-Comp. folc-cwên. cwên-lîc, adj., _feminine, womanly_: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwênlîc þeáw (_such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman_), 1941. cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder, destruction_: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewräc, _avenged the death_ (of Abel by Cain), 107; mændon mondryhtnes cwealm, _lamented the ruler's fall_, 3150.--Comp.: bealo-, deáð-, gâr-cwealm. cwealm-bealu, st. n., _the evil of murder_: acc. sg., 1941. cwealm-cuma, w. m., _one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder_: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793. cwic and cwico, adj., _quick, having life, alive_: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. âht cwices, _something living_, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wäs þâ gena, _was still alive_, 3094. cwide, st. m., _word, speech, saying_: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hleó-, ðor- [non-existant form--KTH], word-cwide. cwîðan, st. v., _to complain, to lament_: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwîðan hilde-strengo, _began to lament the_ (departed) _battle-strength of his youth_, 2113 [ceare] cwîðan, _lament their cares_, 3173. cyme, st. m., _coming, arrival_: nom. pl. hwanan eówre cyme syndon, _whence your coming is_, i. e. whence ye are, 257.--Comp. eft-cyme. cymlîce, adv., (convenienter), _splendidly, grandly_: comp. cymlîcor, 38. cyn, st. n., _race_, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Fresena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; giganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; eówrum (of those who desert Beówulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mæran cynnes, 1730; lâðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; ûsses cynnes Wægmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.--Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn. cyn, st. n., _that which is suitable or proper_: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614. ge-cynde, adj., _innate, peculiar, natural_: nom. sg., 2198, 2697. cyne-dôm, st. m., _kingdom, royal dignity_: acc. sg., 2377. cyning, st. m., _king_: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.--Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, heáh-, leód-, sæ-, sôð-, þeód-, worold-, wuldor-cyning. cyning-beald, adj., "_nobly bold_" (Thorpe), _excellently brave_ (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635. ge-cyssan, w. v., _to kiss_: pret. gecyste þâ cyning ... þegen betstan, _kissed the best thane_ (Beówulf), 1871. cyst (_choosing_, see ceósan), st. f., _the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence_: nom. sg. îrenna cyst, _of the swords_, 803, 1698; wæpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, _choice banquet_, 1233; acc. sg. îrena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cûðe, _known through excellent qualities_, 868; (cyning) cystum gecýðed, 924.--Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst. cýð. See on-cýð. cýðan (see cûð), w. v., _to make known, to manifest, to show_: imp. sg. mägen-ellen cýð, _show thy heroic strength_, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cýðan, 1941; ellen cýðan, 2696. ge-cýðan (_to make known_, hence): 1) _to give information, to announce_: inf. andsware gecýðan, _to give answer_, 354; gerund, tô gecýðanne hwanan eówre cyme syndon (_to show whence ye come_), 257; pret. part. sôð is gecýðed þät ... (_the truth has become known_, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelâce wäs sîð Beówulfes snûde gecýðed, _the arrival of B. was quickly announced_, 1972; similarly, 2325.--2) _to make celebrated_, in pret. part.: wäs mîn fäder folcum gecýðed (_my father was known to warriors_), 262; wäs his môdsefa manegum gecýðed, 349; cystum gecýðed, 924. cýððu (properly, _condition of being known_, hence _relationship_), st. f., _home, country, land_: in comp. feor-cýððu. [should be cýð, feor-cýð--KTH] ge-cýpan, w. v., _to purchase_: inf. näs him ænig þearf þät he ... þurfe wyrsan wîgfrecan weorðe gecýpan, _had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior_, 2497. D daroð, st. m., _spear_: dat. pl. dareðum lâcan (_to fight_), 2849. ge-dâl, st. n., _parting, separation_: nom. sg. his worulde gedâl, _his separation from the world_ (his death), 3069.--Comp. ealdor-, lîf-gedâl. däg, st. m., _day_: nom. sg. däg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. däg, 2400; andlangne däg, _the whole day_, 2116; morgenlongne däg (_the whole morning_), 2895; ôð dômes däg, _till judgment-day_, 3070; dat. sg. on þäm däge þysses lîfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. däges, 1601, 2321; hwîl däges, _a day's time, a whole day_, 1496; däges and nihtes, _day and night_, 2270; däges, _by day_, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, _in ten days_, 3161.--Comp. ær-, deáð-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, geâr-, læn-, lîf-, swylt-, win-däg, an-däges. däg-hwîl, st. f., _day-time_: acc. pl. þät he däghwîla gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, _that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days_ (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.--(After Grein.) däg-rîm, st. n., _series of days, fixed number of days_: nom. sg. dôgera dägrîm (_number of the days of his life_), 824. dæd, st. f., _deed, action_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585; dômleásan dæd, 2891; frêcne dæde, 890; dæd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dæda, 195; gen. pl. dæda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. dædum, 1228, 2437, etc.--Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dæd. dæd-cêne, adj., _bold in deed_: nom. sg. dæd-cêne mon, 1646. dæd-fruma, w. m., _doer of deeds, doer_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091. dæd-bata, w. m., _he who pursues with his deeds_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275. dædla, w. m., _doer_: in comp. mân-for-dædla. dæl, st. m., _part, portion_: acc. sg. dæl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dælas, 1733.--Often dæl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, ôð þät him on innan oferhygda dæl weaxeð, _till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases_: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Biówulfe wearð dryhtmâðma dæl deáðe, forgolden, _to Beówulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death_, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128. dælan, w. v., _to divide, to bestow, to share with_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mâdmas dæleð, 1757; pres. subj. þät he wið aglæcean eofoðo dæle, _that he bestow his strength upon_ (strive with) _the bringer of misery_ the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dælan, 1971; pret. beágas dælde, 80; sceattas dælde, 1687. be-dælan, w. instr., _(to divide), to tear away from, to strip of_: pret. part. dreámum (dreáme) bedæled, _deprived of the heavenly joys_ (of Grendel), 722, 1276. ge-dælan: 1) _to distribute_: inf. (w. acc. _of the thing distributed_); bær on innan eall gedælan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, _distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him_, 71.--2) _to divide, to separate_, with acc.: inf. sundur gedælan lîf wið lîce, _separate life from the body_, 2423; so pret. subj. þät he gedælde ... ânra gehwylces lîf wið lîce, 732. denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., _den, cave_: acc. sg. þäs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewât dennes niósian, 3046. ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) _proper, appropriate_: nom. sg. swâ hit gedêfe wäs (bið), _as was appropriate, proper_, 561, 1671, 3176.--2) _good, kind, friendly_; nom sg. beó þu suna mînum dædum gedêfe, _be friendly to my son by deeds_ (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.--Comp. un-ge-dêfelîce. dêman (see dôm), w. v.: 1) _to judge, to award justly_: pres. subj. mærðo dême, 688.--2) _to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify_: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dêmdon, _praised his heroic deed with all their might_, 3176. dêmend, _judge_: dæda dêmend (of God), 181. deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum dealle, 494. deád, adj., _dead_: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. deádne, 1310. deáð, st. m., _death, dying_: nom. sg, deáð, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. deáð, 2169; dat. sg. deáðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. deáðes wylm, 2270; deáðes nýd, 2455.--Comp. gûð-, wäl-, wundor-deáð. deáð-bed, st. n., _death-bed_: dat. sg. deáð-bedde fäst, 2902. deáð-cwalu, st. f., _violent death_, _ruin and death_: dat. pl. tô deáð-cwalum, 1713. deáð-cwealm, st. m., _violent death, murder_: nom. sg. 1671. deáð-däg, st. m., _death-day, dying day_: dat. sg. äfter deáð-däge (_after his death_), 187, 886. deáð-fæge, adj., _given over to death_: nom. sg. (Grendel) deáð-fæge deóg, _had hidden himself, being given over to death_ (mortally wounded), 851. deáð-scûa, w. m., _death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death_: nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa (of Grendel), 160. deáð-wêrig, adj., _weakened by death_, i.e. dead: acc. sg. deáð-wêrigne, 2126. See wêrig. deáð-wîc, st. n. _death's house, home of death_: acc. sg. gewât deáðwîc seón (_had died_), 1276. deágan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, _hidden_), _to conceal one's self, to hide_: pret. (for pluperf.) deóg, 851.--Leo. deorc, adj., _dark_: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc deáð-scûa, 160. deófol, st. m. n., _devil_: gen. sg. deófles, 2089; gen. pl. deófla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681. deógol, dýgol, adj., _concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown_: nom. sg. deógol dædhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dýgel lond, _inaccessible land_, 1358. deóp, st. n., _deep, abyss_: acc. sg., 2550. deóp, adv. _deeply_: acc. sg. deóp wäter, 509, 1905. diópe, adj., _deep_: hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære, _the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it_, 3070. deór, st. n., _animal, wild animal_: in comp. mere-, sæ-deór. deór, adj.: 1) _wild, terrible_: nom. sg. diór dæd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.--2) _bold, brave_: nom. nænig ... deór, 1934.--Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-deór. deóre, dýre, adj.: 1) _dear, costly_ (high in price): acc. sg. dýre îren, 2051; drincfät dýre (deóre), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. deóran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. deórum mâðme, 1529; nom. pl. dýre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. deóre (dýre) mâðmas, 2237, 3132.--2) _dear, beloved, worthy_: nom. sg. f., äðelum dióre, _worthy by reason of origin_, 1950; dat. sg. äfter deórum men, 1880; gen. sg. deórre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone deórestan, 1310. deór-lîc, adj., _bold, brave_: acc. sg. deórlîce dæd, 585. See deór. disc, st. m., _disc, plate, flat dish_: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049. ge-dîgan. See ge-dýgan. dol-gilp, st. m., _mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity_: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509. dol-lîc, adj., _audacious_: gen. pl. mæst ... dæda dollîcra, 2647. dol-sceaða, w. m., _bold enemy_: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479. dôgor, st. m. n., _day_; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ântîd ôðres dôgores, _at the same time of the next day_, 219; morgen-leóht ôðres dôgores, _the morning-light of the second day_, 606.--2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þys dôgor, _during this day_, 1396; instr. þý dôgore, 1798; forman dôgore, 2574; gen. pl. dôgora gehwâm, 88; dôgra gehwylce, 1091; dôgera dägrim, _the number of his days_ (the days of his life), 824.--3) _day_ in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, _in later days, times_, 2201, 2393.--Comp. ende-dôgor. dôgor-gerîm, st. n., _series of days_: gen. sg. wäs eall sceacen dôgor-gerîmes, _the whole number of his days_ (his life) _was past_, 2729. dôhtor, st. f., _daughter_: nom. acc. sg. dôhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc. dôm, st. m.: I., _condition, state in general_; in comp. cyne-, wis-dôm.--II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) _judgment, judicial opinion_: instr. sg. weotena dôme, _according to the judgment of the Witan_, 1099. 2) _custom_: äfter dôme, _according to custom_, 1721. 3) _court, tribunal_: gen. sg. miclan dômes, 979; ôð dômes däg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.--III., _condition of freedom_ or _superiority_, hence: 4) _choice, free will_: acc. sg. on sînne sylfes dôm, _according to his own choice_, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dôme, 896, 2777. 5) _might, power_: nom. sg. dôm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores ânne dôm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dôme, 441. 6) _glory, honor, renown_: nom. sg. [dôm], 955; dôm unlytel, _not a little glory_, 886; þät wäs forma sîð deórum mâðme þät his dôm âläg, _it was the first time to the dear treasure_ (the sword Hrunting) _that its fame was not made good_, 1529; acc. sg. ic me dôm gewyrce, _make renown for myself_, 1492; þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, _that thou let not honor fall_, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þær he dôme forleás, _here he lost his reputation_, 1471; dôme gewurðad, _adorned with glory_, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce se þe môte dômes, _let him make himself reputation, whoever is able_, 1389. 7) _splendor_ (in heaven): acc. sôð-fästra dôm, _the glory of the saints_, 2821. dôm-leás, adj., _without reputation, inglorious_: acc. sg. f. dômleásan dæd, 2891. dôn, red. v., _to do, to make, to treat_: 1) absolutely: imp. dôð swâ ic bidde, _do as I beg_, 1232.--2) w. acc.: inf. hêt hire selfre sunu on bæl dôn, 1117; pret. þâ he him of dyde îsernbyrnan, _took off the iron corselet_, 672; (þonne) him Hûnlâfing, ... billa sêlest, on bearm dyde, _when he made a present to him of Hûnlâfing, the best of swords_, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, _took off the gold ring from his neck_, 2810; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, _nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength_, 2349; pl. hi on beorg dydon bêg and siglu, _placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments_, 3165.--3) representing preceding verbs: inf. tô Geátum sprec mildum wordum! swâ sceal man dôn, _as one should do_, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum weóld, swâ he nu git dêð, _the creator ruled over all, as he still does_, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. swâ þu ær dydest, 1677; III. swâ he nu gyt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. swâ hie oft ær dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wên' ic þät he wille ... Geátena leóde etan unforhte, swâ he oft dyde mägen Hrêðmanna, _I believe he will wish to devour the Geát people, the fearless, as he often did_ (devoured) _the bloom of the Hrêðmen_, 444; gif ic þät gefricge ... þät þec ymbesittend egesan þýwað, swâ þec hetende hwîlum dydon, _that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee_ (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, _if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done_, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þâ dydon, 44. ge-dôn, _to do, to make_, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, _makes the parts of the world_ (i.e. the whole world) _so subject that ..._, 1733; inf. ne hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedôn wolde, _nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet_, 2187. With adv.: he mec þær on innan ... gedôn wolde, _wished to place me in there_, 2091. draca, w. m., _drake, dragon_: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.--Comp.: eorð-, fýr-, lêg-, lîg-, nîð-draca. on-drædan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., _to fear, to be afraid of_: inf. þät þu him on-drædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, _needest not fear death for them_, 1675; pret. nô he him þâ säcce ondrêd, _was not afraid of the combat_, 2348. ge-dräg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., _demeanor, actions_: acc. sg. sêcan deófla gedräg, 757. drepan, st. v., _to hit, to strike_: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genîðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran stræle, _struck in the breast with piercing arrow_, 1746; wäs in feorh dropen (_fatally hit_), 2982. drepe, st. m., _blow, stroke_: acc. sg. drepe, 1590. drêfan, ge-drêfan, w. v., _to move, to agitate, to stir up_: inf. gewât ... drêfan deóp wäter (_to navigate_), 1905; pret. part. wäter under stôd dreórig and gedrêfed, 1418. dreám, st. m., _rejoicing, joyous actions, joy_: nom. sg. häleða dreám, 497; acc. sg. dreám hlûdne, 88; þu ... dreám healdende, _thou who livest in rejoicing_ (at the drinking-carouse), _who art joyous_, 1228: dat. instr. sg. dreáme bedæled, 1276; gen. pl. dreáma leás, 851; dat. pl. dreámum (here adverbial) lifdon, _lived in rejoicing, joyously_, 99; dreámum bedæled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.--Comp. gleó-, gum-, man-, sele-dreám. dreám-leás, adj., _without rejoicing, joyless_: nom. sg. of King Heremôd, 1721. dreógan, st. v.: 1) _to lead a life, to be in a certain condition_: pret. dreáh äfter dôme, _lived in honor, honorably_, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þät hie ær drugon aldorleáse lange hwile, _(God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler_ (?), 15.--2) _to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy_: imp. dreóh symbelwynne, _pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal_, 1783; inf. driht-scype dreógan (_do a heroic deed_), 1471; pret. sundnytte dreáh (_had the occupation of swimming_, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. hie gewin drugon (_fought_), 799; hî sîð drugon, _made the way, went_, 1967.--3) _to experience, to bear, to suffer_: scealt werhðo dreógan, _shall suffer damnation_, 590; pret. þegn-sorge dreáh, _bore sorrow for his heroes_, 131; nearoþearfe dreáh, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þe hie ær drugon, 832; similarly, 1859. â-dreógan, _to suffer, to endure_: inf. wræc âdreógan, 3079. ge-dreógan, _to live through, to enjoy_, pret. part. þät he ... gedrogen häfde eorðan wynne, _that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth_ (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727. dreór, st. m., _blood dropping or flowing from wounds_: instr. sg. dreóre, 447.--Comp. heoru-, sâwul-, wäl-dreór. dreór-fâh, adj., _colored with blood, spotted with blood_: nom. sg. 485. dreórig, adj., _bloody, bleeding_: nom. sg. wäter stôd dreórig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, 2790.--Comp. heoru-dreórig. ge-dreósan, st. v., _to fall down, to sink_: pres. sg. III. lîc-homa læne gedreóseð, _the body, belonging to death, sinks down_, 1755; inf. þät þu ne âlæte dôm gedreósan, _honor fall, sink_, 2667. drincan, st. v., _to drink_ (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. blôd êdrum dranc, _drank the blood in streams_(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wîn weras, _the men drank wine_, 1234; þær guman druncon, _where the men drank_, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, _ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking_, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slôg heorð-geneátas, _slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him_, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means _drunken_: nom. sg. beóre (wîne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. beóre druncne, 480. drîfan, st. v., _to drive_: pres. pl. þâ þe brentingas ofer flôda genipu feorran drîfað, _who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea_, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þeáh þe he [ne] meahte on mere drîfan hringedstefnan, _although he could not drive the ship on the sea_, 1131. to-drîfan, _to drive apart, to disperse_: pret. ôð þät unc flôd tôdrâf, 545. drohtoð, st. m., _mode of living_ or _acting, calling, employment_: nom. sg. ne wäs his drohtoð þær swylce he ær gemêtte, _there was no employment for him_ (Grendel) _there such as he had found formerly_, 757. drusian, w. v. (cf. dreósan, properly, _to be ready to fall_; here of water), _to stagnate, to be putrid_. pret. lagu drusade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631. dryht, driht, st. f., _company, troop, band of warriors; noble band_: in comp. mago-driht. ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., _troop, band of noble warriors_: nom. sg. mînra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. äðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (häleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.--Comp. sibbe-gedriht. dryht-bearn, st. n., _youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man_: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036. dryhten, drihten, st. m., _commander, lord_: a) _temporal lord_: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.--b) _God_: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.--Comp.: freá-, freó-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten. dryht-guma, w. m., _one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior_: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrôðgâr's warriors). dryht-lîc, adj., _(that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent_: dryhtlîc îren, _excellent sword_, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlîce wîf (of Hildeburh), 1159. dryht-mâðum, st. m., _excellent jewel, splendid treasure_: gen. pl. dryhtmâðma, 2844. dryht-scipe, st. m., _(lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed_: acc. sg. drihtscype dreógan, _to do a heroic deed_, 1471. dryht-sele, st. m., _excellent, splendid hall_: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321. dryht-sib, st. f., _peace_ or _friendship between troops of noble warriors_: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069. drync, st. m., _drink_: in comp. heoru-drync. drync-fät, st. n., _vessel for drink, to receive the drink_: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fät, 2307. drysmian, w. v., _to become obscure, gloomy_ (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376. drysne, adj. See on-drysne. dugan, v., _to avail, to be capable, to be good_: pres. sg. III. hûru se aldor deáh, _especially is the prince capable_, 369; ðonne his ellen deáh, _if his strength avails, is good_, 573; þe him selfa deáh, _who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself_, 1840; pres. subj. þeáh þîn wit duge, _though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail_, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þu ûs wel dohtest, _you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us_, 1822; similarly, nu seó hand ligeð se þe eów welhwylcra wilna dohte, _which was helpful to each one of your desires_, 1345; pret. subj. þeáh þu heaðoræsa gehwær dohte, _though thou wast everywhere strong in battle_, 526. duguð (_state of being fit, capable_), st. f.: 1) _capability, strength_: dat. pl. for dugeðum, _in ability_(?), 2502; duguðum dêmdon, _praised with all their might_(?), 3176.--2) _men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors_, esp., _noble warriors_: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, _before the heroes_, 2021; nalles frätwe geaf ealdor duguðe, _gave the band of heroes no treasure_ (more), 2921; leóda duguðe on lâst, _upon the track of the heroes of the people_, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cûðe he duguðe þeáw, _the custom of the noble warriors_, 359; deórre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.--3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, 622. durran, v. pret. and pres. _to dare_; prs. sg. II. þu dearst bîdan, _darest to await_, 527; III. he gesêcean dear, 685; pres. subj. sêc gyf þu dyrre, _seek_ (Grendel's mother), _if thou dare_, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849. duru, st. f., _door, gate, wicket_: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389. ge-dûfan, st. v., _to dip in, to sink into_: pret. þät sweord gedeáf (_the sword sank into the drake_, of a blow), 2701. þurh-dûfan, _to dive through; to swim through, diving_: pret. wäter up þurh-deáf, _swam through the water upwards_ (because he was before at the bottom), 1620. dwellan, w. v., _to mislead, to hinder_: prs. III. nô hine wiht dweleð, âdl ne yldo, _him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age_, 1736. dyhtig, adj., _useful, good for_: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288. dynnan, w. v., _to sound, to groan, to roar_: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hruse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559. dyrne, adj.: 1) _concealed, secret, retired_: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.--2) _secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery_: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cräfte, _with secret magic art_, 2291; dyrnum cräfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta, _of malicious spirits_ (of Grendel's kin), 1358.--Comp. un-dyrne. dyrne, adv., _in secret, secretly_: him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað, _longs in secret for the dear man_, 1880. dyrstig, adj., _bold, daring_: þeáh þe he dæda gehwäs dyrstig wære, _although he had been courageous for every deed_, 2839. ge-dýgan, ge-dîgan, w. v., _to endure, to overcome_, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þu þät ellenweorc aldre gedîgest, _if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life_, 662; III. þät þone hilderæs hâl gedîgeð, _that he survives the battle in safety_, 300; similarly, inf. unfæge gedîgan weán and wräcsîð, 2293; hwäðer sêl mæge wunde gedýgan, _which of the two can stand the wounds better_ (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende deóp gedýgan, _could not endure the deep without burning_ (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dîgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544. dýgol. See deógol. dýre. See deóre. E ecg, st. f., _edge of the sword, point_: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd, _defended the entrance against point and edge_ (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mêces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.--_Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon_: nom. sg. ne wäs ecg bona (_not the sword killed him_), 2507; sió ecg brûn (Beówulf's sword Nägling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, _the sword snatched him away_, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. äscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) eácnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;--_blade_: ecg wäs îren, 1460.--Comp.: brûn-, heard-, stýl-ecg, adj. ecg-bana, w. m., _murderer by the sword_: dat. sg. Cain wearð tô ecg-banan ângan brêðer, 1263. ecg-hete, st. m., _sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out_: nom. sg., 84, 1739. ecg-þracu, st. f., _sword-storm_ (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þräce, 597. ed-hwyrft, st. m., _return_ (of a former condition): þâ þær sôna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282. ed-wendan, w. v., _to turn back, to yield, to leave off_: inf. gyf him edwendan æfre scolde bealuwa bisigu, _if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease_, 280. ed-wenden, st. f., _turning, change_: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (_reparation for former neglect_), 2189. edwît-lîf, st. n., _life in disgrace_: nom. sg., 2892. efn, adj., _even, like_, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., _upon the same level, near_: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, _lies near him_, 2904. efnan (see äfnan) w. v., _to carry out, to perform, to accomplish_: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (_accomplish knightly deeds_), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelâc efnan (_to battle_), 1042; gerund. tô efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008. efne, adv., _even, exactly, precisely, just_, united with swâ or swylc: efne swâ swîðe swâ, _just so much as_, 1093; efne swâ sîde swâ, 1224; wäs se gryre lässa efne swâ micle swâ, _by so much the less as ..._, 1284; leóht inne stôd efne swâ ... scîneð, _a gleam stood therein_ (in the sword) _just as when ... shines_, 1572; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (_a woman who has borne such a son_), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, _to just such a man as seemed good to him_, 3058; efne swylce mæla swylce ... þearf gesælde, _just at the times at which necessity commanded it_, 1250. eft, adv.: l) _thereupon, afterwards_: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sôna bið, _then it happens immediately_, 1763; bôt eft cuman, _help come again_, 281.--2) _again, on the other side_: þät hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesîðas, _that in old age again_ (also on their side) _willing companions should be attached to him_, 22;--_anew, again_: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft swâ ær, _again as formerly_, 643.--3) retro, rursus, _back_: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þät hig äðelinges eft ne wêndon (_did not believe that he would come back_), 1597. eft-cyme, st. m., _return_: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897. eft-sîð, st. m., _journey back, return_: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sîðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsîðas teáh, _went the road back_, i.e. returned, 1333. egesa, egsa (_state of terror_, active or passive): l) _frightfulness_: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gýmeð, _cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors_(?), 1758.--2) _terror, horror, fear_: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.--Comp.: glêd-, lîg-, wäter-egesa. eges-full, adj., _horrible (full of fear, fearful)_, 2930. eges-lîc, adj., _terrible, bringing terror_: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826. egle, adj., _causing aversion, hideous_: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988. egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., _to have terror, distress_: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6. ehtian, w. v., _to esteem, to make prominent with praise_: III. pl. pres. þät þe ... weras ehtigað, _that thee men shall esteem, praise_, 1223. elde (_those who generate_, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., _men_: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, _among men_, 2612.--See ylde. eldo, st. f., _age_: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112. el-land, st. n., _foreign land, exile_: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (_shall be banished_), 3020. ellen, st. n., _strength, heroic strength, bravery_: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Geáta ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cýðan, _show bravery_, 2696; ellen fremedon, _exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds_, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlîc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wräc, _life drove out the strength_, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êðbegête þâm þe ær his elne forleás, _then it was easy for_ (every one of) _those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man_ (Wîglâf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, _strongly, zealously_, and with the nearly related meaning, _hurriedly, transiently_, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes lät, 1530; þâ him wäs elnes þearf, 2877.--Comp. mägen-ellen. ellen-dæd, st. f., _heroic deed_: dat. pl. -dædum, 877, 901. ellen-gæst, st. m., _strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86. ellen-lîce, adv., _strongly, with heroic strength_, 2123. ellen-mærðu, st. f., _renown of heroic strength_, dat. pl. -mærðum, 829, 1472. ellen-rôf, adj., _renowned for strength_: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rôfum, 1788. ellen-seóc, adj., _infirm in strength_: acc. sg. þeóden ellensiócne (_the mortally wounded king, Beówulf_), 2788. ellen-weorc, st. n., (_strength-work_), _heroic deed, achievement in battle_: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400. elles, adv., _else, otherwise_: a (modal), _in another manner_, 2521.--b (local), elles hwær, _somewhere else_, 138; elles hwergen, 2591. ellor, adv., _to some other place_, 55, 2255. ellor-gâst, -gæst, st. m., _spirit living elsewhere_ (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgâst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgæst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgæstas, 1350. ellor-sîð, st. m., _departure, death_: nom. sg. 2452. elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), _another_: dat. sg. on elran men, 753. el-þeódig, adj., _of another people: foreign_: acc. pl. el-þeódige men, 336. ende, st. m., _the extreme_: hence, 1) _end_: nom. sg. aldres (lîfes) ende, 823, 2845; ôð þät ende becwom (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lîfgesceafta (lîfes, læn-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; häfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, _had used the end of the earth-caves_ (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lîfes) ät ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes ät ende, 224.--2) _boundary_: acc. sg. sîde rîce þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende geþencean, _the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries_, 1735.--3) _summit, head_: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, _to the nobles at the end_ (the highest courtiers), 2022.--Comp. woruld-ende. ende-däg, st. m., _last day, day of death_: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638. ende-dôgor, st. m., _last day, day of death_: gen. sg. bega on wênum endedôgores and eftcymes leótes monnes (_hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man_), 2897. ende-lâf, st. f., _last remnant_: nom. sg. þu eart ende-lâf ûsses cynnes, _art the last of our race_, 2814. ende-leán, st. n., _final reparation_: acc. sg. 1693. ende-sæta, w. m., _he who sits on the border, boundary-guard_: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241. ende-stäf, st. m. (elementum finis), _end_: acc. sg. hit on endestäf eft gelimpeð, _then it draws near to the end_, 1754. ge-endian, w. v., _to end_: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312. enge, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. enge ânpaðas, _narrow paths_, 1411. ent, st. m., _giant_: gen. pl. enta ær-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta ær-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775. entisc, adj., _coming from giants_: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980. etan, st. v., _to eat, to consume_: pres. sg. III. blôdig wäl ... eteð ân-genga, _he that goes alone_ (Grendel) _will devour the bloody corpse_, 448; inf. Geátena leóde ... etan, 444. þurh-etan, _to eat through_: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, _swords eaten through_ (by rust), 3050. Ê êc. See eác. êce, adj., _everlasting_; nom. êce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. êce eorðreced, _the everlasting earth-hall_ (the dragon's cave), 2720; geceás êcne ræd, _chose the everlasting gain_ (died), 1202; dat. sg. êcean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. geceós êce rædas, 1761. êdre. See ædre. êð-begête, adj., _easy to obtain, ready_: nom. sg. þâ wäs ät þam geongum grim andswaru êð-begête, _then from the young man_ (Wîglâf) _it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer_, 2862. êðe. See eáðe. êðel, st. m., _hereditary possessions, hereditary estate_: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, 520; dat. sg. on êðle, 1731.--In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. êðel Scyldinga, _of the kingdom of the Scyldings_, 914; (Offa) wîsdôme heóld êðel sînne, _ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom_, 1961. êðel-riht, st. n., _hereditary privileges_ (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard êðel-riht, _estate and inherited privileges_, 2199. êðel-stôl, st. m., _hereditary seat, inherited throne_: acc. pl. êðel-stôlas, 2372. êðel-turf, st. f., _inherited ground, hereditary estate_: dat. sg. on mînre êðeltyrf, 410. êðel-weard, st. m., _lord of the hereditary estate_ (realm): nom. sg. êðelweard (_king_), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. Eást-Dena êðel wearde (King Hrôðgâr), 617. êðel-wyn, st. f., _joy in_, or _enjoyment of, hereditary possessions_: nom. sg. nu sceal ... eall êðelwyn eówrum cynne, lufen âlicgean, _now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence_(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. he me lond forgeaf, eard êðelwyn, _presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home_, 2494. êð-gesýne, ýð-gesêne, adj., _easy to see, visible to all_: nom. sg. 1111, 1245. êfstan, w. v., _to be in haste, to hasten_: inf. uton nu êfstan, _let us hurry now_, 3102; pret. êfste mid elne, _hastened with heroic strength_, 1494. êg-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer êg-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894. êg-streám, st. m., _sea-stream, sea-flood_: dat. pl. on êg-streámum, _in the sea-floods_, 577. See eágor-streám. êhtan (M.H.G. æchten; cf. æht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., _to be a pursuer, to pursue_: pres. part. äglæca êhtende wäs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. êhton aglæcan, _they pursued the bringer of sorrow_ (Beówulf)(?), 1513. êst, st. m. f., _favor, grace, kindness_: acc. sg. he him êst geteáh meara and mâðma (_honored him with horses and jewels_), 2166; gearwor häfde âgendes êst ær gesceáwod, _would rather have seen the grace of the Lord_ (of God) _sooner_, 3076.--dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce heóld, êstum mid âre, 2379; êstum geýwan (_to present_), 2150; him wäs ... wunden gold êstum geeáwed (_presented_), 1195; we þät ellenweorc êstum miclum fremedon, 959. êste, adj., _gracious_: w. gen. êste bearn-gebyrdo, _gracious through the birth_ (of such a son as Beówulf), 946. EA eafoð, st. n., _power, strength_: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; we frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes, _we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy_ (Grendel) _have withstood him_, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cräftig, 1467; þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes getwæfed, _shall rob of strength_, 1764; acc. pl. eafeðo (MS. earfeðo) [This reading cancelled. See note to l. 534--KTH], 534; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, _made him great through strength_, 1718. See Note for l. 534. eafor, st. m., _boar_; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153. eafora (_offspring_), w. m.: 1) _son_: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.--2) in broader sense, _successor_: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711. eahta, num., _eight_: acc. pl. eahta mearas, 1036; eode eahta sum, _went as one of eight, with seven others_, 3124. eahtian, w. v.: 1) _to consider; to deliberate_: pret. pl. w. acc. ræd eahtedon, _consulted about help_, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone sêlestan þâra þe mid Hrôðgâre hâm eahtode, _the best one of those who with Hrôðgâr deliberated about their home_ (ruled), 1408.--2) _to speak with reflection of_ (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, _spoke of his noble character_, 3175. eal, eall, adj., _all, whole_: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall êðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þät hit wearð eal gearo, healärna mæst, 77; þät hit (wîgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þær wäs eal geador Grendles grâpe, _there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel_, 836; eall ... lissa, _all favor_, 2150; wäs eall sceacen dôgorgerîmes, 2728. With apposition: þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîcstede, 2462; acc. sg. beót eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncýððe ealle, _all distress_, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298; gif he þät eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þät eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wîde-ferhð, _through the whole wide life, through all time_, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mägene, _with all strength_, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban, 2740; brûc ealles well, 2163; freán ealles þanc secge, _give thanks to the Lord of all_, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; sceótend ... ealle, 706; we ealle, 942; acc. pl. feónd ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle hie deáð fornam, 2237; lîg ealle forswealg þâra þe þær gûð fornam, _all of those whom the war had snatched away_, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bûendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. âna wið eallum, _one against all_, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. äðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, _the kinsmen of all twelve nobles_ (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. he âh ealra geweald, _has power over all_, 1728. Uninflected: bil eal þurhwôd flæschoman, _the battle-axe cleft the body through and through_, 1568; häfde ... eal gefeormod fêt and folma, _had devoured entirely feet and hands_, 745; se þe eall geman gâr-cwealm gumena, _who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear_, 2043, etc. Adverbial: þeáh ic eal mæge, _although I am entirely able_, 681; hî on beorg dydon bêg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, _they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments_, 3165.--The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of _entirely_, 1001, 1130. eald, adj., _old_: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes uhtflogan (_dragon_), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.--b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and ômig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lâfe (_sword_), 796, 1489; ealde wîsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, _old_ (lasting years), _distress_, 1782; eald enta geweorc (_the precious things in the drake's cave_), 2775; acc. pl. ealde mâðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, _against the old laws_ (namely, the Ten Commandments; Beówulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331. yldra, compar. _older_: mîn yldra mæg, 468; yldra brôðor, 1325; ôð þät he (Heardrêd) yldra wearð, 2379. yldesta, superl. _oldest_, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þam yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, _the most respected_: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Beówulf. eald-fäder, st. m., _old-father, grandfather, ancestor_: nom. sg. 373. eald-gesegen, st. f., _traditions from old times_: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many of the old traditions_, 870. eald-gesîð, st. m., _companion ever since old times, courtier for many years_: nom. pl. eald-gesîðas, 854. eald-gestreón, st. n., _treasure out of the old times_: dat. pl. eald-gestreónum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestreóna, 1459. eald-gewinna, w. m., _old-enemy, enemy for many years_: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777. eald-gewyrht, st. n., _merit on account of services rendered during many years_: nom. pl. þät næron eald-gewyrht, þät he âna scyle gnorn þrowian, _that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone_, 2658. eald-hlâford, st. m., _lord through many years_: gen. sg. bill eald-hlâfordes (of the old Beówulf(?)), 2779. eald-metod, st. m., _God ruling ever since ancient times_: nom. sg. 946. ealdor, aldor, st. m., _lord, chief_ (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346. ealdor, aldor, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre stôd herestræl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not troubled about his life_, 1443; of ealdre gewât, _went out of life, died_, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwêna, _despairing of life_, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, _having forfeited life_, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nêðdon, 510, 538.--Phrases: on aldre (_in life_), _ever_, 1780; tô aldre (_for life_), _always_, 2006, 2499; âwa tô aldre, _for ever and ever_, 956. ealdor-bealu, st. n., _life's evil_: acc. sg. þu ... ondrædan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, _thou needest not fear death for the courtiers_, 1677. ealdor-cearu, st. f., _trouble that endangers life, great trouble_: dat. sg. he his leódum wearð ... tô aldor-ceare, 907. ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., _days of one's life_: dat. pl. næfre on aldor-dagum (_never in his life_), 719; on ealder-dagum ær (_in former days_), 758. ealdor-gedâl, st. n., _severing of life, death, end_: nom. sg. aldor-gedâl, 806. ealdor-gewinna, w. m., _life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life_ (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (_the dragon_), 2904. ealdor-leás, adj., _without a ruler_(?): nom. pl. aldor-leáse, 15. ealdor-leás, adj., _lifeless, dead_: acc. sg. aldor-leásne, 1588; ealdor-leásne, 3004. ealdor-þegn, st. m., _nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier_: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrôðgâr's confidential adviser, Äschere), 1309. eal-fela, adj., _very much_: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, _very many old traditions_, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884. ealgian, w. v., _to shield, to defend, to protect_: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan he (Hygelâc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wälreáf werede, _while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle_ (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205. eal-gylden, adj., _all golden, entirely of gold_: nom. sg. swýn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768. eal-îrenne, adj., _entirely of iron_: acc. sg. eall-îrenne wîgbord, _a wholly iron battle-shield_, 2339. ealu, st. n., _ale, beer_: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946. ealu-benc, st. f., _ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale_: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868. ealu-scerwen, st. f., _terror_, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770. ealu-wæge, st. n., _ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups_: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowæge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowæge (_at the ale-carouse_), 481. eal-wealda, w. adj., _all ruling_ (God): nom. sg. fäder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929. eard, st. m., _cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate_; in a broader sense, _ground in general, abode, place of sojourn_: nom. sg. him wäs bâm ... lond gecynde, eard êðel-riht, _the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it._ 2199; acc. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard, _the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn_, 104; similarly, älwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, _thought of his native ground, his home_, 1130; eard git ne const, _thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn._ 1378; eard and eorlscipe, _prædium et nobilitatem_, 1728; eard êðelwyn, _land and the enjoyment of home_, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, _went elsewhere from his place of abode_, i.e. died, 56; þät we rondas beren eft tô earde, _that we go again to our homes_, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. eácne eardas, _the broad expanses_ (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622. eardian, w. v.: 1) _to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest_: pret. pl. dýre swyrd swâ hie wið eorðan fäðm þær eardodon, _costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom_, 3051.--2) also transitively, _to inhabit_: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wîc eardian elles hwergen, _inhabit a place elsewhere_ (i.e. die), 2590. eard-lufa, w. m., _the living upon one's land, home-life_: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693. earfoð-lîce, adv., _with trouble, with difficulty_, 1637, 1658; _with vexation, angrily_, 86; _sorrowfully_, 2823; _with difficulty, scarcely_, 2304, 2935. earfoð-þrag, st. f., _time full of troubles, sorrowful time_: acc. sg. -þrage, 283. earh, adj., _cowardly_: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sîð (_no coward undertaken that_), 2542. earm, st. m., _arm_: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesät, _supported himself with his arm_, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513. earm, adj., _poor, miserable, unhappy_: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, _the unhappy woman_, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, _the unhappy band_, 2939.--Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, _a more wretched, more forsaken man_, 577. earm-beág, st. m., _arm-ring, bracelet_: gen. pl. earm-beága fela searwum gesæled, _many arm-rings interlaced_, 2764. earm-hreád, st. f., _arm-ornament_. nom. pl. earm-hreáde twâ, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade). earm-lîc, adj., _wretched, miserable_: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedâl earmlîc wurðan, _his end should be wretched_, 808. earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (_properly, wretched by the decree of fate_), _wretched_: nom. sg. 1352. earn, st. m., _eagle_: dat. sg. earne, 3027. eatol. See atol. eaxl, st. f., _shoulder_: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, _the woman sobbed on the shoulder_ (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sät freán eaxlum neáh, _sat near the shoulders of his lord_ (Beówulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wîglâf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, _he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes_ (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358. eaxl-gestealla, w. m., _he who has his position at the shoulder_ (sc. of his lord), _trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince_: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715. EÁ eác, conj., _also_: 97, 388, 433, etc.; êc, 3132. eácen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., _wide-spread_, _large_: nom. pl. eácne eardas, _broad plains_, 1622.--_great, heavy_: eald sweord eácen, 1664; dat. pl. eácnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.--_great, mighty, powerful_: äðele and eácen, of Beówulf, 198. eácen-cräftig, adj., _immense_ (of riches), _enormously great_: acc. sg. hord-ärna sum eácen-cräftig, _that enormous treasure-house_, 2281; nom. sg. þät yrfe eácen-cräftig, iúmonna gold, 3052. eádig, adj., _blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property_: nom. sg. wes, þenden þu lifige, äðeling eádig, _be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches_, 1226; eádig mon, 2471.--Comp. sige-, sigor-, tîr-eádig. eádig-lîce, adv., _in abundance, in joyous plenty_: dreámum lifdon eádiglîce, _lived in rejoicing and plenty_, 100. eáðe, êðe, ýðe, adj., _easy, pleasant_: nom. pl. gode þancedon þäs þe him ýð-lâde eáðe wurdon, _thanked God that the sea-ways_ (the navigation) _had become easy to them_, 228; ne wäs þät êðe sîð, _no pleasant way_, 2587; näs þät ýðe ceáp, _no easy purchase_, 2416; nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, _not easy_ (as milder expression for _in no way, not at all_), 1003. eáðe, ýðe, adv., _easily_. eáðe, 478, 2292, 2765. eáð-fynde, adj., _easy to find_: nom. sg. 138. eáge, w. n., _eye_: dat. pl. him of eágum stôd leóht unfäger, _out of his eyes came a terrible gleam_, 727; þät ic ... eágum starige, _see with eyes, behold_, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. eágena bearhtm, 1767. eágor-streám, st. m., _sea-stream sea_: acc. sg. 513. eá-land, st. n., _land surrounded by water_ (of the land of the Geátas): acc. sg. eá-lond, 2335; _island_. eám, st. m., _uncle, mothers brother_: nom. sg. 882. eástan, adv., _from the east_, 569. eáwan, w. v., _to disclose, to show, to prove_: pres. sg. III. eáweð ... uncûðne nîð, _shows evil enmity_, 276. See eówan, ýwan. ge-eáwan, _to show, to offer_: pret. part. him wäs ... wunden gold êstum ge-eáwed, _was graciously presented_, 1195. EO eode. See gangan. eodor, st. m., _fence, hedge, railing_. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of _house_: acc. pl. hêht eahta mearas on flet teón, in under eoderas, _gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house_, 1038.--2) figuratively, _lord, prince_, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664. eofoð, st. n., _strength_: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð. eofer, st. m.: 1) _boar_, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer îrenheard, 1113.--2) figuratively, _bold hero, brave fighter_ (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, _when the heroes rushed upon each other_, 1329, where eoferas and fêðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton. eofor-lîc, st. n. _boar-image_ (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lîc scionon, 303. eofor-spreót, st. m., _boar-spear_: dat. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heóro-hôcyhtum, _with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks_, 1438. eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð. eolet, st. m. n., _sea_(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224. eorclan-stân, st. m., _precious stone_: acc. pl. -stânas, 1209. eorð-cyning, st. m., _king of the land_: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156. eorð-draca, w. m., _earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth_: nom. sg. 2713, 2826. eorðe, w. f.: 1) _earth_ (in contrast with heaven), _world_: acc. sg. älmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wîde geond eorðan, _far over the earth, through the wide world_, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.--2) _earth, ground_: acc. sg. he eorðan gefeóll, _fell to the ground_, 2835; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, _let the earth hold the nobles' treasure_, 3168; dat. sg. þät hit on eorðan läg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fäðm (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050. eorð-reced, st. n., _hall in the earth, rock-hall_: acc. sg. 2720. eorð-scräf, st. n., _earth-cavern, cave_: dat. sg. eorð-[scräfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scräfe, 3047. eorð-sele, st. m., _hall in the earth, cave_: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516. eorð-weall, st. m., _earth-wall_: acc. sg. (Ongenþeów) beáh eft under eorðweall, _fled again under the earth-wall_ (into his fortified camp), 2958; þâ me wäs ... sîð âlýfed inn under eorðweall, _then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me_ (into the dragon's cave), 3091. eorð-weard, st. m., _land-property, estate_: acc. sg. 2335. eorl, st. m., _noble born man, a man of the high nobility_: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.--Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952. eorl-gestreón, st. n., _wealth of the nobles_: gen. pl. eorl-gestreóna ... hardfyrdne dæl, 2245. eorl-gewæde, st. n., _knightly dress, armor_: dat. pl. -gewædum, 1443. eorlîc (i.e. eorl-lîc), adj., _what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous_: acc. sg. eorlîc ellen, 638. eorl-scipe, st. m., _condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility_: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, _to do chivalrous deeds_, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008. eorl-weorod, st. n., _followers of nobles_: nom. sg. 2894. eormen-cyn, st. n., _very extensive race, mankind_: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958. eormen-grund, st. m., _immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth_: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860. eormen-lâf, st. f., _enormous legacy_: acc. sg. eormen-lâfe äðelan cynnes (_the treasures of the dragon's cave_) 2235. eorre, adj., _angry, enraged_: gen. sg. eorres, 1448. eoton, st. m.: 1) _giant_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.--2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114. eotonisc, adj., _gigantic, coming from giants_: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617. EÓ eóred-geatwe, st. f. pl., _warlike adornments_: acc. pl., 2867. eówan, w. v., _to show, to be seen_: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu ôhwær, ecghete eóweð, _nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate_, 1739. See eáwan, ýwan. eówer: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: eówer sum, _that one of you_ (namely, Beówulf), 248; fæhðe eówer leóde, _the enmity of the people of you_ (of your people), 597; nis þät eówer sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, 2533.--2) poss. pron., _your_, 251, 257, 294, etc. F ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., _to try, to search for, to find out, to experience_: w. gen. pret. part. þät häfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, _that a man had discovered the gold_, 2302; þonne se ân hafað þurh deâðes nýd dæda gefondad, _now the one_ (Herebeald) _has with death's pang experienced the deeds_ (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455. fara, w. m., _farer, traveller_: in comp. mere-fara. faran, st. v., _to move from one place to another, to go, to wander_: inf. tô hâm faran, _to go home_, 124; lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 865; cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, _had come to Friesland with a fleet_, 2916; com leóda dugoðe on lâst faran, _came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people_, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wæron äðelingas eft tô leódum fûse tô farenne, _the nobles were ready to go again to their people_, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, _there had_ (Grendel's mother) _gone away over the dark fen_, 1405; sægenga fôr, _the seafarer_ (the ship) _drove along_, 1909; (wyrm) mid bæle fôr, (the dragon) _fled away with fire_, 2309; pret. pl. þät ... scawan scîrhame tô scipe fôron, _that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship_, 1896. gefaran, _to proceed, to act_: inf. hû se mânsceaða under færgripum gefaran wolde, _how he would act in his sudden attacks_, 739. ût faran, _to go out_: w. acc. lêt of breóstum ... word ût faran, _let words go out of his breast, uttered words_, 2552. faroð, st. m., _stream, flood of the sea_: dat. sg. tô brimes faroðe, 28; äfter faroðe, _with the stream_, 580; ät faroðe, 1917. faru, st. f., _way, passage, expedition_: in comp. âd-faru. fâcen-stäf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., _wickedness, treachery, deceit_. acc. pl. fâcen-stafas, 1019. fâh, fâg, adj., _many-colored, variegated, of varying color_ (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fâh (_covered with blood_), 420; blôde fâh, 935; âtertânum fâh (sc. îren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to âterteárum in text--KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fâh (_saddle artistically ornamented with gold_), 1039; sweord swâte fâh, 1287; brim blôde fâh, 1595; wäldreóre fâg, 1632; (draca) fýrwylmum fâh (_because he spewed flame_), 2672; sweord fâh and fäted, 2702; blôde fâh, 2975; acc. sg. dreóre fâhne, 447; goldsele fättum fâhne, 717; on fâgne flôr treddode, _trod the shining floor_ (of Heorot), 726; hrôf golde fâhne, _the roof shining with gold_, 928; nom. pl. eoforlîc ... fâh and fýr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þâ hilt since fâge, 1616; dat. pl. fâgum sweordum, 586.--Comp. bân-, blôd-, brûn-, dreór-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stân-, swât-, wäl-, wyrm-fâh. fâh, fâg, fâ, adj.: 1) _hostile_: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða, 554; he wäs fâg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fâne (_the dragon_), 2656; gen. pl. fâra, 578, 1464.--2) _liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed_: nom. sg. fâg, 1264; mâne fâh, _outlawed through crime_, 979; fyren-dædum fâg, 1002.--Comp. nearo-fâh. fâmig-heals, adj., _with foaming neck_: nom. sg. flota fâmig-heals, 218; (sægenga) fâmig-heals, 1910. fäc, st. n., _period of time_: acc. sg. lytel fäc, _during a short time_, 2241. fäder, st. m., _father_: nom. sg. fäder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fäder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fäder, 1356; dat. sg. fäder, 2430; gen. sg. fäder, 21, 1480; of God, 188--Comp.: ær, eald-fäder. fädera, w. m., _father's brother_ in comp. suhter-gefäderan. fäder-äðelo, st. n. pl., _paternus principatus_ (?): dat. pl. fäder-äðelum, 912. fäderen-mæg, st. m., _kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant_: dat. sg. fäderen-mæge, 1264. fäðm, st. m.: 1) _the outspread, encircling arms_: instr. pl. feóndes fäð[mum], 2129.--2) _embrace, encircling_: nom. sg. lîges fäðm, 782; acc. sg. in fýres fäðm, 185.--3) _bosom, lap_: acc. sg. on foldan fäðm, 1394; wið eorðan fäðm, 3050; dat. pl. tô fäder (God's) fäðmum, 188.--4) _power, property_: acc. in Francna fäðm, 1211.--Cf. sîd-fäðmed, sîð-fäðme. fäðmian, w. v., _to embrace, to take up into itself_: pres. subj. þät minne lîchaman ... glêd fäðmie, 2653; inf. lêton flôd fäðmian frätwa hyrde, 3134. ge-fäg, adj., _agreeable, desirable_ (Old Eng., fawe, _willingly_): comp. ge-fägra, 916. fägen, adj., _glad, joyous_: nom. pl. ferhðum fägne, _the glad at heart_, 1634. fäger, adj., _beautiful, lovely_: nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, 774; fäger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, 522; nom. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867.--Comp. un-fäger. fägere, fägre, adv., _beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette_: fägere geþægon medoful manig, 1015; þâ wäs flet-sittendum fägere gereorded, _becomingly the repast was served_, 1789; Higelâc ongan ... fägre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990. fär, st. n., _craft, ship_: nom. sg., 33. fäst, adj., _bound, fast_: nom. sg. bið se slæp tô fäst, 1743; acc. sg. freóndscipe fästne, 2070; fäste frioðuwære, 1097.--The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wäs tô fäst on þâm (sc. on fæhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fäst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: feónd-grâpum fäst, _(held) fast in his antagonist's clutch_, 637; fýrbendum fäst, _fast in the forged hinges_, 723; handa fäst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fäst (beorn him langað), _fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for_ (i.e. in secret), 1879.--Comp: âr-, blæd-, gin-, sôð-, tîr-, wîs-fäst. fäste, adv., _fäst_ 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.--Comp. fästor, 143. be-fästan, w. v., _to give over_: inf. hêt Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befästan, _to give over to the flames her own son_, 1116. fästen, st. n., _fortified place, or place difficult of access_: acc. sg. leóda fästen, _the fastness of the Geátas_ (with ref. to 2327), 2334; fästen (Ongenþeów's castle or fort), 2951; fästen (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104. fäst-ræd, adj., _firmly resolved_: acc. sg. fäst-rædne geþôht, _firm determination_, 611. fät, st. m., _way, journey_: in comp. sîð-fät. fät, st. n., _vessel; vase, cup_: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, _the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times_, 2762.--Comp.: bân-, drync-, mâððum-, sinc-, wundor-fät. fät, st. n. (?), _plate, sheet of metal_, especially _gold plate_ (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fättum fâhne, _shining with gold plates_ (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), _the gold ornaments shall fall away from it_, 2257. fäted, fätt, part., _ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form_: gen. sg. fättan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fättan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, _covered, ornamented with gold plate_: nom. sg. sweord ... fäted, 2702; acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. fätte scyldas, 333; fätte beágas, 1751. [fæted, etc.] fäted-hleór, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta mearas fäted-hleóre (_eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold_), 1037. fät-gold, st. n., _gold in sheets_ or _plates_: acc. sg., 1922. fæge, adj.: 1) _forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate_: nom. sg. fæge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fæge and ge-flýmed, 847; fûs and fæge, 1242; acc. sg. fægne flæsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fægum, 2078; gen. sg. fæges, 1528.--2) _dead_: dat. pl. ofer fægum (_over the warriors fallen in the battle_), 3026.--Comp.: deáð-, un-fæge. fæhð (_state of hostility_, see fâh), st. f., _hostile act, feud, battle_: nom. sg. fæhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fæhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrêðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fæhðe mearn (_did not recoil from the combat_), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, 109; gen. pl. fæhða gemyndig, 2690.--Comp. wäl-fæhð. fæhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. sió fæhðo, 3000; acc. fæhðo, 2490. fælsian, w. v., _to bring into a good condition, to cleanse_: inf. þät ic môte ... Heorot fælsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrôðgâres ... sele fælsode, 2353. ge-fælsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. häfde gefælsod ... sele Hrôðgâres, 826; Heorot is gefælsod, 1177; wæron ýð-gebland eal gefælsod, 1621. fæmne, w. f., _virgin, recens nupta_: dat. sg. fæmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fæmnan, 2060, both times of Hrôðgâr's daughter Freáware. fær, st. m., _sudden, unexpected attack_: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnäf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231. fær-gripe, st. m., _sudden, treacherous gripe, attack_: nom. sg. fær-gripe flôdes, 1517; dat. pl. under færgripum, 739. fær-gryre, st. m., _fright caused by a sudden attack_: dat. pl. wið fær-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174. færinga, adv., _suddenly, unexpectedly_, 1415, 1989. fær-nîð, st. m., _hostility with sudden attacks_: gen. pl. hwät me Grendel hafað ... færnîða gefremed, 476. feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. _(feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow_: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fûs, 3120. fel, st. n., _skin, hide_: dat. pl. glôf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, _made of the skins of dragons_, 2089. fela, I., adj. indecl., _much, many_: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce, _how very much you spoke about Breca_, 530.--With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; tô fela micles ... Denigea leóde, _too much of the race of the Danes_, 695; uncûðes fela, 877; fela lâðes, 930; fela leófes and lâðes, 1061.--With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mâdma, 36; fela þæra wera and wîfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missera, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mâððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht, _swore no false oaths_, 2739, etc.; worn fela mâðma, 1784; worna fela gûða, 2543.--Comp. eal-fela. II., adverbial, _very_, 1386, 2103, 2951. fela-hrôr, adj., valde agitatus, _very active against the enemy, very warlike_, 27. fela-môdig, adj., _very courageous_: gen. pl. -môdigra, 1638, 1889. fela-synnig, adj., _very criminal, very guilty_: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380. feólan, st. v., _to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self_: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles môdor (in Heorot), 1282; þær inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.--_to fall into, undergo, endure_: searonîðas fealh, 1201. ät-feólan, w. dat., insistere, adhærere: pret. nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh _(held him not fast enough_, 969. fen, st. n., _fen, moor_: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. tô fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010. fen-freoðo, st. f., _refuge in the fen_: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852. feng, st. m., _gripe, embrace_: nom. sg. fýres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fâra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.--Comp. inwit-feng. fengel (probably _he who takes possession_, cf. tô fôn, 1756, and fôn tô rîce, _to enter upon the government_), st. m., _lord, prince, king_: nom. sg. wîsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346. fen-ge-lâd, st. n., _fen-paths, fen with paths_: acc. pl. frêcne fengelâd (_fens difficult of access_), 1360. fen-hlið, st. n., _marshy precipice_: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821. fen-hop, st. n., _refuge in the fen_: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765. ferh, st. m. n., _life_; see feorh. ferh, st. m., _hog, boar_, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305. ferhð, st. m., _heart, soul_: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde, þät ..., _each of them trusted to his_ (Hûnferð's) _heart, that_ ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fägne, _happy at heart_, 1634; þät mon ... ferhðum freóge, _that one ... heartily love_, 3178.--Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð. ferhð-frec, adj., _having good courage, bold, brave_: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147. ferhð-genîðla, w. m., _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. ferhð-genîðlan, of the drake, 2882. ferian, w. v. w. acc., _to bear, to bring, to conduct_: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað fätte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. tô scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114. ät-ferian, _to carry away, to bear off_: pret. ic þät hilt þanan feóndum ätferede, 1669. ge-ferian, _bear, to bring, to lead_: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (we) geferian freán ûserne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles heáfod, 1639; pret. þät hi ût geferedon dýre mâðmas, 3131; pret. part. her syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Geáta leóde, _men of the Geátas, come from afar, have been brought hither_ (by ship), 361. ôð-ferian, _to tear away, to take away_: pret. sg. I. unsôfte þonan feorh ôð-ferede, 2142. of-ferian, _to carry off, to take away, to tear away_: pret. ôðer swylc ût offerede, _took away another such_ (sc. fifteen), 1584. fetel-hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.) fetian, w. v., _to bring near, bring_: pres. subj. nâh hwâ ... fe[tige] fäted wæge, _bring the gold-chased tankard_, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod, 1311. ge-fetian, _to bring_: inf. hêt þâ eorla hleó in gefetian Hrêðles lâfe, _caused Hrêðel's sword to be brought_, 2191. â-fêdan, w. v., _to nourish, to bring up_: pret. part. þær he âfêded wäs, 694. fêða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) _foot-soldiers_: nom. pl. fêðan, 1328, 2545.--2) collective in sing., _band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors_: nom. fêða eal gesät, 1425; dat. on fêðan, 2498, 2920.--Comp. gum-fêða. fêðe, st. n., _gait, going, pace_: dat. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (i.e. could flee too fast), 971. fêðe-cempa, w. m., _foot-soldier_: nom. sg., 1545, 2854. fêðe-gäst, st. m., _guest coming on foot_: dat. pl. fêðe-gestum, 1977. fêðe-lâst, st. m., _signs of going, footprint_: dat. pl. fêrdon forð þonon fêðe-lâstum, _went forth from there upon their trail_, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633. fêðe-wîg, st. m., _battle on foot_: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2365. fêl (= feól), st. f. _file_: gen. pl. fêla lâfe, _what the files have left behind_ (that is, the swords), 1033. fêran, w. v., iter (A.S. fôr) facere, _to come, to go, to travel_: pres. subj. II. pl. ær ge ... on land Dena furður fêran, _ere you go farther into the land of the Danes_, 254; inf. fêran on freán wære (_to die_), 27; gewiton him þâ fêran (_set out upon their way_), 301; mæl is me tô fêran, 316; fêran ... gang sceáwigan, _go, so as to see the footprints_, 1391; wîde fêran, 2262; pret. fêrdon folctogan ... wundor sceáwian, _the princes came to see the wonder_, 840; fêrdon forð, 1633. ge-fêran: 1) adire, _to arrive at_: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefêre lîfgesceafta, _reach the end of life_, 3064; pret. part. häfde æghwäðer ende gefêred lænan lîfes, _frail life's end had both reached_, 2845.--2) _to reach, to accomplish, to bring about_: pret. hafast þu gefêred þät ..., 1222, 1856.--3) _to behave one's self, to conduct one's self_: pret. frêcne gefêrdon, _had shown themselves daring_, 1692. feal, st. m., _fall_: in comp. wäl-feal. feallan, st. v., _to fall, to fall headlong_: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. þät he on hrusan ne feól, _that it_ (the hall) _did not fall to the ground_, 773; similarly, feóll on foldan, 2976; feóll on fêðan (dat. sg.), _fell in the band_ (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu feóllon, 1043. be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., _deprived of, robbed_: freóndum befeallen, _robbed of friends_, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (sc. wesan), _be robbed of its gold mountings_ (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257. ge-feallan, _to fall, to sink down_: pres. sg. III. þät se lîc-homa ... fæge gefealleð, _that the body doomed to die sinks down_, 1756.--Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefeóll, 2101; he eorðan gefeóll, 2835. fealu, adj., _fallow, dun-colored, tawny_: acc. sg. ofer fealone flôd (_over the sea_), 1951; fealwe stræte (with reference to 320), 917; acc. pl. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, 866.--Comp. äppel-fealo. feax, st. n., _hair, hair of the head_: dat. sg. wäs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles heáfod, _was carried by the hair into the hall_, 1648; him ... swât ... sprong forð under fexe, _the blood sprang out under the hair of his head_, 2968.--Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax. ge-feá, w. m., _joy_: acc. sg. þære fylle gefeán, _joy at the abundant repast_, 562; ic þäs ealles mäg ... gefeán habban (_can rejoice at all this_), 2741. feá, adj., _few_ dat. pl. nemne feáum ânum, _except some few_, 1082; gen. pl. feára sum, _as one of a few, with a few_, 1413; feára sumne, _one of a few (some few)_, 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. feá worda cwäð, _spoke few words_, 2663, 2247. feá-sceaft, adj., _miserable, unhappy, helpless_: nom. sg. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden, 7; feásceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. feásceaftum men, 2286; Eádgilse ... feásceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. feásceafte (the Geátas robbed of their king, Hygelâc), 2374. feoh, feó, st. n., (_properly cattle, herd_) here, _possessions, property, treasure_: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo feó þingian, _would not allay life's evil for treasure_ (tribute), 156; similarly, þâ fæhðe feó þingode, 470; ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige, 1381. ge-feohan, ge-feón, st. v. w. gen. and instr., _to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something_: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah he þære fæhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefægon, _enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast_, 1015; þeódnes gefêgon, _rejoiced at_ (the return of) _the ruler_, 1628.--b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mærðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; sælâce gefeah, mägen-byrðenne þâra þe he him mid häfde, _rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that_ (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) _which he had with him_, 1625. feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., _bestowing of gifts_ or _treasures_: gen. sg. þære feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. ät feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, _with rich gifts_, 21. feoh-leás, adj., _that cannot be atoned for through gifts_: nom. sg. þät wäs feoh-leás gefeoht, _a deed of arms that cannot be expiated_ (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442. ge-feoht, st. n., _combat; warlike deed_: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mêce þone þîn fader tô gefeohte bär, _the sword which thy father bore to the combat_, 2049. ge-feohtan, st. v., _to fight_: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wîg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (_could by no means offer Hengest battle_), 1084. feohte, w. f., _combat_: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte. feor, adj., _far, remote_: nom. sg. nis þät feor heonon, 1362; näs him feor þanon tô gesêcanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (_all that is far, past_), 1702. feor, adv., _far, far away_: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oððe) neáh, _far and (or) near_, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.--b) of time: ge feor hafað fæhðe gestæled (_has placed us under her enmity henceforth_), 1341. Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fästor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542. feor-bûend, pt., _dwelling far away_: nom. pl. ge feor-bûend, 254. feor-cýð, st. f., _home of those living far away, distant land_: nom, pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran gesôhte þäm þe him selfa deáh, _foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability_, 1839. feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, _world_), st. m. and n., _life, principle of life, soul_: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, _not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body_ (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wräc, _life expelled the strength_ (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, _preserve his life_, 2857; feorh âlegde, _gave up his life_, 852; similarly, ær he feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, _tore away her life_, 2142; ôð þät hie forlæddan tô þam lindplegan swæse gesîðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, _till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives_ (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þu þîn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (_to fight for life_), 439; wäs in feorh dropen, _was wounded into his life_, i.e. mortally, 2982; wîdan feorh, as temporal acc., _through a wide life_, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. feore, 1294, 1549; tô wîdan feore, _for a wide life_, i.e. at all times, 934; on swâ geongum feore (_at a so youthful age_), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. feores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. bûton ... feorum gumena, 73; freónda feorum, 1307.--Also, _body, corpse_: þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum (_the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy_), 1153; gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, _then the body of the king_ (Hygelâc) _fell into the power of the Franks_, 1211. --Comp. geogoð-feorh. feorh-bana, w. m., _(life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer_: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466. feorh-ben, st. f., _wound that takes away life, mortal wound_: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum seóc, 2741. feorh-bealu, st. n., _evil destroying life, violent death_: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156. feorh-cyn, st. n., _race of the living, mankind_: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267. feorh-genîðla, w. m., _he who seeks life, life's enemy_ (N.H.G. Tod-feind), _mortal enemy_: acc. sg. -genîðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genîðlan, 970; acc. sg. brægd feorh-genîðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genîðlan, (Ongenþeów) _pursued his mortal enemies_, 2934. feorh-lagu, st. f., _the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate_: acc. sg. on mâðma hord mine (mînne, MS.) bebohte frôde feorh-lege, _for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life_, 2801. feorh-lâst, st. m., _trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death _: acc. pl. feorh-lâstas bär, 847. feorh-seóc, adj., _mortally wounded_: nom. sg., 821. feorh-sweng, st. m., _(stroke robbing of life), fatal blow_: acc. sg., 2490. feorh-wund, st. f., _mortal wound, fatal injury_: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, 2386. feorm, st. f., _subsistence, entertainment_: acc. sg. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian, _thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body_, 451.--2) _banquet_: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386. feormend-leás, adj., _wanting the. cleanser_: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-leáse, 2762. feormian, w. v., _to clean, to cleanse, to polish_: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257. ge-feormian, w. v., _to feast, to eat_; pret. part. sôna häfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod fêt and folma, 745. feorran, w. v., w. acc., _to remove_: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, feó þingian, (Grendel) _would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute_, 156. feorran, adv., _from afar_: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, _when noble men afar learn of your flight_ (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; fêrdon folctogan feorran and neán, _from far and from near_, 840; similarly, neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175; wäs þäs wyrmes wîg wîde gesýne ... neán and feorran, _visible from afar, far and near_, 2318.--b) temporal: se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan (_since remote antiquity_), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107. feorran-cund, adj., _foreign-born_: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796. feor-weg, st. m., _far way_: dat. pl. mâdma fela of feorwegum, _many precious things from distant paths_ (from foreign lands), 37. ge-feón. See feohan. feónd, st. m., _enemy_: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; feónd on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. feónde, 143, 439; gen. sg. feóndes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. feónd, 699; dat. pl. feóndum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904. feónd-grâp, st. f., _foe's clutch_: dat. (instr.) pl. feónd-grâpum fäst, 637. feónd-sceaða, w. m., _one who is an enemy and a robber_: nom. sg. fâh feónd-scaða (_a hostile sea-monster_), 554. feónd-scipe, st. m., _hostility_: nom. sg., 3000. feówer, num., _four_: nom. feówer bearn, 59; feówer mearas, 2164; feówer, as substantive, 1638; acc. feówer mâðmas, 1028. feówer-tyne, num., _fourteen_: nom. with following gen. pl. feówertyne Geáta, 1642. findan, st. v., _to find, to invent, to attain_: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þâra þe he cênoste findan mihte, 207; swylce hie at Finnes-hâm findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mäg þær fela freónda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; swâ hyt weorðlîcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, _so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it_, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ôðer fand, _found other words_, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelîcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þät ic gôdne funde beága bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan ærest wearð feásceaft funden (_discovered_), 7.--b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten sînne driórigne fand, 2790.--c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þâ þær inne äðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wäccendne wer wîges bîdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; ôð þät he fyrgen-beámas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þâ sâwulleásne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.--d) with dependent clause: inf. nô þý ær feásceafte findan meahton ät þam äðelinge þät he Heardrêde hlâford wære (_could by no means obtain it from the prince_), 2374. on-findan, _to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice_: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsîð eorla, _the coast-guard observed the return of the earls_, 1892; pret. part. þâ heó onfunden wäs (_was discovered_), 1294.--b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þâ se gist onfand þät se beado-leóma bîtan nolde, _the stranger_ (Beówulf) _perceived that the sword would not cut_, 1523; sôna þät onfunde, þät ..., _immediately perceived that_..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498. finger, st. m., _finger_: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765. firas, fyras (O.H.G. firahî, i.e. _the living_; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., _men_: gen. pl. fira, 91, 2742; monegum fira, 2002; fyra gehwylcne leóda mînra, 2251; fira fyrngeweorc, 2287. firen, fyren, st. f., _cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage_: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fæhðe, 153; fæhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fæhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of _maliciously_, 1745, or _fallaciously_, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442. firen-dæd, st. f., _wicked deed_: acc. pl. fyren-dæda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-dædum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads. firen-þearf, st. f., _misery through the malignity of enemies_: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14. firgen-beám, st. m., _tree of a mountain-forest_: acc. pl. fyrgen-beámas, 1415. firgen-holt, st. m., _mountain-wood, mountain-forest_: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394. firgen-streám, st. m., _mountain-stream_: nom. sg. fyrgen-streám, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-streám (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129. fisc, st. m., _fish_: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc. fîf, num., _five_: uninflect. gen. fîf nihta fyrst, 545; acc. fîfe (?), 420. fîfel-cyn (O.N. fîfl, stultus and gigas), st. n., _giant-race_: gen. sg. fîfelcynnes eard, 104. fîf-tene, fîf-tyne, num., _fifteen_: acc. fýftyne, 1583; gen. fîftena sum, 207. fîf-tig, num., _fifty_: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fîftig wintra, 2734; gen. se wäs fîftiges fôt-gemearces lang, 3043.--2) as adjective: acc. fîftig wintru, 2210. flân, st. m., _arrow_: dat. sg. flâne, 3120; as instr., 2439. flân-boga, w. m., _bow which shoots the flân, bow_: dat. sg. of flân-bogan, 1434, 1745. flæsc, st. n., _flesh, body in contrast with soul_: instr. sg. nô þon lange wäs feorh äðelinges flæsce bewunden, _not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body_, 2425. flæsc-hama, w. m., _clothing of flesh_, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flæsc-homan, 1569. flet, st. n.: 1) _ground, floor of a hall_: acc. sg. heó on flet gebeáh, _fell to the ground_, 1541; similarly, 1569.--2) _hall, mansion_: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þät hie him ôðer flet eal gerýmdon, _that they should give up entirely to them another hall_, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026. flet-räst, st. f., _resting-place in the hall_: acc. sg. flet-räste gebeág, _reclined upon the couch in the hall_, 1242. flet-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789. flet-werod, st. n., _troop from the hall_: nom. sg., 476. fleám, st. m., _flight_: acc. sg. on fleám gewand, _had turned to flight_, 1002; fleám eówerne, 2890. fleógan, st. v., _to fly_: prs. sg. III. fleógeð, 2274. fleón, st. v., _to flee_: inf. on heolster fleón, 756; fleón on fenhopu, 765; fleón under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas fleáh, 2226. be-fleón, w. acc., _to avoid, to escape_: gerund nô þät ýðe byð tô befleónne, _that is not easy_ (i.e. not at all) _to be avoided_, 1004. ofer-fleón, w. acc., _to flee from one, to yield_: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferfleón fôtes trem, _will not yield to the warder of the mountain_ (the drake) _a foot's breadth_, 2526. fleótan, st. v., _to float upon the water, to swim_: inf. nô he wiht fram me flôd-ýðum feor fleótan meahte. hraðor on helme, _no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves_ (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), _more swiftly in the sea_, 542; pret. sægenga fleát fâmigheals forð ofer ýðe, _floated away over the waves_, 1910. fliht. See flyht. flitme. See un-flitme. flîtan, st. v., _to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate_: pres. part. flîtende fealwe stræte mearum mæton (_rode a race_), 917; pret. sg. II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, _art thou the Beówulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming?_ 507. ofer-flîtan, _to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome_: pret. w. acc. he þe ät sunde oferflât (_overcome thee in a swimming-wager_), 517. ge-flît, st. n., _emulation_: acc. sg. lêton on geflît faran fealwe mearas, _let the fallow horses go in emulation_, 866. floga, w. m., _flyer_; in the compounds: gûð-, lyft-, uht-, wîð-floga. flota (see fleótan), w. m., _float, ship, boat_: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan eówerne, 294.--Comp. wæg-flota. flot-here, st. m., _fleet_: instr. sg. cwom faran flotherge on Fresna land, 2916. flôd, st. m., _flood, stream, sea-current_: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. flôd, 3134; ofer fealone flôd, 1951; dat. sg. tô flôde, 1889; gen. pl. flôda begong, _the region of floods_, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flôda genipu, 2809. flôd-ýð, st. f., _flood-wave_: instr. pl. flôd-ýðum, 542. flôr, st. m., _floor, stone-floor_: acc. sg. on fâgne flôr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þâ äfter flôre, _along the floor_ (i.e. along the hall), 1317. flyht, fliht, st. m., _flight_: nom. sg. gâres fliht, _flight of the spear_, 1766. ge-flýman, w. v., _to put to flight_: pret. part. geflýmed, 847, 1371. folc, st. n., _troop, band of warriors; folk_, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sûðdene folc, 464; folc and rîce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer sæ sîde, _went with a band of warriors over the wide sea_, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.--The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; freáwine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwên, 1933.--The pl., in the sense of _warriors, fighting men_: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. freó- (freá-) wine folca, _of the king_, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, _of the queen_, 2018.--Comp. sige-folc. folc-âgend, pres. part., _leader of a band of warriors_: nom. pl. folc-âgende, 3114. folc-beorn, st. m., _man of the multitude, a common man_: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222. folc-cwên, st. f., _queen of a warlike host_: nom. sg., of Wealhþeów, 642. folc-cyning, st. m., _king of a warlike host_: nom. sg., 2734, 2874. folc-ræd, st. m, _what best serves a warlike host_: acc. sg., 3007. folc-riht, st. n., _the rights of the fighting men of a nation_: gen. pl. him ær forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, swâ his fäder âhte, 2609. folc-scearu, st. f., _part of a host of warriors, nation_: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73. folc-stede, st. m., _position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered_: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fâra (_the battle-field_), 1464. folc-toga, w. m., _leader of a body of warriors, duke_: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrôðgâr are called folc-togan, 840. fold-bold, st. n., _earth-house_ (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fäger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774. fold-bûend, pres. part. _dweller on earth, man_: nom. pl. fold-bûend, 2275; fold-bûende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-bûendum, 309. folde, w. f., _earth, ground_: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; feóll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, _the bosom of the earth_, 1138; foldan sceátas, 96; foldan fäðm, 1394.--Also, _earth, world_: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197. fold-weg, st. m., _field-way, road through the country_: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867. folgian, w. v.: 1) _to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow_: pret. pl. þeáh hie hira beággyfan banan folgedon, _although they followed the murderer of their prince_, 1103.--2) _to pursue, to follow after_: folgode feorh-genîðlan (acc. pl.) 2934. folm, st. f, _hand_: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. fêt and folma, _feet and hands_, 746; dat. pl. tô banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.--Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm. for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, _before_, ante: þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, 358; for hlâwe, 1121.--b) _before_, coram, in conspectu: no he þære feohgyfte for sceótendum scamigan þorfte, _had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors_, 1027; for þäm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, _before the noble band of warriors_, 2021.--Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, _on account of, through, from_: for wlenco, _from bravery, through warlike courage_, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhýdum, 434; for onmêdlan, 2927, etc.--b) objective, partly denoting a cause, _through, from, by reason of_: for metode, _for the creator, on account of the creator_, 169; for þreánýdum, 833; for þreánêdlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, _on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds_ (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrôfsele hrînan ne mehte fær-gripe flôdes, _on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him_, 1516; lîg-egesan wäg for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the treasure_, 2782; for mundgripe mînum, _on account of, through the gripe of my hand_, 966; for þäs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, _through the stroke_, 2967; ne meahte ... deóp gedýgan for dracan lêge, _could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake_, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þäm gôdan sceal for his môdþräce mâðmas beódan, _will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage_, 385; ful-oft for lässan leán teohhode, _gave often reward for what was inferior_, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, _was not uneasy about his life_, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for ârstafum, _to the assistance_, 382, 458.--2) w. instr. causal, _because of, for_: he hine feor forwräc for þý mane, 110.--3) w. acc., _for, as, instead of_: for sunu freógan, _love as a son_, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde, _held the drake's fighting as nothing_, 2349. foran, adv., _before, among the first, forward_: siððan ... sceáwedon feóndes fingras, foran æghwylc (_each before himself_), 985; þät wäs ân foran ealdgestreóna, _that was one among the first of the old treasures_, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þe him foran ongeán linde bæron, _bore their shields forward against him_ (went out to fight against him), 2365. be-foran: 1) adv., local, _before_: he ... beforan gengde, _went before_, 1413; temporal, _before, earlier_, 2498.--2) prep. w. acc. _before_, in conspectu: mære mâððum-sweord manige gesâwon beforan beorn beran, 1025. ford, st. m., _ford, water-way_: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568. forð: 1) local, _forth, hither, near_: forð near ätstôp, _approached nearer_, 746; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wîsade, _led him_ (Beówulf) _forth_ (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þät him swât sprong forð under fexe, _forth under the hair of his head_, 2968. _Forward, further_: gewîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; he tô forð gestôp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, 2960. _Away, forth_, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewât, _the time_ (of the way to the ship) _was out_, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; me ... forð-gewitenum, _to me the departed_, 1480; fêrdon forð, _went forth_ (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne he forð scile, _when he must (go) forth_, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _carried him forth, over all men_, 1719.--2) temporal, _forth, from now on_: heald forð tela niwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2070. See furðum and furðor. forð-gerîmed, pres. part., _in unbroken succession_, 59. forð-gesceaft, st. f., _that which is determined for farther on, future destiny_: acc. sg. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1751. forð-weg, st. m., _road that leads away, journey_: he of ealdre gewât frôd on forð-weg (_upon the way to the next world_), 2626. fore, prep. w. dat., local, _before_, coram, in conspectu: heó fore þäm werede spräc, 1216. Causal, _through, for, because of_: nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fäder dædum, _because of the father's deeds_, 2060,--Allied to this is the meaning, _about_, de, super: þær wäs sang and swêg samod ätgädere fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, _song and music about Healfdene's general_ (the song of Hnäf), 1065. fore-mære, adj., _renowned beyond (others)_, præclarus: superl. þät wäs fore-mærost foldbûendum receda under roderum, 309. fore-mihtig, adj., _able beyond (others)_, præpotens: nom. sg. wäs tô foremihtig feónd on fêðe, _the enemy was too strong in going_ (could flee too rapidly), 970. fore-snotor, adj., _wise beyond (others)_, sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164. fore-þanc, st. m., _forethought, consideration, deliberation_: nom. sg., 1061. forht, adj., _fearful, cowardly_: nom. sg. forht, 2968; he on môde wearð forht on ferhðe, 755.--Comp. unforht. forma, adj., _foremost, first_: nom. sg. forma sîð (_the first time_), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sîðe, 741, 2287; forman dôgore, 2574. fyrmest, adv. superl., _first of all, in the first place_: he fyrmest läg, 2078. forst, st. m., _frost, cold_: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610. for-þam, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., _therefore, on that account, then_: forþam, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, _because_, 503. fôn, st. v., _to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take_: prs. sg. III. fêhð ôðer tô, _another lays hold_ (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grâpe sceal fôn wið feónde, 439; pret. sg. him tôgeánes fêng, _caught at him, grasped at him_, 1543; w. dat. he þâm frätwum fêng, _received the rich adornments_ (Ongenþeów's equipment), 2990. be-fôn, _to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace_: pret. part. hyne sâr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; heó äðelinga ânne häfde fäste befangen (_had seized him firmly_), 1296; helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum (_encircled by an ornament like a diadem_), 1452; fenne bifongen, _surrounded by the fen_, 2010; (draca) fýre befongen, _encircled by fire_, 2275, 2596; häfde landwara lîge befangen, _encompassed by fire_, 2322. ge-fôn, w. acc., _to seize, to grasp_: pret. he gefêng slæpendne rinc, 741; gûðrinc gefêng atolan clommum, 1502; gefêng þâ be eaxle ... Gûðgeáta leód Grendles môdor, 1538; gefêng þâ fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefêng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ôfoste gefêng micle mid mundum mägen-byrðenne, _hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden_, 3091. on-fôn, w. dat., _to receive, to accept, to take_: pres. imp. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, _accept this cup_, 1170; inf. þät þät þeódnes bearn ... scolde fäder-äðelum onfôn, _receive the paternal rank_, 912; pret. sg. hwâ þäm hläste onfêng, _who received the ship's lading_, 52; hleór-bolster onfêng eorles andwlitan, _the pillow received the nobleman's face_, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swêge onfêng, _the hall received the loud noise_, 1215; he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum, _he_ (Beówulf) _at once clutched him_ (Grendel) _devising malice_, 749. þurh-fôn, w. acc., _to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping_: inf. þät heó þone fyrd-hom þurh-fôn ne mihte, 1505. wið-fôn, w. dat., _(to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of_: pret. sg. him fäste wið-fêng, 761. ymbe-fôn, w. acc., _to encircle_: pret. heals ealne ymbefêng biteran bânum, _encircled his_ (Beówulf's) _whole neck with sharp bones_ (teeth), 2692. fôt, st. m., _foot_: gen. sg. fôtes trem (_the measure of a foot, a foot broad_), 2526; acc. pl. fêt, 746; dat. pl. ät fôtum, _at the feet_, 500, 1167. fôt-gemearc, st. n., _measure, determining by feet, number of feet_: gen. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang (_fifty feet long_), 3043. fôt-lâst, st. m., _foot-print_: acc. sg. (draca) onfand feóndes fôt-lâst, 2290. fracod, adj., _objectionable, useless_. nom. sg. näs seó ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576. fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. _away from something_: þær fram sylle âbeág medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesîðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þäm holmclife hafelan bæron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: he hine feor forwräc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, _hither from something_: þâ ic cwom ... from feóndum, 420; æghwäðrum wäs ... brôga fram ôðrum, 2566.--Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, _of, about, concerning_: sägdest from his sîðe, 532; nô ic wiht fram þe swylcra searo-nîða secgan hýrde, 581; þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., _away, thence_: nô þý ær fram meahte, 755; _forth, out_: from ærest cwom oruð aglæcean ût of stâne, _the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock_ 2557. fram, from, adj.: 1) _directed forwards, striving forwards_; in comp. sîð-fram.--2) _excellent, splendid_, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on môde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.--Comp. un-from; see freme, forma. ge-frägen. See frignan. frätwe, st. f. pl., _ornament, anything costly_, originally _carved objects_ (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frätwe, 2920; beorhte frätwe, 214; beorhte frätwa, 897; frätwe.. eorclan-stânas, 1208; frätwe,... breóst-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelâc's collar; frätwe and fät-gold, 1922; frätwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þâm frätwum, 2164; on frätewum, 963; frätwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrêmig, 2055; frätwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frätwum (Ongenþeów's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frätwa, 37; þâra frätwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frätwa hyrde (drake), 3134. frätwan, w. v., _to supply with ornaments, to adorn_: inf. folc-stede frätwan, 76. ge-frätwian, w. v., _to adorn_: pret. sg. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, 96; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten Heort innanweard folmum gefrätwod, 993. ge-fræge, adj., _known by reputation, renowned_: nom. sg. leód-cyning ... folcum gefræge, 55; swâ hyt gefræge wäs, 2481. ge-fræge, st. n., _information through hearsay_: instr. sg. mine gefræge (_as I learned through the narrative of others_), 777, 838, 1956, etc. ge-frægnian, w. v., _to become known through hearsay_: pret. part. fylle gefrægnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Äschere), 1334? freca, w. m., properly _a wolf_, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Beówulf, 1564.--Comp.: gûð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wîg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.). fremde, adj., properly _distant, foreign_; then _estranged, hostile_: nom sg. þät wäs fremde þeód êcean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692. freme, adj., _excellent, splendid_: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwên, of Þryðo, 1933(?). fremman, w. v., _to press forward, to further_, hence: 1) in general, _to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make_: pres. subj. without an object, fremme se þe wille, _let him do (it) whoever will_, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; säcce fremman, 2500; fæhðe ... mærðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcræd fremede (_did what was best for his men_, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. hû þâ äðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fâcenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þät ic ... mærðo fremede, 2135. --2) _to help on, to support_: inf. þät he mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833. ge-fremman, w. acc., _to do, to make, to render_: inf. gefremman eorlîc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, _to give help_, 2450; äfter weáspelle wyrpe gefremman, _to work a change after sorrow_ (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, tô gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, _placed him away, above all men_, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, nu scealc hafað ... dæd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þu þe self hafast dædum gefremed, þät ..., _hast brought it about by thy deeds that_, 955. fretan, st. v., _to devour, to consume_: inf. þâ (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; nu sceal glêd fretan wîgena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slæpende frät folces Denigea fýftyne men, 1582. frêcne, adj., _dangerous, bold_: nom. sg. frêcne fýr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frêcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frêcne dæde, 890; frêcne fengelâd, 1360; frêcne stôwe, 1379; instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (_through provoking words_), 1105. frêcne, adv., _boldly, audaciously_, 960, 1033, 1692. freá, w. m., _ruler, lord_, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. freá, 2286; acc. sg. freán, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. freán, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. freán, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. eode ... tô hire freán sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. freán ealles, _the Lord of all_, 2795; gen. sg. freán, 27.-- Comp.: âgend-, lîf-, sin-freá. freá-dryhten, st. m., _lord, ruling lord_: gen. sg. freá-drihtnes, 797. freá-wine, st. m., _lord and friend, friendly ruler_: nom. sg. freá-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his freá-wine, 2439. freá-wrâsn, st. f., _encircling ornament like a diadem_: instr. pl. helm ... befongen freáwrâsnum, 1452; see wrâsn. freoðu, friðu, f., _protection, asylum, peace_: acc. sg. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian, _who may obtain an asylum in God's arms_, 188; neán and feorran þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175.--Comp. fen-freoðo. freoðo-burh, st. f., _castle, city affording protection_: acc. sg. freoðoburh fägere, 522. freoðo-wong, st. m., _field of peace, field of protection_: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field. freoðo-wær, st. f., _peace-alliance, security of peace_: acc. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfa fäste frioðu-wære, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowære bäd hlâford sînne, _entreated his lord for the protection of peace_ (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283. freoðo-webbe, w. f., _peace-weaver_, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943. freó-burh, st. f., = freá-burg (?), _ruler's castle_ (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. freóburh, 694. freód, st. f., _friendship_: acc. sg. freóde ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, _was no longer time to seek for friendship_, 2557; --_favor, acknowledgement_: acc. sg. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (_will show myself grateful_, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708. freó-dryhten (= freá-dryhten), st. m., _lord, ruler_; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. freó-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his freó-dryhtne, 2628. freógan, w. v., _to love; to think of lovingly_: pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum freóge, 3178; inf. nu ic þec ... me for sunu wylle freógan on ferhðe, 949. freó-lîc, adj., _free, free-born_ (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. freólîc wîf, 616; freólîcu folc-cwên, 642. freónd, st. m., _friend_: acc. sg. freónd, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. freóndum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. freónda, 1307, 1839. freónd-laðu, st. f., _friendly invitation_: nom. sg. him wäs ful boren and freónd-laðu (_friendly invitation to drink_) wordum bewägned, 1193. freónd-lâr, st. f., _friendly counsel_: dat. (instr.) pl. freónd-lârum, 2378. freónd-lîce, adv., _in a friendly manner, kindly_: compar. freónd-lîcor, 1028. freónd-scipe, st. m., _friendship_: acc. sg. freónd-scipe fästne, 2070. freó-wine, st. m. (see freáwine), _lord and friend, friendly ruler_; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. freó-wine folca! 430. fricgean, w. v., _to ask, to inquire into_: inf. ongan sînne geseldan fägre fricgean hwylce Sæ-Geáta sîðas wæron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, _the old Scilding, asking many questions_ (having many things related to him), _told of old times_ (the conversation was alternate), 2107. ge-fricgean, _to learn, to learn by inquiry_: pres. pl. syððan hie ge-fricgeað freán ûserne ealdorleásne, _when they learn that our lord is dead_, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þät gefricge, þät..., 1827; pl. syððan äðelingas feorran gefricgean fleám eówerne, 2890. friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., _to seek, to desire, to strive for_: inf. näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, 2557. friðo-sib, st. f., _kin for the confirming of peace_, designation of the queen (see freoðo--webbe), _peace-bringer_: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018. frignan, fringan, frinan, st. v., _to ask, to inquire_: imp. ne frin þu äfter sælum, _ask not after the well-being!_ 1323; inf. ic þäs wine Deniga frinan wille ... ymb þînne sîð, 351; pret. sg. frägn, 236, 332; frägn gif ..., _asked whether_ ..., 1320. ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frinan, _to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration._ pret. sg. (w. acc.) þät fram hâm gefrägn Higelâces þegn Grendles dæda, 194; nô ic gefrägn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þâ ic wîde gefrägn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrägen ic þâ mægðe mâran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sêl gebæran, _I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief_, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) we þeódcyninga þrym gefrunon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gûðcyning gôdne gefrunon hringas dælan, 1970; (parenthetical) swâ guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ärn micel (_greater_) ... þone yldo bearn æfre gefrunon, 70; pret. part. häfde Higelâces hilde gefrunen, 2953; häfdon gefrunen þät..., _had learned that_ ..., 695; häfde gefrunen hwanan sió fæhð ârâs, 2404; healsbeága mæst þâra þe ic on foldan gefrägen häbbe, 1197. from, See fram. frôd, adj.: 1) ætate provectus, _old, gray_: nom. sg. frôd, 2626, 2951; frôd cyning, 1307, 2210; frôd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frôd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frôda, 2929; ac. sg. frôde feorhlege (_the laying down of my old life_), 2801; dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.--2) mente excellentior, _intelligent, experienced, wise_: nom. sg. frôd, 1367; frôd and gôd, 279; on môde frôd, 1845.--Comp.: in-, un-frôd. frôfor, st. f., _consolation, compensation, help_: nom. sg. frôfor, 2942; acc. sg. frôfre, 7, 974; fyrena frôfre, 629; frôfre and fultum, 1274; frôfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. tô frôfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frôfre, 185. fruma (see forma), w. m., _the foremost_, hence: l) _beginning_: nom. sg. wäs se fruma egeslîc leódum on lande, swâ hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sâre geendod (_the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Beówulf_), 2310.--2) _he who stands first, prince_; in comp. dæd-, hild-, land-, leód-, ord-, wîg-fruma. frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), _descent, origin_: acc. sg. nu ic eówer sceal frumcyn witan, 252. frum-gâr, st. m., primipilus, _duke, prince_: dat. sg. frumgâre (of Beówulf), 2857. frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, _beginning_: acc. sg. se þe cûðe frumsceaft fira feorran reccan, _who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times_, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, _in the beginning_, i.e at his birth, 45. fugol, st. m., _bird_: dat. sg. fugle gelîcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] tô gamene, 2942. ful, adj., _full, filled_: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. se wäs innan full wrätta and wîra, 2413.--Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful. ful, adv., plene, _very_: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952. ful, st. n., _cup, beaker_: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer ýða ful, _over the cup of the waves_ (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfôh þissum fulle, 1170.--Comp.: medo-, sele-full. fullæstian, w. v. w. dat, _to give help_: pres. sg. ic þe fullæstu, 2669. fultum, st. m., _help, support, protection_: acc. sg. frôfor (frôfre) and fultum, 699, 1274; mägenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.--Comp. mägen-fultum. fundian, w. v., _to strive, to have in view_: pres. pl. we fundiað Higelâc sêcan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138. furðum, adv., primo, _just, exactly; then first_: þâ ic furðum weóld folce Deninga, _then first governed the people of the Danes_ (had just assumed the government), 465; þâ hie tô sele furðum ... gangan cwômon, 323; ic þær furðum cwom tô þam hringsele, 2010;--_before, previously_: ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde, swâ wit furðum spræcon, 1708. furður, adv., _further, forward, more distant_, 254, 762, 3007. fûs, adj., _inclined to, favorable, ready_: nom. sg. nu ic eom sîðes fûs, 1476; leófra manna fûs, _prepared for the dear men_, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sûðan fûs, _the sun inclined from the south_ (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fûs ofer fægum, _eager over the slain_, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fûs, 3120; nom. pl. wæron ... eft to leódum fûse tô farenne, 1806.--Sometimes fûs means _ready for death_, moribundus: fûs and fæge, 1242.--Comp.: hin-, ût-fûs. fûs-lîc, adj., _prepared, ready_: acc. sg. fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð, 1425; fyrd-searo fûs-lîc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûs-lîcu, 232. fyl, st. m., _fall_: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, _the fall of the king_ (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þät he on fylle wearð, _that he came to a fall, fell_, 1545.--Comp. hrâ-fyl. fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., _troop, band of warriors_: in comp. äl-fylce. ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., _to fell, to slay in battle_: inf. fâne gefyllan, _to slay the enemy_, 2656; pret. pl. feónd gefyldan, _they had slain the enemy_, 2707. â-fyllan (see ful), w. v., _to fill_: pret. part. Heorot innan wäs freóndum âfylled (_was filled with trusted men_), 1019. fyllo, st. f. (_plenty, abundant meal_: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrægnod, 1334; gen. sg. näs hie þære fylle gefeán häfdon, 562; fylle gefægon, 1015.--Comp.: wäl-, wist-fyllo. fyl-wêrig, adj., _weary enough to fall, faint to death_, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wêrigne, 963. fyr. See feor. fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) _to bear, to bring, carry_: pret. pl. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance, 378. fyras. See firas. fyren. See firen. fyrde, adj., _movable, that can be moved_.--Comp. hard-fyrde.--Leo. fyrd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade on an expedition, companion in battle_: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874 fyrd-ham, st. m., _war-dress, coat of mail_: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505. fyrd-hrägl, st. n., _coat of mail, war-dress_: acc. sg. fyrd-hrägl, 1528. fyrd-hwät, adj., _sharp, good in war, warlike_: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. fyrd-leóð, st. n., _war-song, warlike music_: acc. sg. horn stundum song fûslîc f[yrd]leoð, 1425. fyrd-searu, st. n., _equipment for an expedition_: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fûslîc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fûslîcu, 232. fyrd-wyrðe, adj., _of worth in war, excellent in battle_: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Beówulf), 1317. ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., _to bring forward, to further_: pret. part. âr wäs on ôfoste, eftsîðes georn, frätwum gefyrðred, _he was hurried forward by the treasure_ (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Beówulf), 2785. fyrmest. See forma. fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., _by-gone days_: dat. pl. fyrndagum (_in old times_), 1452. fyrn-geweorc, st. n., _work, something done in old times_: acc. sg. fira fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283), 2287. fyrn-gewin, st. n., _combat in ancient times_: gen. sg. ôr fyrn-gewinnes (_the origin of the battles of the giants_), 1690. fyrn-man, st. m., _man of ancient times_: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762. fyrn-wita, w. m., _counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years_: dat. sg. frôdan fyrnwitan, of Äschere, 2124. fyrst, st. m., _portion of time, definite time, time_: nom. sg. näs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb âne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewât, _the time_ (of going to the harbor) _was past_, 210; näs þær mâra fyrst freóde tô friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; fîf nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þý fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., _within the fixed time_, 76. fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., _prying spirit, curiosity_: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785. ge-fýsan (fûs), w. v., _to make ready, to prepare_: part. winde gefýsed flota, _the ship provided with wind_ (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fýre gefýsed, _provided with fire_, 2310; þâ wäs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefýsed säcce tô sêceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gûðe gefýsed, _ready for battle, determined to fight_, 631. fýr, st. n., _fire_: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fýre, 2220; as instr. fýre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fýres fäðm, 185; fýres feng, 1765.-- Comp.: âd-, bæl-, heaðu-, wäl-fýr. fýr-bend, st. m., _band forged in fire_: dat. pl. duru ... fýr-bendum fäst, 723. fýr-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon_: nom. sg., 2690. fýr-heard, adj., _hard through fire, hardened in fire_: nom. pl. (eoforlîc) fâh and fýr-heard, 305. fýr-leóht, st. n., _fire-light_: acc. sg., 1517. fýr-wylm, st. m., _wave of fire, flame-wave_: dat. pl. wyrm ... fýrwylmum fâh, 2672. G galan, st. v., _to sing, to sound_: pres. sg. sorh-leóð gäleð, 2461; inf. gryre-leóð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, _heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound_, 1433. â-galan, _to sing, to sound_: pret. sg. þät hire on hafelan hringmæl âgôl grædig gûðleóð, _that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head_, 1522. gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., _tribute, interest_: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11. gamen, st. n., _social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings_: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen gleóbeámes, _the pleasure of the harp_, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and gleódreám, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.--Comp. heal-gamen. gamen-wâð, st. f., _way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society_: dat. sg. of gomen-wâðe, 855. gamen-wudu, st. m., _wood of social enjoyment_, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grêtte, 2109. gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., _old_; of persons, _having lived many years, gray_: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þam gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.--Also, _late, belonging to former time_: gen. pl. gomelra lâfe (_legacy_), 2037.--Of things, _old, from old times_: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lâfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald. gamol-feax, adj., _with gray hair_: nom. sg., 609. gang, st. m.: 1) _gait, way_: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twæman, _could not keep him from going_, 969.--2) _step, foot-step_: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fêran Grendles mâgan gang sceáwigan, 1392.--Comp. in-gang. be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (_so far as something goes_), _extent_: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, _over the extent of the sea_, 362; ofer flôda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flôda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, 2368. gangan. See under gân. ganot, st. m., _diver_, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bäð (i.e. the sea), 1862. gâd, st. n., _lack_: nom. sg. ne bið þe wilna gâd (_thou shalt have no lack of desirable_ [valuable] _things_), 661; similarly, 950. gân, _expanded =_ gangan, st. v., _to go_: pres. sg. III. gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel, 455; gæð eft ... tô medo, 605; þonne he ... on flett gæð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. gâ þær he wille, _let him go whither he will_, 1395; imp. sg. II. gâ nu tô setle, 1783; nu þu lungre geong, hord sceáwian, under hârne stân, 2744; inf. in gân, _to go in_, 386, 1645 'forð gân, _to go forth, to go thither_, 1164; þat hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan, _to go towards, to go to_, 314; tô sele ... gangan cwômon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; nu ge môton gangan ... Hrôðgâr geseón, 395; þâ com of môre ... Grendel gongan, _there came Grendel (going) from the fen_, 712; ongeán gramum gangan, _to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war_, 1035; cwom ... tô hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan tô, _let us go thither_, 2649.--As preterite, serve, 1) geóng or gióng: he tô healle geóng, 926; similarly, 2019; se þe on orde geóng, _who went at the head, went in front, _3126; on innan gióng, _went in_, 2215; he ... gióng tô þäs þe he eorðsele ânne wisse, _went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, _2410; þâ se äðeling, gióng, þät he bî wealle gesät, _then went the prince_ (Beówulf) _that he might sit down by the wall_, 2716.--2) gang: tô healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þâ äfter flôre, _went along the floor, along the hall_, 1317.--3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): he ... beforan gengde ..., wong sceáwian, _went in front to inspect the fields_, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.--4) from another stem, eode (Goth. iddja): eode ellenrôf, þät he for eaxlum gestôd Deniga freán, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgâr eode], _went towards the door of the hall_, 390; eode Wealhþeów forð, _went forth_, 613; eode tô hire freán sittan, 641; eode yrremôd, _went with angry feeling_, 727; eode ... tô sele, 919; similarly, 1233; eode ... þær se snottra bâd, 1313; eode weorð Denum äðeling tô yppan, _the prince_ (Beówulf), _honored by the Danes, went to the high seat_, 1815; eode ... under inwit-hrôf, 3124; pl. þær swîðferhðe sittan eodon, 493; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, _went to meet him_, 1627; eodon under Earna näs, 3032. â-gangan, _to go out, to go forth, to befall_: pret. part. swâ bit âgangen wearð eorla manegum (_as it befell many a one of the earls_), 1235. full-gangan, _to emulate, to follow after_: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte heóld, feðer-gearwum fûs flâne full-eode, _when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow_, 3120. ge-gân, ge-gangan: 1) _to go, to approach_: inf. (w. acc.) his môdor ... gegân wolde sorhfulne sîð, 1278; se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, _who dared to go the ways of terror_ (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mæges scyld elne geeode, _went quickly under his kinsman's shield_, 2677; pl. elne geeodon tô þäs þe ..., _went quickly thither where_ ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan hie tô-gädre gegân häfdon, _when they_ (Wîglâf and the drake) _had come together_, 2631; þät his aldres wäs ende gegongen, _that the end of his life had come_, 823; þâ wäs endedäg gôdum gegongen, þät se gûðcyning ... swealt, 3037.--2) _to obtain, to reach_: inf. (w. acc.) þonne he ät gûðe gegân þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, näs þät ýðe ceáp tô gegangenne gumena ænigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geeodon ... þät se byrnwîga bûgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. häfde ... gegongen þät, _had attained it, that_ ..., 894; hord ys gesceáwod, grimme gegongen, 3086.--3) _to occur, to happen_: pres. sg. III. gif þät gegangeð þät ..., _if that happen, that_ ..., 1847; pret. sg. þät geiode ufaran dôgrum hilde-hlämmum, _it happened in later times to the warriors_ (the Geátas), 2201; pret. part. þâ wäs gegongen guman unfrôdum earfoðlîce þät, _then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that_ ..., 2822. ôð-gangan, _to-go thither_: pret. pl. oð þät hi ôðeodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935. ofer-gangan, w. acc., _to go over_: pret. sg. ofereode þâ äðelinga bearn steáp stân-hliðo, _went over steep, rocky precipices_, 1409; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð ofereodon, 2960. ymb-gangan, w. acc., _to go around_: pret. ymb-eode þâ ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dæl æghwylcne, _went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors_, 621. gâr, st. m., _spear, javelin, missile_: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gâre, 1076; blôdigan gâre, 2441; gen. sg. gâres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. gâras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).--Comp.: bon-, frum-gâr. gâr-cêne, adj., _spear-bold_: nom. sg., 1959. gâr-cwealm, st. m., _murder, death by the spear_: acc. sg. gâr-cwealm gumena, 2044. gâr-holt, st. n., _forest of spears_, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835. gâr-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), _sea, ocean_: acc. sg. on gâr-secg, 49, 537; ofer gâr-secg, 515. gâr-wîga, w. m., _one who fights with the spear_: dat. sg. geongum gâr-wîgan, of Wîglâf, 2675, 2812. gâr-wîgend, pres. part., _fighting with spear, spear-fighter_: acc. pl. gâr-wîgend, 2642. gâst, gæst, st. m., _ghost, demon_: acc. sg. helle gâst (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gâstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gâsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gæsta gîfrost (_flames consuming corpses_), 1124.--Comp.: ellor-, geó-sceaft-gâst; ellen-, wäl-gæst. gâst-bana, w. m., _slayer of the spirit_, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gâst-bona, 177. gädeling, st. m., _he who is connected with another, relation, companion_: gen. sg. gädelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gädelingum, 2950. ät-gädere, adv., _together, united_: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ätgädere, 329, 387, 730, 1064. tô-gadere, adv., _together_, 2631. gäst, gist, gyst, st. m., _stranger, guest_: nom. sg. gäst, 1801; se gäst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gäst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-lîcne gist (the nixy slain by Beówulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gäs[tas], 1894.--Comp.: fêðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nîð-, sele-gäst (-gyst). gäst-sele, st. m., _hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall_: acc. sg., 995. ge, conj., _and_, 1341; ge ... ge ..., _as well ... as ..._, 1865; ge ... ge ..., ge ..., 1249; ge swylce, _and likewise, and moreover_, 2259. ge, pron., _ye, you_, plur. of þu, 237, 245, etc. gegn-cwide, st. m., _reply_: gen. pl. þînra gegn-cwida, 367. gegnum, adv., _thither, towards, away_, with the prep, tô, ofer, giving the direction: þät hie him tô mihton gegnum gangan (_that they might go thither_), 314; gegnum fôr [þâ] ofer myrcan môr, _away over the dark moor_, 1405. gehðu, geohðu, st. f., _sorrow, care_: instr. sg. giohðo mænde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794. gen (from gegn), adv., _yet, again_. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen, þät ..., _it was not then long before_ ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymb Grendel, _shall from now on speak again of Grendel_, 2071; nô þý ær ût þâ gen ... gongan wolde (_still he would not yet go out_), 2082; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (_yet all my favor belongs to thee_), 2150; þâ gen, _then again_, 2678, 2703; swâ he nu gen dêð, _as he still does_, 2860; furður gen, _further still, besides_, 3007; nu gen, _now again_, 3169; ne gen, _no more, no farther_: ne wäs þät wyrd þâ gen, _that was no more fate_ (fate no longer willed that), 735. gena, _still_: cwico wäs þâ gena, _was still living_, 3094. genga, w. m., _goer_; in comp. in-, sæ-, sceadu-genga. gengde. See gân(3). genge. See ûð-genge. genunga (from gegnunga), adv., _precisely, completely_, 2872. gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) _to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition_: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.--2) _to equip, to arm for battle_: pret. sg. gyrede hine Beówulf eorl-gewædum (_dressed himself in the armor_), 1442. ge-gyrwan: 1) _to make, to prepare_: pret. pl. him þâ gegiredan Geáta leóde âd ... unwâclîcne, 3138; pret. part. glôf ... eall gegyrwed deófles cräftum and dracan fellum, 2088.--2) _to fit out, to make ready_: inf. ceól gegyrwan hilde-wæpnum and heaðowædum, 38; hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, _had (his) good ship fitted up for him_, 199. Also, _to provide warlike equipment_: pret. part. syððan he hine tô gûðe gegyred häfde, 1473.--3) _to endow, to provide, to adorn_: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrägl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lâfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mâdmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029. getan, w. v., _to injure, to slay_: inf., 2941. be-gête, adj., _attainable_; in comp. êð-begête. geador, adv., _unitedly, together, jointly_, 836; geador ätsomne, 491. on-geador, adv., _unitedly, together_, 1596. gealdor, st. n.: 1) _sound_: acc. sg. býman gealdor, 2944.--2) _magic song, incantation, spell_: instr. sg. þonne wäs þät yrfe ... galdre bewunden (_placed under a spell_), 3053. gealga, w. m., _gallows_: dat. sg. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, 2447. gealg-môd, adj., _gloomy_: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, 1278. gealg-treów, st. n., _gallows_: dat. pl. on galg-treówu[m], 2941. geard, st. m., _residence_; in Beówulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (_in Finn's castle_), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, _before he went away from his dwelling-place_, i.e. died, 265.--Comp. middan-geard. gearo, adj., properly, _made, prepared_; hence, _ready, finished, equipped_: nom. sg. þät hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ärna mæst, 77; wiht unhælo ... gearo sôna wäs, _the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long_, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wäs on bæl gearu, _was ready for the funeral-pile_ (for the solemn burning), 1110; þeód (is) eal gearo, _the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared_, 1231; hraðe wäs ät holme hýð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gûð-freca, 2415; sîe sió bær gearo ädre geäfned, _let the bier be made ready at once_, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwräce, _ready for revenge for harm done_, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stôwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814. gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., _completely, entirely_: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson, _you do not know at all_ ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (_remembers him very well_), 265; wisse he gearwe þät ..., _he knew very well that_ ..., 2340, 2726; þät ic ... gearo sceáwige swegle searogimmas (_that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are_), 2749; ic wât geare þät ..., 2657.--Comp. gearwor, _more readily, rather_, 3077.--Superl. gearwost, 716. gearo-folm, adj., _with ready hand_, 2086. gearwe, st. f., _equipment, dress_; in comp. feðer-gearwe. geat, st. n., _opening, door_; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat. geato-lîc, adj., _well prepared, handsome, splendid_: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wîsa fengel geatolîc gengde, _passed on in a stately manner_, 1402. geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment, adornment_: acc. recedes geatwa, _the ornaments of the dragon's cave_ (its treasures), 3089.--Comp.: eóred-, gryre-, gûð-, hilde-, wîg-geatwe. geán (from gegn), adv. in on-geán, adv. and prep., _against, towards_: þät he me ongeán sleá, 682; ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme, 748; foran ongeán, _forward towards_, 2365. With dat.: ongeán gramum, _against the enemy_, 1035. tô-geánes, tô-genes, prep, _against, towards_: Grendle tôgeánes, _towards Grendel, against Grendel_, 667; grâp þâ tôgeánes, _she grasped at_ (Beówulf), 1502; similarly, him tôgeánes fêng, 1543; eodon him þâ tôgeánes, _went towards him_, 1627; hêt þâ gebeódan ... þät hie bæl-wudu feorran feredon gôdum tôgênes, _had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man_ (i.e. to the place where the dead Beówulf lay), 3115. geáp, adj., _roomy, extensive, wide_: nom. sg. reced ... geáp, _the roomy hall_, 1801; acc. sg. under geápne hrôf, 837.--Comp.: horn-, sæ-geáp. geâr, st. n., _year_: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. geâra, in adverbial sense, olim, _in former times_, 2665. See un-geâra. geâr-dagas, st. m. pl., _former days_: dat. pl. in (on) geâr-dagum, 1, 1355. geofe. See gifu. geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., _sea, flood_: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen geótende, _the streaming flood_, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395. geogoð, st. f.: 1) _youth, time of youth_: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.--2) contrasted with duguð, _the younger warriors of lower rank_ (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622. geoguð-feorh, st. n., _age of youth_, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) feore, 537, 2665. geohðo. See gehðo. geolo, adj., _yellow_: acc. sg. geolwe linde (_the shield of yellow linden bark_), 2611. geolo-rand, st. m., _yellow shield_ (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438. geond, prep. w. acc., _through, throughout, along, over_: geond þisne middangeard, _through the earth, over the earth_, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; fêrdon folctogan ... geond wîd-wegas, _went along the ways coming from afar_, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þät säld, _through the hall, through the extent of the hall_, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265. geong, adj., _young, youthful_: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gûðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on swâ geongum feore, _at a so youthful age_, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.--Superl. gingest, _the last_: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818. georn, adj., _striving, eager_, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sîðes georn, 2784.--Comp. lof-georn. georne, adv., _readily, willingly_: þät him wine-mâgas georne hýrdon, 66; georne trûwode, 670.--_zealously, eagerly_: sôhte georne äfter grunde, _eagerly searched over the ground_, 2295.--_carefully, industriously_: nô ic him þäs georne ätfealh (_held him not fast enough_), 969.--_completely, exactly_: comp. wiste þê geornor, 822. geó, iú, adv., _once, formerly, earlier_, 1477; gió, 2522; iú, 2460. geóc, st. f., _help, support_: acc. sg. geóce gefremman, 2675; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, 177; geóce gelýfde, _believed in the help_ (of Beówulf), 609; dat. sg. tô geóce, 1835. geócor, adj., _ill, bad_: nom. sg., 766.--See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7. geó-man, iú-man, st. m., _man of former times_: gen. pl. iú-manna, 3053. geó-meowle, w. f., (_formerly a virgin), wife_: acc. sg. ió-meowlan, 2932. geômor, adj., _with depressed feelings, sad, troubled_: nom. sg. him wäs geômor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; môdes geômor, 2101; fem. þät wäs geômuru ides, 1076. geômore, adv., _sadly_, 151. geômor-gid, st. n., _dirge_: acc. sg. giômor-gyd, 3151. geômor-lîc, adj., _sad, painful_: swâ bið geômorlîc gomelum ceorle tô gebîdanne þät..., _it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..._, 2445. geômor-môd, adj., _sad, sorrowful_: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; giômor-môd, 2268. geômrian, w. v., _to complain, to lament_: pret. sg. geômrode giddum, 1119. geó-sceaft, st. f., (_fixed in past times), fate_: acc. sg. geósceaft grimme, 1235. geósceaft-gâst, st. m., _demon sent by fate_: gen. pl. fela geósceaft-gâsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267. geótan, st. v. intrans., _to pour, to flow, to stream_: pres. part. gifen geótende, 1691. gicel, st. m., _icicle_: in comp. hilde-gicel. gid, gyd, st. n., _speech, solemn alliterative song_: nom. sg. þær wäs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; leóð wäs âsungen, gleómannes gyd, _the song was sung, the gleeman's lay_, 1161; þær wäs gidd and gleó, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid âwräc, 1724; gyd âwräc, 2109; gyd äfter wräc, 2155; þonne he gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.--Comp.: geômor-, word-gid. giddian, w. v., _to speak, to speak in alliteration_: pret. gyddode, 631. gif, conj.: 1) _if_, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.--2) _whether_, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320. gifa, geofa, w. m., _giver_; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa). gifan, st. v., _to give_: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas beágas geaf Denum, 1720; he me [mâðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. geâfon (hyne) on gârsecg, 49; pret. part. þâ wäs Hrôðgâre here-spêd gyfen, 64; þâ wäs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan ærest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (_given in marriage_), 1949. â-gifan, _to give, to impart_: inf. andsware ... âgifan, _to give an answer_, 355; pret. sg. sôna him se frôda fäder Ôhtheres ... ondslyht âgeaf (_gave him a counter-blow_), (_hand-blow_?), 2930. for-gyfan, _to give, to grant_: pret. sg. him þäs lîf-freá ... worold-âre forgeaf, 17; þäm tô hâm forgeaf Hrêðel Geáta ângan dôhtor (_gave in marriage_), 374; similarly, 2998; he me lond forgeaf, _granted me land_, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mägen-ræs forgeaf hilde-bille, _he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow_, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520. of-gifan, (_to give up_), _to leave_: inf. þät se mæra maga Ecgþeówes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (_was fated to leave the earth-plain_), 2589; pret. sg. þâs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdreám ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. näs ofgeâfon hwate Scyldingas, _left the promontory_, 1601; þät þâ hildlatan holt ofgêfan, _that the cowards left the wood_ (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þâra þe þis [lîf] ofgeaf, 2252. gifeðe, adj., _given, granted_: Gûðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þät..., _to such a warrior is it granted that_..., 299; similarly, 2682; swâ me gifeðe wäs, 2492; þær me gifeðe swâ ænig yrfeweard äfter wurde, _if an heir_, (living) _after me, had been given me_, 2731.--Neut. as subst.: wäs þät gifeðe tô swîð, þe þone [þeóden] þyder ontyhte, _the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king_, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.--Comp. un-gifeðe. gif-heal, st. f., _hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall_: acc. sg. ymb þâ gifhealle, 839. gif-sceat, st. m., _gift of value_: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378. gif-stôl, st. m., _seat from which fiefs are granted, throne_: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168. gift, st. f., _gift, present_: in comp. feoh-gift. gifu, geofu, st. f., _gift, present, grant; fief_: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfäste gife þe him god sealde, _the great gift that God had granted him_ (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfästan gife þe him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.--Comp.: mâððum-, sinc-gifu. gigant, st. m., _giant_: nom. pl. gigantas, 113; gen. pl. giganta, 1563, 1691. gild, gyld, st. n., _reparation_: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?). gildan, gyldan, st. v., _to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay_: inf. gomban gyldan, _pay tribute_, 11; he mid gôde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; we him þâ gûðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðoræsas geald mearum and mâðmum, _repaid the battles with horses and treasures_, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gûðræs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermâðmum, _repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures_, 2992. an-gildan, _to pay for_: pret. sg. sum sâre angeald æfenräste, _one_ (Äschere) _paid for the evening-rest with death's pain_, 1252. â-gildan, _to offer one's self_: pret. sg. þâ me sæl âgeald, _when the favorable opportunity offered itself_, 1666; similarly, þâ him rûm âgeald, 2691. for-gildan, _to repay, to do something in return, to reward_: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gôde forgylde, _may the ruler of all reward thee with good_, 957; inf. þone ænne hêht golde forgyldan, _he ordered that the one_ (killed by Grendel) _be paid for_ (atoned for) _with gold_, 1055; he ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gûðræsa fela, _wished to pay Grendel for many attacks_, 1578; wolde se lâða lîge forgyldan drinc-fät dýre, _the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel_ (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. he him þäs leán forgeald, _he gave them the reward therefore_, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wälhlem þone, _repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange_, 2969. gilp, gylp, st. m., _speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech_: acc. sg. häfde ... Geát-mecga leód gilp gelæsted (_had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle_), 830; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas, _gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech_, 1750; þät ic wið þone gûðflogan gylp ofersitte, _restrain myself from the speech of defiance_, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrîpan (_fulfil my promise of battle_), 2522.--Comp. dol-gilp. gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., _to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently_: pres. sg. I. nô ic þäs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, _boasts of the murder_, 2056; inf. swâ ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga ænig ... uhthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, _had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior_, 2875; pret. sg. hrêðsigora ne gealp goldwine Geáta, _did not exult at the glorious victory_ (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584. gilp-cwide, st. m., _speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance_: nom. sg., 641. gilp-hläden, pret. part., _laden with boasts of defiance_ (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), _covered with glory_: nom. sg. guma gilp-hläden, 869. gilp-spræc, same as gilp-cwide, _speech of defiance, boastful speech_: dat. sg. on gylp-spræce, 982. gilp-word, st. n., _defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word_: gen. pl. gespräc ... gylp-worda sum, 676. gim, st. m., _gem, precious stone, jewel_: nom. sg. heofones gim, _heaven's jewel_, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim. gimme-rîce, adj., _rich in jewels_: acc. sg. gimme-rîce hord-burh häleða, 466. gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly _gaping_, hence, _wide, extended_: acc. sg. gynne grund (_the bottom of the sea_), 1552. gin-fäst, adj., _extensive, rich_: acc. sg. gim-fäste gife (gim-, on account of the following _f_), 1272; in weak form, gin-fästan gife, 2183. ginnan, st. v., original meaning, _to be open, ready_; in on-ginnan, _to begin, to undertake_: pret. ôð þät ân ongan fyrene fremman feónd on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, _the sword began to diminish_, 1606; Higelâc ongan sînne geseldan ... fägre fricgean, _began with propriety to question his companion_, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. nô her cûðlîcor cuman ongunnon lindhäbbende, _no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither_, 244; pret. part. häbbe ic mærða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, _have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown_, 409. gist. See gäst. gistran, adv., _yesterday_: gystran niht, _yesterday night_, 1335. git, pron., _ye two_, dual of þu, 508, 512, 513, etc. git, gyt, adv., _yet; then still_, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; _hitherto_, 957; næfre git, _never yet_, 583; _still_, 945, 1059, 1135; _once more_, 2513; _moreover_, 47, 1051, 1867. gitan (original meaning, _to take hold of, to seize, to attain_), in be-gitan, w. acc., _to grasp, to seize, to reach_: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þâ hine wîg beget, _when war seized him, came upon him_, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton, _good men received it formerly from thee_, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost þâra þe leódfruman lange begeâte, _the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief_, 2131. for-gitan, w. acc., _to forget_: pres. sg. III. he þâ forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1752. an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) _to take hold of, to grasp_: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, _lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man_, 1724; pret. sg. þe hine se brôga angeat, _whom terror seized_, 1292.--2) _to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold_: pres. subj. I. þät ic ærwelan ... ongite, _that I may behold the ancient wealth_ (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. säl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Geáta clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, _had perceived their distress from hostile snares_, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, _beheld the she-wolf of the bottom_, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeâton, gûðhorn galan, _perceived the noise_, (heard) _the battle-trumpet sound_, 1432; syððan hie Hygelâces horn and býman gealdor ongeâton, 2945. gîfre, adj., _greedy, eager_: nom. sg. gîfre and galgmôd, of Grendel's mother, 1278.--Superl.: lîg..., gæsta gîfrost, 1124.--Comp. heoro-gîfre. gîtsian, w. v., _to be greedy_: pres. sg. III. gýtsað, 1750. gio-, gió-. See geo-, geó-. gladian, w. v., _to gleam, to shimmer_: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, _upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times_ (armor), 2037. gläd, adj., _gracious, friendly_ (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. beó wið Geátas gläd, 1174; acc. sg. glädne Hrôðgâr, 864; glädne Hrôðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frôdan, 2026. gläde, adv., _in a gracious, friendly way_, 58. glädnian, w. v., _to rejoice_: inf. w. gen., 367. gläd-môd, adj., _joyous, glad_, 1786. glêd, st. f., _fire, flame_: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. glêdum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042. glêd-egesa, w. m., _terror on account of fire, fire-terror_: nom. sg. glêd-egesa grim (_the fire-spewing of the drake_), 2651. gleáw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., _considerate, well-bred_, of social conduct; in comp. un-gleáw. gleó, st. n., _social entertainment_, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þær wäs gidd and gleó, 2106. gleó-beám, st. m., _(tree of social entertainment, of music), harp._ gen. sg. gleó-beámes, 2264. gleó-dreám, st. _m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety_: acc. sg. gamen and gleó-dreám, 3022. gleó-man, m., _(gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper_: gen. sg. gleómannes gyd, 1161. glitinian (O.H.G. glizinôn), w. v., _to gleam, to light, to glitter_: inf. geseah þâ ... gold glitinian, 2759. glîdan, st. v., _to glide_: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim glâd ofer grundas, _after heaven's gem had glided over the fields_ (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer gârsecg, _you glided over the ocean_ (swimming), 515. tô-glîdan _(to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder_: pret. gûð-helm tô-glâd (Ongenþeów's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488. glôf, st. f., _glove_: nom. sg. glôf hangode, (on Grendel) _a glove hung_, 2086. gneáð, adj., _niggardly_: nom. sg. f. näs hió ... tô gneáð gifa Geáta leódum, _was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Geátas_, 1931. gnorn, st. m., _sorrow, sadness_: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659. gnornian, w. v., _to be sad, to complain_: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118. be-gnornian, w. acc., _to bemoan, to mourn for_: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlâfordes [hry]re, _bemoaned their lord's fall_, 3180. god, st. m., _god_: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hâlig god, 381, 1554; witig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston hie drihten god, _did not know the Lord God_, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc. gold, st. n., _gold_: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, _wound gold, gold in ring-form_, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hæðen gold, _heathen gold_ (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brâd gold, _massive gold_, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fättan golde, _with chased gold, with gold in plate-form_, 2103; gehroden golde, _covered with gold, gilded_, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), _provided with, ornamented with gold_, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, _adorned with gold_, 778; golde fâhne (hrôf), _the roof shining with gold_, 928; bunden golde, _bound with gold_ (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), _the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold_, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fättan goldes, 1094, 2247; scîran goldes, _of pure gold_, 1695. --Comp. fät-gold. gold-æht, st. f., _possessions in gold, treasure_: acc. sg., 2749. gold-fâh, adj., _variegated with gold, shining with gold_: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fâh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fâhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, _variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls_, 995. gold-gifa, w. m., _gold-giver_, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mînne goldgyfan, 2653. gold-hroden, pret. part., _(covered with gold), ornamented with gold_: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank. gold-hwät, adj., _striving after gold, greedy for gold_: näs he goldhwät, _he_ (Beówulf) _was not greedy for gold_ (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075. gold-mâðm, st. m., _jewel of gold_: acc. pl. gold-mâðmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415. gold-sele, st. m., _gold-hall_, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084. gold-weard, st. m., _gold-ward, defender of the gold_: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082. gold-wine, st. m., _friend who distributes gold_, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Geáta, 2420, 2585. gold-wlanc, adj., _proud of gold_: nom. sg. gûðrinc goldwlanc (Beówulf rewarded with gold by Hrôðgâr on account of his victory), 1882. gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen. gong, gongan. See gang, gangan. gôd, adj., _good, fit_, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frôd and gôd, 279; w. dat. cyning äðelum gôd, _the king noble in birth_, 1871; gumcystum gôd, 2544; w. gen. wes þu ûs lârena gôd, _be good to us with teaching_ (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gôda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gôdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gôdne, 1487; neut. gôd, 1563; dat. sg. gôdum, 3037, 3115; þäm gôdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gôde, 2250; þâ gôdan, 1164; acc. pl. gôde, 2642; dat. pl. gôdum dædum, 2179; gen. pl. gôdra gûðrinca, 2649.--Comp. ær-gôd. gôd, st. n.: 1) _good that is done, benefit, gift_: instr. sg. gôde, 20, 957, 1185; gôde mære, _renowned on account of her gifts_ (Þryðo), 1953; instr. pl. gôdum, 1862.--2) _ability_, especially in fight: gen. pl. nât he þâra gôda, 682. gram, adj., _hostile_: gen. sg. on grames grâpum, _in the gripe of the enemy_ (Beówulf), 766; nom. pl. þâ graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035. gram-heort, adj., _of a hostile heart, hostile_: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683. gram-hydig, adj., _with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined_: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750. grâp, st. f., _the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw_: dat. sg. mid grâpe, 438; on grâpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grâpe, _all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw_, 837; dat. pl. on grames grâpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grâpum, _with grim claws_, 1543.--Comp.: feónd-, hilde-grâp. grâpian, w. v., _to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize_: pret. sg. þät hire wið halse heard grâpode, _that_ (the sword) _griped hard at her neck_, 1567; he ... grâpode gearofolm, _he took hold with ready hand_, 2086. gräs-molde, w. f., _grass-plot_: acc. sg. gräsmoldan träd, _went over the grass-plot_, 1882. grædig, adj., _greedy, hungry, voracious_: nom. sg. grim and grædig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. grædig gûðleóð, 1523. græg, adj., _gray_: nom. pl. äsc-holt ufan græg, _the ashen wood, gray above_ (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. græge syrcan, _gray_ (i.e. iron) _shirts of mail_, 334. græg-mæl, adj., _having a gray color_, here = _iron_: nom. sg. sweord Beówulfes gomol and grægmæl, 2683. græpe. See ät-græpe. grêtan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute_: inf. hine swâ gôdne grêtan, 347; Hrôðgâr grêtan, 1647, 2011; eówic grêtan hêt (_bade me bring you his last greeting_), 3096; pret. sg. grêtte Geáta leód, 626; grêtte þâ guma ôðerne, 653; Hrôðgâr grêtte, 1817.-- 2) _to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of_: inf. gifstôl grêtan, _take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler_, 168; näs se folccyning ænig ... þe mec gûðwinum grêtan dorste (_attack with swords_), 2736; Wyrd ... se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde, 2422; þät þone sin-scaðan gûðbilla nân grêtan nolde, _that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy_, 804; pret. sg. grêtte goldhroden guman on healle, _the gold-adorned_ (queen) _greeted the men in the hall_, 615; nô he mid hearme ... gästas grêtte, _did not approach the strangers with insults_, 1894; gomenwudu grêtte, _touched the wood of joy, played the harp_, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þät þu þone wälgæst wihte ne grêtte, _that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit_ (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þät he ne grêtte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þær wäs ... gomenwudu grêted, 1066. ge-grêtan, w. acc.: 1) _to greet, to salute, to address_: pret. sg. holdne gegrêtte meaglum wordum, _greeted the dear man with formal words_, 1981; gegrêtte þâ gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, _spoke then the last time to each of the men_, 2517.--2) _to approach, to come near, to seek out_: inf. sceal ... manig ôðerne gôdum gegrêtan ofer ganotes bäð, _many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts_, 1862. greót, st. m., _grit, sand, earth_: dat. sg. on greóte, 3169. greótan, st. v., _to weep, to mourn, to lament_: pres. sg. III. se þe äfter sincgyfan on sefan greóteð, _who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver_, 1343. grim, adj., _grim, angry, wild, hostile_: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gäst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gûðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grâpum, 1543.--Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim. grimme, adv., _grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly_, 3013, 3086. grim-lîc, adj., _grim, terrible_: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[re-gäst], 3042. grimman, st. v., (properly _to snort_), _to go forward hastily, to hasten_: pret. pl. grummon, 306. grindan, st. v., _to grind_, in for-grindan, _to destroy, to ruin_: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, _destroyed the enemy, killed them_ (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. häfde lîgdraca leóda fästen ... glêdum forgrunden, _had with flames destroyed the people's feasts_, 2336; þâ his âgen (scyld) wäs glêdum forgrunden, _since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire_, 2678. gripe, st. m., _gripe, attack_: nom. sg. gripe mêces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.--Comp.: fær-, mund-, nîð-gripe. grîma, w. m., _mask, visor_: in comp. beado-, here-grîma. grîm-helm, st. m., _mask-helmet, helmet with visor_: acc. pl. grîm-helmas, 334. grîpan, st. v., _to gripe, to seize, to grasp_: pret. sg. grâp þâ tôgeánes, _then she caught at_, 1502. for-grîpan _(to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp_, w. dat.: pret. sg. ät gûðe forgrâp Grendeles mægum, 2354. wið-grîpan, w. dat., _(to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect_: inf. hû wið þam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grîpan, _how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster_, 2522. grôwan, st. v., _to grow, to sprout_: pret. sg. him on ferhðe greów breósthord blôdreów, 1719. grund, st. m.: 1) _ground, plain, fields_ in contrast with highlands; _earth_ in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. sôhte ... äfter grunde, _sought along the ground_, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.--2) _bottom, the lowest part_: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (_bottom of the sea_) 1552; dat. sg. tô grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.--Comp.: eormen-, mere-, sæ-grund. grund-bûend, pres. part., _inhabitant of the earth_: gen. pl. grund-bûendra, 1007. grund-hyrde, st. m., _warder of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137. grund-sele, st. m., _hall at the bottom_ (of the sea): dat sg. in þam [grund]sele, 2140. grund-wang, st. m., _ground surface, lowest surface_: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (_bottom of the sea_), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589. grund-wyrgen, st. f., _she-wolf of the bottom_ (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519. gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., _net, noose, snare_: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn. gryre, st. m., _horror, terror, anything causing terror_: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, _snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel_, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. swâ fela gryra, 592.--Comp.: fær-, wîg-gryre. gryre-brôga, w. m., _terror and horror, amazement_: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[ô]g[a], 2229. gryre-fâh, adj., _gleaming terribly_: acc. sg. gryre-fâhne (_the fire-spewing drake_, cf. also [draca] fýrwylmum fâh, 2672), 2577. gryre-gäst, st. m., _terror-guest, stranger causing terror_: nom. sg. grimlîc gry[regäst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þam gryregieste (the dragon), 2561. gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., _terror-armor, warlike equipment_: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324. gryre-leóð, st. n., _terror-song, fearful song_: acc. sg. gehýrdon gryreleóð galan godes and-sacan (_heard Grendel's cry of agony_), 787. gryre-lîc, adj., _terrible, horrible_: acc. sg. gryre-lîcne, 1442, 2137. gryre-sîð, st. m., _way of terror, way causing terror_, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. se þe gryre-sîðas gegân dorste, 1463. guma, w. m., _man, human being_: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.--Comp.: driht-, seld-guma. gum-cyn, st. n., _race of men, people, nation_: gen. sg. we synt gumcynnes Geáta leóde, _people from the nation of the Geátas_, 260; dat. pl. äfter gum-cynnum, _along the nations, among the nations_, 945. gum-cyst, st. f., _man's excellence, man's virtue_: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., _excellently, preeminently_: gumcystum gôdne beága bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gôd ... hilde-hlemma (Beówulf), 2544. gum-dreám, st. m., _joyous doings of men_: acc. sg. gum-dreám ofgeaf (died), 2470. gum-dryhten, st. m., _lord of men_: nom. sg. 1643. gum-fêða, w. m., _troop of men going on foot_: nom. sg., 1402. gum-man, st. m., _man_: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029. gum-stôl, st. m., _man's seat_ [Greek: kat'ezochæn] _ruler's seat, throne_: dat. sg. in gumstôle, 1953. gûð, st. f., _combat, battle_: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. gûðe, 604; instr. sg. gûðe, 1998; dat. sg. tô (ät) gûðe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. gûðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gûðum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. gûða, 2513, 2544. gûð-beorn, st. m., _warrior_: gen. pl. gûð-beorna sum (_the strand-guard on the Danish coast_), 314. gûð-bil, st. n., _battle-bill_: nom. sg. gûðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, 804. gûð-byrne, w. f., _battle-corselet_: nom. sg., 321. gûð-cearu, st. f., _sorrow which the combat brings_: dat. sg. äfter gûð-ceare, 1259. gûð-cräft, st. m., _warlike strength, power in battle_: nom. sg. Grendles gûð-cräft, 127. gûð-cyning, st. m., _king in battle, king directing a battle_: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc. gûð-deáð, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 2250. gûð-floga, w. m., _flying warrior_: acc. sg. wið þone gûðflogan (the drake), 2529. gûð-freca, w. m., _hero in battle, warrior_ (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gûð-freca, of the drake, 2415. gûð-fremmend, pres. part., _fighting a battle, warrior_: gen. pl. gûð-fremmendra, 246; gûð- (gôd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, _such a warrior_ (meaning Beówulf), 299. gûð-gewæde, st. n., _battle-dress, armor_: nom. pl. gûð-gewædo, 227; acc. pl. -gewædu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewæda, 2624. gûð-geweorc, st. n., _battle-work warlike deed_: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826. gûð-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for combat_: acc. þâ gûð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in eówrum gûð-geatawum, 395. gûð-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet_: nom. sg., 2488. gûð-horn, st. n., _battle-horn_: acc. sg., 1433. gûð-hrêð, st. f., _battle-fame_: nom. sg., 820. gûð-leóð, st. n., _battle-song_: acc., sg., 1523. gûð-môd, adj., _disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle_. nom. pl. gûð-môde, 306. gûð-ræs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack_: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gûð-ræsa, 1578, 2427. gûð-reów, adj., _fierce in battle_: nom. sg., 58. gûð-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gûð-rinca, 2649. gûð-rôf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 609. gûð-sceaða, w. m., _battle-foe, enemy in combat_: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319. gûð-scearu, st. f., _decision of the battle_: dat. sg. äfter gûð-sceare, 1214. gûð-sele, st. m., _battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place_: dat sg. in þäm gûðsele (in Heorot), 443. gûð-searo, st. n. pl., _battle-equipment, armor_; acc., 215, 328. gûð-sweord, st. n., _battle-sword_: acc. sg., 2155. gûð-wêrig, adj., _wearied by battle dead_: acc. sg. gûð-wêrigne Grendel, 1587. gûð-wine, st. m., _battle-friend, comrade in battle_ designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þe mec gûð-winum grêtan dorste, _who dared to attack me with his war-friends_, 2736. gûð-wîga, w. m., _fighter of battles, warrior_: nom. sg., 2112. gyd. See gid. gyfan. See gifan. gyldan. See gildan. gylden, adj., _golden_: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum beáge, 1164.--Comp. eal-gylden. gylp. See gilp. gyrdan, w. v., _to gird, to lace_: pret. part. gyrded cempa, _the (sword-) girt warrior_, 2079. gyrn, st. n., _sorrow, harm_: nom. sg., 1776. gyrn-wracu, st. f., _revenge for harm_: dat. sg. tô gyrn-wräce, 1139; gen. sg. þâ wäs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wräce Grendeles môdor, _then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury_, 2119. gyrwan. See gerwan. gystran. See gistran. gýman, w. v. w. gen., _to take care of, to be careful about_: pres. III. gýmeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gým! _do not study arrogance_ (despise it), 1761. for-gýman, w. acc., _to neglect, to slight_: pres. sg. III. he þâ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgýmeð, 1752. gýtsian. See gîtsian. gyt. See git. H habban, w. v., _to have_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þäs ic wên häbbe (_as I hope_), 383; þe ic geweald häbbe, 951; ic me on hafu bord and byrnan, _have on me shield and coat of mail_, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þu nu [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað we ... micel ærende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þät he þrittiges manna mägencräft on his mundgripe häbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þät be Sæ-Geátas sêlran näbben tô geceósenne cyning ænigne, _that the Sea-Geátas will have no better king than you to choose_, 1851; imp. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. häfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. häfdon, 539.--2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. häbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; häbbe ic ... geâhsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. häfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. häfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: nu scealc hafað dæd gefremede, 940; häfde se gôda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-häbbend. for-habban, _to hold back, to keep one's self_: inf. ne meahte wäfre môd forhabban in hreðre, _the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast_, 1152; ne mihte þâ for-habban, _could not restrain himself_, 2610. wið-habban, _to resist, to offer resistance_: pret. þät se wînsele wið-häfde heaðo-deórum, _that the hall resisted them furious in fight_, 773. hafela, heafola, w. m., _head_: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; nâ þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, 446; þonne we on orlege hafelan weredon, _protected our heads, defended ourselves_, 1328; se hwîta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.--Comp. wîg-heafola. hafenian, w. v., _to raise, to uplift_: pret. sg. wæpen hafenade heard be hiltum, _raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt_, 1574. hafoc, st. m., _hawk_: nom. sg., 2264. haga, w. m., _enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure_: dat. sg. tô hagan, 2893, 2961. haga, w. m. See ân-haga. hama, homa, w. m., _dress_: in the comp. flæsc-, fyrd-, lîc-hama, scîr-ham (adj.). hamer, st. m., _hammer_: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lâfe (swords), 2830. hand, hond, st. f., _hand_: nom. sg. 2138; sió swîðre ... hand, _the right hand_, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841. hand-bana, w. m., _murderer with the hand_, or _in hand-to-hand combat_: dat. sg. tô hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331. hand-gemôt, st. n., _hand-to-hand conflict, battle_: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, 1527; nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôta, 2356. hand-gesella, w. m., _hand-companion, man of the retinue_: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482. hand-gestealla, w. m., _(one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant_: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597. hand-geweorc, st. n., _work done with the hands_, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þäs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836. hand-gewriðen, pret. part. _hand-wreathed, bound with the hand._ acc. pl. wälbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938. hand-locen, pret. part., _joined, united by hand_: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551. hand-ræs, st. m., _hand-battle_, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-ræs, 2073. hand-scalu, st. f., _hand-attendance, retinue_: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. hand-sporu, st. f., _finger_ (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987. hand-wundor, st. n., _wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork_: gen. pl. hond-wundra mæst, 2769. hangan. See hôn. hangian, w. v., _to hang_: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrôðre, _when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens_, 2448; pl. III. ofer þäm (mere) hongiað hrîmge bearwas, _over which frosty forests hang_, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, _hung down_, 2086. hatian, w. v. w. acc., _to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt_: inf. he þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lâðum dædum (_could not do him any harm_), 2467; pret. sg. hû se gûð-sceaða Geáta leóde hatode and hýnde, 2320. hâd, st. m., _form, condition, position, manner_: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, _in a powerful manner_, 1336; on gesîðes hâd, _in the position of follower, as follower_, 1298; on sweordes hâd, _in the form of a sword_, 2194. See under on. hâdor, st. m., _clearness, brightness_: acc. sg. under heofenes hâdor, 414. hâdor, adj., _clear, fresh, loud_: nom. sg. scop hwîlum sang hâdor on Heorote, 497. hâdre, adv., _clearly, brightly_, 1572. hâl, adj., _hale, whole, sound, unhurt_: nom. sg. hâl, 300. With gen. heaðo-lâces hâl, _safe from battle_, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hâl, 407; dat. sg. hâlan lîce, 1504. hâlig, adj., _holy_: nom. sg. hâlig god, 381, 1554; hâlig dryhten, 687. hâm, st. m., _home, residence, estate, land_: acc. sg. hâm, 1408; Hrôðgâres hâm, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewât him hâm, _betook himself home_, 1602; tô hâm, 124, 374, 2993; fram hâm, _at home_, 194; ät hâm, _at home_, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hâmes, 2367; acc. pl. hâmas, 1128.--Comp. Finnes-hâm, 1157. hâm-weorðung, st. f., _honor_ or _ornament of home_: acc. sg. hâm-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelâc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999. hâr, adj., _gray_: nom. sg. hâr hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, 888, 1416, 2554; hâre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. hârum hildfruman, 1679; f. on heáre hæðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hâres, _of the old man_, 2989.--Comp. un-hâr. hât, adj., _hot, glowing, flaming_ nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm hât gemealt, _the drake hot_ (of his own heat) _melted_, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. hâtan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fýres hâtes, 2523; acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.--Sup.: hâtost heaðo-swâta, 1669. hât, st. n., _heat, fire_: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... hât þrowian, _saw his lord endure the_ (drake's) _heat_, 2606. hata, w. m., _persecutor_; in comp. dæd-hata. hâtan, st. v.: 1) _to bid, to order, to direct_, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mîne hâte ... flotan eówerne ârum healdan, _I bid my thanes take good care of your craft_, 293; imp. sg. II. hât in gân ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. hâtað heaðo-mære hlæw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þät healreced hâtan wolde ... men gewyrcean, _that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice_, 68. Pret. sg. hêht: hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón, _gave command to bring eight horses into the hall_, 1036; þonne ænne hêht golde forgyldan, _commanded to make good that one with gold_, 1054; hêht þâ þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan, _ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge_(?), 2893; swâ se snottra hêht, _as the wise_ (Hrôðgâr) _directed_, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. hêt: hêt him ýðlidan gôdne gegyrwan, _ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him_, 198; so, hêt, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: hêt hine wel brûcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þâ wäs hâten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrätwod, _forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside_ (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.--2) _to name, to call_: pres. subj. III. pl. þät hit sælîðend ... hâtan Biówulfes biorh, _that mariners may call it Beówulf's grave-mound_, 2807; pret. part. wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603. ge-hâtan, _to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten_: pres. sg. I. ic hit þe gehâte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. he me mêde gehêt, _promised me reward_, 2135; him fägre gehêt leána (gen. pl.), _promised them proper reward_, 2990; weán oft gehêt earmre teohhe, _with woe often threatened the unhappy band_, 2938; pret. pl. gehêton ät härgtrafum wig-weorðunga, _vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods_, 175; þonne we gehêton ûssum hlâforde þät ..., _when we promised our lord that_..., 2635; pret. part. sió gehâten [wäs] ... gladum suna Frôdan, _betrothed to the glad son of Froda_, 2025. hâtor, st. m. n., _heat_: in comp. and-hâtor. häft, adj., _held, bound, fettered_: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle häftan, _him fettered by hell_ (Grendel), 789. häft-mêce, st. m., _sword with fetters_ or _chains_ (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þäm häft-mêce, 1458. See Note. häg-steald, st. m., _man, liegeman, youth_: gen. pl. häg-stealdra, 1890. häle, st. m., _man_: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. häle, 720; dat. pl. hælum (hænum, MS.), 1984. häleð, st. m., _hero, fighter, warrior, man_: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. häleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. häleðum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. häleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc. härg. See hearg. hæð, st. f., _heath_: dat. sg. hæðe, 2213. hæðen, adj., _heathenish_; acc. sg. hæðene sâwle, 853; dat. sg. hæðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hæðenes, _of the heathen_ (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. hæðenra, 179. hæð-stapa, w. m., _that which goes about on the heath_ (stag): nom. sg., 1369 hæl, st. f.: 1) _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. him hæl âbeád, 654; mid hæle, 1218.--2) _favorable sign, favorable omen_: hæl sceáwedon, _observed favorable signs_ (for Beówulf's undertaking), 204. hælo, st. f., _health, welfare, luck_: acc. sg. hælo âbeád heorð-geneátum, 2419.--Comp. un-hælo. hæst (O.H.G. haisterâ hantî, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., _violent, vehement_: acc. sg. þurh hæstne hâd, 1336. he, fem. heó, neut. hit, pers. pron., _he, she, it_; in the oblique cases also reflexive, _himself, herself, itself_: acc. sg. hine, hî, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. hî, hig, hie; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.--he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345. hebban, st. v., _to raise, to lift_, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; häfen, 3024. â-hebban, _raise, to lift from, to take away_: wäs ... icge gold âhafen of horde, _taken up from the hoard_, 1109; þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, _a cry of distress raised_, 128 ge-hegan [ge-hêgan], w. v., _to enclose, to fence_: þing gehegan, _to mark off the court, hold court_. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (_shall alone decide the matter with Grendel_), 425. hel, st. f., _hell_: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275. hel-bend, st. m. f. _bond of hell_: instr. pl. hell-bendum fäst, 3073. hel-rûna, w. m., _sorcerer_: nom. pl. helrûnan, 163. be-helan, st. v., _to conceal, to hide_: pret. part. be-holen, 414. helm, st. m.: 1) _protection in general, defence, covering that protects_: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.--2) _helmet_: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brûn-fâgne, gold-fâhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.--3) _defence, protector_, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm _(the defender of the heavens_ = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.--Comp.: grîm-, gûð-, heaðo-, niht-helm. ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., _to cover over, to overhang_: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, 1365. helm-berend, pres. part., _helm-wearing_ (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643. helpan, st. v., _to help_: inf. þät him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, _that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame_, 2341; þät him îrenna ecge mihton helpan ät hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, _let us go thitherto help the battle-chief_, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mæges helpan, _began to help my kinsman_, 2880; so, pret. sg. þær he his mæges (MS. mägenes) healp, 2699. help, m. and f., _help, support, maintenance_: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. tô helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449. hende, _-handed_: in comp. îdel-hende. her, adv., _here_, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; _hither_, 244, 361, 376. here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., _army, troops_: dat. sg. on herge, _in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men_, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.--Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here. here-brôga, w. m., _terror of the army, fear of war_: dat. sg. for here-brôgan, 462. here-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, coat of mail_: nom. sg., 1444. here-grîma, w. m., _battle-mask_, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grîman, 396, 2050, 2606. here-net, st. n., _battle-net_, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554. here-nîð, st. m., _battle-enmity, battle of armies_: nom. sg., 2475. here-pâd, st. f., _army-dress_, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259. here-rinc, st. m., _army-hero, hero in battle, warrior_: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177. here-sceaft, st. m., _battle-shaft_, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta heáp, 335. here-spêd, st. f., _(war-speed), luck in war_: nom. sg., 64. here-stræl, st. m., _war-arrow, missile_: nom. sg., 1436. here-syrce, w. f., _battle-shirt, shirt of mail_: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512. here-wæd, st. f., _army-dress, coat of mail, armor_: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-wædum, 1898. here-wæsma, w. m., _war-might, fierce strength in battle_: dat. pl. an here-wæsmum, 678.--Leo. here-wîsa, w. m., _leader of the army_, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021. herg, hearg, st. m., _image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped_, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, _confined in wicked places_ (parallel with hell-bendum fäst), 3073. herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to provide with an army, to support with an army_: pres. sg. I. ic þe wel herige, 1834.--Leo. hete, st. m., _hate, enmity_: nom. sg. 142, 2555.--Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, wîg-hete. hete-lîc, adj., _hated_: nom. sg., 1268. hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), _enemy_, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005. hete-nîð, st. m., _enmity full of hate_: acc. pl. hete-nîðas, 152. hete-sweng, st. m., _a blow from hate_: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226. hete-þanc, st. m., _hate-thought, a hostile design_: dat. pl. mid his hete-þancum, 475. hêdan, ge-hêdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) _to protect_: pret. sg. ne hêdde he þäs heafolan, _did not protect his head_, 2698.--2) _to obtain_: subj. pret. sg. III. gehêdde, 505. hêrian, w. v. w. acc., _to praise, to commend_: with reference to God, _to adore_: inf. heofena helm hêrian ne cûðon, _could not worship the defence of the heavens_ (God), 182; ne hûru Hildeburh hêrian þorfte Eotena treówe, _had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens_, 1072; pres. subj. þät mon his wine-dryhten wordum hêrge, 3177. ge-heaðerian, w. v., _to force, to press in_: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, 3073. heaðo-byrne, w. f., _battle-mail, shirt of mail_: nom. sg., 1553. heaðo-deór, adj., _bold in battle, brave_: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-deórum, 773. heaðo-fyr, st. n., _battle-fire, hostile fire_: gen. sg. heaðu-fýres, 2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fýrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing. heaðo-grim, adj., _grim in battle_, 548. heaðo-helm, st. m., _battle-helmet, war-helmet_: nom. sg., 3157(?). heaðo-lâc, st. n., _battle-play, battle_: dat. sg. ät heaðo-lâce, 584; gen. sg. heaðo-lâces hâl, 1975. heaðo-mære, adj., _renowned in battle_: acc. pl. -mære, 2803. heaðo-ræs, st. m., _storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force_: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -ræsas, 1048; gen. pl. -ræsa, 526. heaðo-reáf, st. n., _battle-dress, equipment for battle_: acc. sg. heaðo-reáf heóldon (_kept the equipments_), 401. heaðo-rinc, st. m., _battle-hero, warrior_: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrêðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þæm heaðo-rincum, 370. heaðo-rôf, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rôfe, 865. heaðo-scearp, adj., _sharp in battle, bold_: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830. heaðo-seóc, adj., _battle-sick_: dat. sg. -siócum, 2755. heaðo-steáp, adj., _high in battle, excelling in battle_: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-steápa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-steápne, 2154, both times of the helmet. heaðo-swât, st. m., _blood of battle_: dat. sg. heaðo-swâte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. hâtost heaðo-swâta, 1669. heaðo-sweng, st. m., _battle-stroke_ (blow of the sword): dat. sg. äfter heaðu-swenge, 2582. heaðo-torht, adj., _loud, clear in battle_: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, _the voice clear in battle_, 2554. heaðo-wæd, st. f., _battle-dress, coat of mail, armor_: instr. pl. heaðo-wædum, 39. heaðo-weorc, st. n., _battle-work, battle_: acc. sg., 2893. heaðo-wylm, st. m., _hostile (flame-) wave_: acc. pl. hâte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82. heaf, st. n., _sea_: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note. heafola. See hafela. heal, st. f., _hall, main apartment, large building_ (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.--Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal. heal-ärn, st. n., _hall-building, hall-house_: gen. sg. heal-ärna, 78. heal-gamen, st. n., _social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy_: nom. sg., 1067. heal-reced, st. n., _hall-building_: acc. sg., 68. heal-sittend, pres. part., _sitting in the hall_ (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016. heal-þegn, st. m., _hall-thane_, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Beówulfs band, 720. heal-wudu, _hall-wood_, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318. healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to hold, to hold fast; to support_: pret. pl. hû þâ stânbogan ... êce eorðreced innan heóldon (MS. healde), _how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house_, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: heóld hine to fäste, _held him too fast_, 789; w. the dat. he him freóndlârum heóld, _supported him with friendly advice_, 2378.--2) _to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep_; reflexive, _to maintain one's self, to keep one's self_: pres. sg. II. eal þu hit geþyldum healdest, mägen mid môdes snyttrum, _all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind_, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mêðum heáfod-wearde, _holds for the dead the head-watch_, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela niwe sibbe, _keep well, from now on, the new relationship_, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þu nu hruse ... eorla æhte, _preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions_, 2248; inf. se þe holmclifu healdan scolde, _watch the sea-cliffs_, 230; so, 705; nacan ... ârum healdan, _to keep well your vessel_, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlêton eorla gestreón eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. dreám healdende, _holding rejoicing_ (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. heóld hine syððan fyr and fästor, _kept himself afterwards afar and more secure_, 142; ægwearde heóld, _I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea_, 241; so, 305; hióld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego, _preserved high love_, 1955; ginfästan gife ... heóld, 2184; gold-mâðmas heóld, _took care of the treasures of gold_, 2415; heóld mîn tela, _protected well mine own_, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte heóld, _had employment, was employed_, 3119; heóld mec, _protected_, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-reáf heóldon, _watched over the armor_, 401; sg. for pl. heáfodbeorge ... walan ûtan heóld, _outwards, bosses kept guard over the head_, 1032.--Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) _to rule and protect the fatherland_: inf. gif þu healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. heóld, 57, 2738.--4) _to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit_: inf. lêt þone brego-stôl Beówulf healdan, 2390; gerund. tô healdanne hleóburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. heóld, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne heóld nihtes hwîlum, _at night-time had the enjoyment of the air_, 3044; pret. pl. Geáta leóde hreâwic heóldon, _the Geátas held the place of corpses_ (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne, _in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy_, 1080.--5) _to win, to receive_: pret. pl. I. heoldon heáh gesceap, _we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us_, 3085. be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) _to take care of, to attend to_: pret. sg. þegn nytte beheóld, _a thane discharged the office_, 494; so, 668.--2) _to hold_: pret. sg. se þe flôda begong ... beheóld, 1499.--3) _to look at, to behold_: þryðswyð beheóld mæg Higelâces hû ..., _great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..._, 737. for-healdan, w. acc., _(to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel_: pret. part. häfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, _had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings_, 2382. ge-healdan: 1) _to hold, to receive, to hold fast_: pres. sg. III. se þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, _who receives the Lord's grace_, 2294; pres. subj. fäder alwalda ... eówic gehealde sîða gesunde, _keep you sound on your journey_, 317; inf. ne meahte he ... on þam frum-gâre feorh gehealdan, _could not hold back the life in his lord_, 2857.--2) _to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop_: imp. sg. hafa nu and geheald hûsa sêlest, 659; inf. gehealdan hêt hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. he frätwe geheóld fela missera, 2621; þone þe ær geheóld wið hettendum hord and rîce, _him who before preserved treasure and realm_, 3004.--3) _to rule_: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. geheóld tela (brâde rîce), 2209. healf, st. f., _half, side, part_: acc. sg. on þâ healfe, _towards this side_, 1676; dat. sg. häleðum be healfe, _at the heroes' side_, 2263; acc. pl. on twâ healfa, _upon two sides, mutually_, 1096; on bâ healfa (healfe), _on both sides_ (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; _on two sides, on both sides_, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, _in half, through the middle_, 801. healf, adj., _half_: gen. sg. healfre, 1088. heals, st. m., _neck_: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.--Comp.: the adjectives fâmig-, wunden-heals. heals-beáh, st. m., _neck-ring, collar_: acc. sg. þone heals-beáh, 2173; gen. pl. heals-beága, 1196. heals-gebedde, w. f., _beloved bedfellow, wife_: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63. healsian, w. v. w. acc., _to entreat earnestly, to implore_: pret. sg. þâ se þeóden mec ... healsode hreóh-môd þät..., _entreated me sorrowful, that_..., 2133. heard, adj.: 1) of persons, _able, efficient in war, strong, brave_: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda heáp, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran häle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wîges heard, _strong in battle_, 887; dat. sg. nîða heardum, 2171.--2) of the implements of war, _good, firm, sharp, hard_: nom. sg. (gûð-byrne, lîc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-stræl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wæpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lâfe, 2830; heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, _hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear_: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrôht ... heard, 2915; here-nîð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan ceápe, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.--Comp.: fýr-, îren-, nîð-, regn-, scûr-heard. hearde, adv., _hard, very_, 1439. heard-ecg, adj., _sharp-edged, hard, good in battle_: nom. sg., 1289. heard-fyrde, adj., _hard to take away, heavy_: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.--Leo. heard-hycgend, pres. part. _of a warlike disposition, brave_: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800. hearg-träf, st. n., _tent of the gods, temple_: dat. pl. ät härg-trafum (MS. hrærg trafum), 175. hearm, st. m., _harm, injury, insult_: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893. hearm-sceaða, w. m., _enemy causing injury_ or _grief_: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767. hearpe, w. f., _harp_: gen. sg. hearpan swêg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263. heáðu, st. f., _sea, waves_: acc. sg. heáðu, 1863? heáðu-lîðend, pres. part., _sea-farer, sailor_: nom. pl. -lîðende, 1799; dat. pl. -lîðendum (designation of the Geátas), 2956. heáfod, st. n., _head_: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. heáfde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. heáfdum, 1243. heáfod-beorh, st. f., _head-defence, protection for the head_: acc. sg. heáfod-beorge, 1031. heáfod-mæg, st. m., _head-kinsman, near blood-relative_: dat. pl. heáfod-mægum (_brothers_), 589; gen. pl. heáfod-mâga, 2152. heáfod-segn, st. n., _head-sign, banner_: acc. sg., 2153. heáfod-weard, st. f., _head-watch_ acc. sg. healdeð ... heáfod-wearde leófes and lâðes, _for the friend and the foe_ (Beówulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910. heáh, heá, adj., _high, noble_ (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. heáh Healfdene, 57; heá (Higelâc), 1927; heáh (sele), 82; heáh hlæw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. heáh (segn), 48, 2769; heáhne (MS. heánne) hrôf, 984; dat. sg. in (tô) sele þam heán, 714, 920; gen. sg. heán hûses, 116.--_high, heavy_: acc. heáh gesceap (_an unusual, heavy fate_), 3085. heá-burh, st. f., _high city, first city of a country_: acc. sg., 1128. heáh-cyning, st. m., _high king, mightiest of the kings_: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrôðgâr), 1040. heáh-gestreón, st. n., _splendid treasure_: gen. pl. -gestreóna, 2303. heáh-lufe, w. f., _high love_: acc. sg. heáh-lufan, 1955. heáh-sele, st. m., _high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler_: dat. sg. heáh-sele, 648. heáh-setl, st. n., _high seat, throne_: acc. sg., 1088. heáh-stede, st. m., _high place, ruler's place_: dat. sg. on heáh-stede, 285. heán, adj., _depressed, low, despised, miserable_: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409. heáp, st. m., _heap, crowd, troop_: nom. sg. þegna heáp, 400; þes hearda heáp, _this brave band_, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta heáp, _the crowd of spears_, 335; mago-rinca heáp, 731; dat. sg. on heápe, _in a compact body_, as many as there were of them, 2597.--Comp. wîg-heáp. heáwan, st. v., _to hew, to cleave_: inf., 801. ge-heáwan, _cleave_: pres. subj. ge-heáwe, 683. heoðu, st. f., _the interior of a building_: dat. sg. þät he on heoðe gestôd, _in the interior_ (of the hall, Heorot), 404. heofon, st. m., _heaven_: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505. heolfor, st. n., _gore, fresh_ or _crude blood_: dat. instr. sg. hâtan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303. heolster, st. n., _haunt, hiding-place_: acc. sg. on heolster, 756. heonan, adv., _hence, from here_: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362. heor, st. m., _door-hinge_: nom. pl. heorras, 1000. heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde. heorð-geneát, st. m., _hearth-companion_, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-geneátas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heorð-geneátas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-geneátum, 2419. heorot, st. m., _stag_: nom. sg., 1370. heorte, w. f., _heart_: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. ät heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.--Comp.: the adjectives blîð-, grom-, rûm-, stearc-heort. heoru, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bîndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here). heoro-blâc, adj., _pale through the sword, fatally wounded_: nom. sg. [heoro-]blâc, 2489. heoru-dreór, st. m., _sword-blood_: instr. sg. heoru-dreóre, 487; heoro-dreóre, 850. heoro-dreórig, adj., _bloody through the sword_: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-dreórigne, 1781, 2721. heoro-drync, st. m., _sword-drink_, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, _died through sword-drink_, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359. heoro-gîfre, adj., _eager for hostile inroads_: nom. sg., 1499. heoro-grim, adj., _sword-grim, fierce in battle_: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848. heoro-hôcihte, adj., _provided with barbs, sharp like swords _: instr. pl. mid eofer-spreótum heoro-hôcyhtum, 1439. heoro-serce, w. f., _shirt of mail_: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540. heoro-sweng, st. m., _sword-stroke_: acc. sg. 1591. heoro-weallende, pres. part., _rolling around fighting_, of the drake, 2782. See weallian. heoro-wearh, st. m. _he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword_: nom. sg., 1268. heófan, w. v., _to lament, to moan_: part. nom. pl. hiófende, 3143. â-heóran, _to free_ (?): w. acc. pret. sg. brýd âheórde, 2931. heóre, adj., _pleasant, not haunted, secure_: nom. sg. fem, nis þät heóru stôw, _that is no secure place_, 1373.--Comp. un-heóre (-hýre). hider, adv., _hither_, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc. ofer-higian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), _to exceed_, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, _to be arrogant_.) hild, st. f., _battle, combat_: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, _through combat_, 2917; dat. sg. ät hilde, 1461. hilde-bil, st. n., _battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521. hilde-bord, st. n., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140. hilde-cyst, st. f., _excellence in battle, bravery in battle_: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599. hilde-deór, adj., _bold in battle, brave in battle_: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-diór, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-deóre, 3171. hilde-freca, w. m., _hero in battle_: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367. hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., _equipment for battle, adornment for combat_: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363. hilde-gicel, st. m., _battle-icicle_, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607. hilde-grâp, st. f., _battle-gripe_: nom. sg., 1447, 2508. hilde-hlemma, w. m., _one raging in battle, warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þät ge-eode ... hilde-hlämmum, _it happened to the warriors_ (the Geátas), 2202. hilde-leóma, w. m., _battle-light, gleam of battle_, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -leóman, 2584.--2) _the gleaming sword_: acc. sg. -leóman, 1144. hilde-mecg, st. m., _man of battle, warrior_: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800. hilde-mêce, st. m., _battle-sword_: nom. pl. -mêceas, 2203. hilde-rand, st. m., _battle-shield_: acc. pl. -randas, 1243. hllde-ræs, st. m., _storm of battle_: acc. sg., 300. hilde-rinc, st. m., _man of battle, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987. hilde-säd, adj., _satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more_: acc. sg. hilde-sädne, 2724. hilde-sceorp, st. n., _battle-dress, armor, coat of mail_: acc. sg., 2156. hilde-setl, st. n., _battle-seat_ (saddle): nom. sg., 1040. hilde-strengo, st. f., _battle-strength, bravery in battle_: acc., 2114. hilde-swât, st. m., _battle-sweat_: nom. sg. hât hilde-swât (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559. hilde-tux, st. m., _battle-tooth_: instr. pl. hilde-tuxum, 1512. hilde-wæpen, st. m., _battle-weapon_: instr. pl. -wæpnum, 39. hilde-wîsa, w. m., _leader in battle, general_: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewîsan, _Healfdene's general_ (Hnäf), 1065. hild-freca. See hilde-freca hild-fruma, st. m., _battle-chief_: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þäs hild-fruman, 2836. hlld-lata, w. m., _he who is late in battle, coward_: nom. pl. þâ hild-latan, 2847. hilt, st. n., _sword-hilt_: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þät hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þâ hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.--Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt. hilte-cumbor, st. n., _banner with a staff_: acc. sg., 1023. hilted, pret. part., _provided with a hilt_ or _handle_: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, _sword with a_ (rich) _hilt_, 2988. hin-fûs, adj., _ready to die_: nom. sg. hyge wäs him hinfûs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756. hindema, adj. superl., _hindmost, last_: instr. sg. hindeman sîðe, _the last time, for the last time_, 2050, 2518. hirde, hyrde, st. m., (_herd_) _keeper, guardian, possessor_: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rîces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, _the guardian of mischief, wicked one_, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, _the king of glory, God_, 932; hringa hyrde, _the keeper of the rings_, 2246; cumbles hyrde, _the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner_, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frätwa hyrde, 3134; rîces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hûses hyrdas, 1667.--Comp.: grund-hyrde. hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), _heat_: nom. sg. þenden hyt sý, 2650. hladan, st. v.: 1) _to load, to lay_: inf. on bæl hladan leófne mannan, _lay the dear man on the funeral-pile_, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, _laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them_, 2776; pret. part. þær wäs wunden gold on wæn hladen, _laid upon the wain_, 3135.--2) _to load, to burden_: pret. part. þâ wäs ... sægeáp naca hladen herewædum, _loaded with armor_, 1898.--Comp. gilp-hläden. ge-hladan, w. acc., _to load, to burden_: pret. sg. sæbât gehlôd (MS gehleod), 896. hlâford, st. m., _lord, ruler_: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlâforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlâfordes, 3181.--Comp. eald-hlâford. hlâford-leás; adj., _without a lord_: nom. pl. hlâford-leáse, 2936. hlâw, hlæw, st. m., _grave-hill_: acc. sg. hlæw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlâwe, 1121. Also, _grave-chamber_ (the interior of the grave-hill), _cave_: acc. sg. hlâw [under] hrusan, 2277; hlæw under hrusan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlæwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271. hläst, st. n., _burden, load_: dat. sg. hläste, 52. hlem, st. m., _noise, din of battle, noisy attack_: in the compounds, uht-, wäl-hlem. hlemma, w. m., _one raging, one who calls_; see hilde-hlemma. â-hlehhan, st. v., _to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult_: pret. sg. his môd âhlôg, _his mood exulted_, 731. hleahtor, st. m., _laughter_: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021. hleápan, st. v., _to run, to trot, to spring_: inf. hleápan lêton ... fealwe mearas, 865. â-hleapan, _to spring up_: pret. âhleóp, 1398. hleoðu. See hlið. hleonian, w. v., _to incline, to hang over_: inf. oð þät he ... fyrgen-beámas ofer hârne stân hleonian funde, _till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks_, 1416. hleó, st. m., _shady, protected place; defence, shelter_; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wîgendra hleó, of Hrôðgâr, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Beówulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hleó, of Hrôðgâr, 1036, 1867; of Beówulf, 792; of Hygelâc, 2191. hleó-burh, st. f., _ruler's castle_ or _city_: acc. sg., 913, 1732. hleóðor-cwyde, st. m., _speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words_, 1980. hleór, st. n., _cheek, jaw_: in comp. fäted-hleór (adj.). hleór-bera, w. m., _cheek-bearer_, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hleór-beran (_visor_?), 304. hleór-bolster, st. m., _cheek-bolster, pillow_: nom. sg., 689. hleótan, st. v. w. acc., _to obtain by lot, to attain, to get_: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hleát, 2386. hlifian, w. v., _to rise, to be prominent_: inf. hlifian, 2806; pret. hlifade, 81, 1800, 1899. hlið, st. n., _cliff, precipice of a mountain_: dat. sg. on hliðe, 3159; gen. sg. hliðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stân-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, näs-, wulf-hleoðu. hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., [Greek: klinidion], _bed for reclining, sick-bed_: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035. tô-hlîdan, st. v., _to spring apart, to burst_: pret. part. nom. pl. tô-hlidene, 1000. hlûd, adj., _loud_: acc. sg. dreám ... hlûdne, 89. hlyn, st. m., _din, noise, clatter_: nom. sg., 612. hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., _to sound, to resound_: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, _to crackle_: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121. hlynsian, w. v., _to resound, to crash_: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771. hlytm, st. m., _lot_: dat. sg. näs þâ on hlytme, hwâ þät hord strude, _it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard_, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127. hnâh, adj.: 1) _low, inferior_: comp. acc. sg. hnâgran, 678; dat. sg. hnâhran rince, _an inferior hero, one less brave_, 953.--2) _familiarly intimate_: nom. sg. näs hió hnâh swâ þeáh, _was nevertheless not familiarly intimate_ (with the Geátas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (_niggardly_?), 1930. hnægan, w. v. w. acc., (for nægan), _to speak to, to greet_: pret. sg. þät he þone wîsan wordum hnægde freán Ingwina, 1319. ge-hnægan, w. acc., _to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell_: pret. sg. ge-hnægde helle gâst, 1275; þær hyne Hetware hilde gehnægdon, 2917. hnitan, st. v., _to dash against, to encounter_, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fêðan, 1328, 2545. hoðma, w. m., _place of concealment, cave_, hence, _the grave_: dat. sg. in hoðman, 2459. hof, st. n., _enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house_: acc. sg. hof (Hrôðgâr's residence), 312; dat. sg. tô hofe sînum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; tô hofe (Hygelâc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. tô hofum Geáta, 1837. hogode. See hycgan. hold, adj., _inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true_: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod freán Scyldinga, _a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings_, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelâce wäs ... nefa swýðe hold, _to H. was his nephew_ (Beówulf) _very much attached_, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, _from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind_, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487. hold. See healdan. holm, st. m., _deep sea_: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.--Comp. wæg-holm. holm-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: dat. sg. on þam holm-clife, 1422; from þäm holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230. holm-wylm, st. m., _the waves of the sea_: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412. holt, st. n., _wood, thicket, forest._ acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.--Comp.: äsc-, fyrgen-, gâr-, Hrefnes-holt. holt-wudu, st. m., _forest-wood_: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.--2) = _forest_: acc. sg., 1370. hord, st. m. and n., _hoard, treasure_: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; beága hord, 2285; mâðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; sâwle hord, 2423; þät hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, _on account of_ (the robbing of) _the hoard_, 2782; hæðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.--Comp.: beáh-, breóst-, word-, wyrm-hord. hord-ärn, st. n., _place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room_: dat. hord-ärne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ärna, 2280. hord-burh, st. f., _city in which is the treasure_ (of the king's), _ruler's castle_: acc. sg., 467. hord-gestreón, st. n., _hoard-treasure, precious treasure_: dat. pl. hord-gestreónum, 1900; gen. pl. mägen-byrðenne hord-gestreóna, _the great burden of rich treasures_, 3093. hord-mâððum, st. m., _treasure-jewel, precious jewel_: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199. hord-wela, w. m., _treasure-riches, abundance of treasures_: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345. hord-weard, st. m., _warder of the treasure, hoard-warden_: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.--2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594. hord-weorðung, st. f., _ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament_: acc. sg.--weorðunge, 953. hord-wyn, st. f., _treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure_: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271. horn, st. m., _horn_: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.--2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.--Comp. gûð-horn. horn-boga, w. m., _bow made of horn_: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438. horn-geáp, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... heáh and horn-geáp, 82. horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44. hors, st. n., _horse_: nom. sg., 1400. hôciht, adj., _provided with hooks, hooked_: in comp. heoro-hôciht. be-hôfian, w. v. w. gen., _to need, to want_: pres. sg. III. nu is se däg cumen þat ûre man-dryhten mägenes behôfað gôdra gûðrinca, _now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors_, 2648. on-hôhsnian, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. sg. þät onhôhsnode Heminges mæg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945. hôlinga, adv., _in vain, without reason_, 1077. be-hôn, st. v., _to hang with_: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140. hop, st. n., _protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment_, in the compounds fen-, môr-hop. hôs (Goth, hansa), st. f., _accompanying troop, escort_: instr. sg. mägða hôse, _with an accompanying train of servingwomen_, 925. hräðe, adv., _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543. hran-fix, st. m., _whale_: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540. hran-râd, st. f., _whale-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-râde, 10. hrâ, st. n., _corpse_: nom. sg., 1589. hrâ-fyl, st. m., _fall of corpses, killing, slaughter_: acc. sg., 277. hrädlîce, adv., _hastily, immediately_, 356, 964. hräfn, hrefn, st. m., _raven_: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, _black raven_, 1802; se wonna hrefn, _the dark raven_, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449. hrägl, st. n., _dress, garment, armor_: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrägles, 1218; gen. pl. hrägla, 454--Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrägl. hreðe. See hraðe. hreðer, st. m., _breast, bosom_ nom. sg. hreðer inne weóll _(it surged in his breast_), 2114; hreðer æðme weóll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.--_Breast_ as the seat of feeling, _heart_: dat. sg. þät wäs ... hreðre hygemêðe, _that was depressing to the heart_ (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.--_Breast_ as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447. hreðer-bealo, st. n., _evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt_: acc. sg., 1344. hrefn. See hräfn. hrêð, st. f., _glory_; in composition, gûð-hrêð; _renown, assurance of victory_, in sige-hrêð. hrêðe, adj., _renowned in battle_: nom. sg. hrêð (on account of the following ät, final _e_ is elided, as wênic for wêne ic, 442; frôfor and fultum for frôfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933), 2576. hrêð-sigor, st. m., _glorious victory_: dat. sg. hrêð-sigora, 2584. hrêmig, adj., _boasting, exulting_: with instr. and gen. hûðe hrêmig, 124; since hrêmig, 1883; frätwum hrêmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2365. on-hrêran, w. v., _to excite, to stir up_: pret. part. on-hrêred, 549, 2555. hreâ-wîc, st. n., _place of corpses_: acc. sg. Geáta leóde hreâ-wîc heóldon, _held the place of corpses_, 1215. hreád, st. f., _ornament_(?), in comp. earm-hreád. See hreóðan. hreám, st. m., _noise, alarm_:: nom. sg., 1303. hreóða, w. m., _cover_, in the compound bord-hreóða. hreóðan, ge-hreóðan, st. v., _to cover, to clothe_; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, _dressed, adorned_: hroden, 495, 1023; þâ wäs heal hroden feónda feorum, _then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy_, 1152; ge-hroden golde, _adorned with gold_, 304.--Comp.: beág-, gold-hroden. hreóh, hreów, hreó, adj., _excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled_: nom. sg. (Beówulf) hreóh and heoro-grim, 1565; þät þam gôdan wäs hreów on hreðre, (_that came with violence upon him, pained his heart_), 2329; hreó wæron ýða, _the waves were angry, the sea stormy_, 548; näs him hreóh sefa, _his mind was not cruel_, 2181; dat. sg. on hreón môde, _of sad heart_, 1308; on hreóum môde, _angry at heart_, 2582. hreóh-môd, adj., _of sad heart_, 2133; _angry at heart_, 2297. hreósan, st. v., _to fall, to sink, to rush_: pret. hreás, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; hie on weg hruron, _they rushed away_, 1431; hruron him teáras, _tears burst from him_, 1873. be-hreósan, _to fall from, to be divested of_: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, _divested of ornaments_ (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760. hreów, st. f., _distress, sorrow_: gen. pl. þät wäs Hrôðgâre hreówa tornost, _that was to Hrôðgâr the bitterest of his sorrows_, 2130. hring, st. m.: 1) _ring_: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.--2) _shirt of mail_ (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.--Comp. bân-hring. hringan, w. v., _to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle_: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327. hring-boga, w. m., _one who bends himself into a ring_: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562. hringed, pret. part., _made of rings_: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616. hringed-stefna, w. m., _ship whose stem is provided with iron rings_ (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn âtti skip þat er Ellidi hêt, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132. hring-îren, st. n., _ring-iron, ring-mail_: nom. sg., 322. hring-mæl, adj., _marked with rings_, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-mæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (_rich armor_), 2038. hring-naca, w. m., _ship with iron rings, sea-going ship_: nom. sg., 1863. hring-net, st. n., _ring-net_, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890. hring-sele, st. m., _ring-hall_, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054. hring-weorðung, st. f., _ring-ornament_: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018. hrînan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) _to touch, lay hold of_: inf. þät him heardra nân hrînan wolde îren ærgôd (_that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him_), 989; him for hrôf-sele hrînan ne mehte færgripe flôdes (_the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof_), 1516; þät þam hring-sele hrînan ne môste gumena ænig _(so that none might touch the ringed-hall), _3054; pret. sg. siððan he hire folmum [hr]ân (_as soon as he touched it with his hands_), 723; ôð þät deáðes wylm hrân ät heortan (_seized his heart_), 2271. Pret. subj. þeáh þe him wund hrîne (_although he was wounded_), 2977.--2) (O.N. hrîna, _sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle_: pres. part. nom. pl. hrînde bearwas (for hrînende) 1364; but see Note. hroden. See hreóðan. hron-fix. See hran-fix. hrôðor, st. m., _joy, beneficium_: dat sg. hrefne tô hrôðre, 2449; gen. pl. hrôðra, 2172. hrôf, st. m., _roof, ceiling of a house_: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrôf, 403; under geápne hrôf, 838; geseah steápne hrôf (here _inner roof, ceiling_), 927; so, ofer heáhne hrôf, 984; ymb þäs helmes hrôf, 1031; under beorges hrôf, 2756.--Comp. inwit-hrôf. hrôf-sele, st. m., _covered hall_: dat. sg. hrôf-sele, 1516. hrôr, adj., _stirring, wide-awake, valorous_: dat. sg. of þäm hrôran, 1630.--Comp. fela-hrôr. hruron. See hreósan. hruse, w. f., _earth, soil_: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrusan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrusan, 2412. hrycg, st. m., _back_: acc. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (_over the water's back, surface_), 471. hryre, st. m., _fall, destruction, ruin_: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.--Comp.: leód-, wîg-hryre. hrysian, w. v., _to shake, be shaken, clatter_: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (_corselets rattled_, of men in motion), 226. hund, st. m., _dog_: instr. pl. hundum, 1369. hund, num., _hundred_: þreó hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missera, 1499; hund þûsenda landes and locenra beága, 2995. hû, adv., _how, quomodo_, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc. huð, st. f., _booty, plunder_: dat. (instr.) sg. hûðe, 124. hûru, adv., _above all, certainly_, 369; _indeed, truly_, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; _yet, nevertheless_, 863; _now_, 3121. hûs, st. n., _house_: gen. sg. hûses, 116; gen. pl. hûsa sêlest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936. hwan, adv., _whither_: tô hwan syððan wearð hondræs häleða (_what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had_), 2072. hwanan, hwanon, adv., _whence_: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333. hwâ, interrog. and indef. pron., _who_: nom. sg. m. hwâ, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwät, 173; ânes hwät (_a part only_), 3011; hwät þâ men wæron (_who the men were_), 233, etc.; hwät syndon ge searo-häbbendra (_what armed men are ye?_), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (_from (?) any man_), 155; neut. þurh hwät, 3069; hwät wit geó spræcon, 1477; hwät ... hýnðo (gen.), fær-nîða (_what shame and sudden woes_), 474; so, hwät þu worn fela (_how very much thou_), 530; swylces hwät, 881; hwät ... ârna, 1187; dat. m. hwâm, 1697.--Comp. æg-hwâ. hwät, interj., _what! lo! indeed!_ 1, 943, 2249. ge-hwâ, w. part, gen., _each, each one_: acc. sg. m. wið feónda gehwone, 294; nîða gehwane, 2398; mêca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dôgora gehwâm, 88; ät nîða gehwâm, 883; þegna gehwâm, 2034; eorla gehwæm, 1421; fem. in mægða ge-hwære, 25; nihta gehwæm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwäs, 2528; fem. dæda gehwäs, 2839. hwâr. See hwær. hwäder. See hwider. hwäðer, pron., _which of two_: nom. sg. hwäðer ... uncer twega, 2531; swâ hwäðer, _utercunque_: acc. sg. on swâ hwäðere hond swâ him gemet þince, 687.--Comp. æg-hwäðer. ge-hwäðer, _each of two, either-other_: nom. sg. m. wäs gehwäðer ôðrum lifigende lâð, 815; wäs ... gehwäðer ôðrum hrôðra gemyndig, 2172; ne gehwäðer incer (_nor either of you two_), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwäðer þâra (_either of them_, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwäðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bega gehwäðres, 1044. hwäðer, hwäðere, hwäðre, 1) adv., _yet, nevertheless_: hwäðre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwäðre swâ þeáh, _however, notwithstanding_, 2443; hwäðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719--2) conj., = _utrum, whether_: hwäðre, 1315; hwäðer, 1357, 2786. hwät, adj., _sharp, bold, valiant_: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.--Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwät. hwät. See hwâ. hwær, adv., _where_: elles hwær, _elsewhere_, 138; hwær, _somewhere_, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwâr þonne..., _is it a wonder when...?_ 3063.--Comp. ô-hwær. ge-hwær, _everywhere_: þeáh þu heaðo-ræsa gehwær dohte (_everywhere good in battle_), 526. hwele. See hwyle. hwergen, adv., _anywhere_: elles hwergen, _elsewhere_, 2591. hwettan, w. v., _to encourage, urge_: pres. subj. swâ þin sefa hwette (_as thy mind urges, as thou likest_), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerôfne (_they whetted the brave one_), 204. hwêne, adv., _a little, paululum_, 2700. hwealf, st. f., _vault_: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016. hweorfan, st. v., _to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die_: pres. pl. þâra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwîlum he on lufan læteð hworfan monnes môd-geþonc (_sometimes on love_ (?) _possessions_ (?) _permits the thoughts of man to turn_), 1729; londrihtes môt ... monna æghwylc îdel hweorfan (_of rights of land each one of men must be deprived_), 2889; pret. sg. fäder ellor hwearf ... of earde (_died_), 55; hwearf þâ hrädlîce þær Hrôðgâr sät, 356; hwearf þâ bî bence (_turned then to the bench_), 1189; so, hwearf þâ be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þät reced, 1982; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (_went oft round the cave_), 2297; nalles äfter lyfte lâcende hwearf (_not at all through the air did he go springing_), 2833; subj. pret. sg, ær he on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (_died_), 264. and-hweorfan, _to move against_: pret. sg. ôð þät ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (_till the fierce north wind blew in our faces_), 548. ät-hweorfan, _to go to_: pret. sg. hwîlum he on beorh ät-hwearf (_at times returned to the mountain_), 2300. ge-hweorfan, _to go, come_: pret. sg. gehwearf þâ in Francna fäðm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on æht gehwearf ... Denigea freán, 1680; so, 1685, 2209. geond-hweorfan, _to go through from end to end_: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018. hwider, adv., _whither_: hwyder, 163; hwäder (hwäðer, MS.), 1332. hwîl, st. f., _time, space of time_: nom. sg. wäs seó hwîl micel (_it was a long time_), 146; þâ wäs hwîl däges (_the space of a day_), 1496; acc. sg. hwîle, _for a time_, 2138; _a while_, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwîle, _a long while_, 16, 2781; âne hwîle, _a while_, 1763; lytle hwîle, _brief space_, 2031, 2098; ænige hwîle, _any while_, 2549; lässan hwîle, _a lesser while_, 2572; dat. sg. ær däges hwîle, _before daybreak_, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwîlum, _sometimes at night_, 3045. Adv., _sometimes, often_: hwîlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwîlum ... hwîlum, 2108-9-10.--Comp.: däg-, gescäp-, orleg-, sige-hwîl. hwît, adj., _brilliant, flashing_: nom. sg. se hwîta helm, 1449. hworfan. See hweorfan. hwôpan, st. v., _to cry, cry out mourn_: pret. sg. hweóp, 2269. hwyder. See hwider. hwylc, pron., _which, what, any_: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nât hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwîl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sægeáta sîðas wæron, 1987.--2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ þone magan cende (_whatever woman brought forth this son_), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (_than any one of his sons_), 2434; dat. sg. efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ him gemet þûhte, 3058.--Comp.: æg-, nât-, wel-hwylc. ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., _each_: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dôgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095. hwyrft, st. m., _circling movement, turn_: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrîðað (_wander to and fro_), 163.--Comp. ed-hwyrft. hycgan, w. v., _to think, resolve upon_: pret. sg. ic þät hogode þät ... (_my intention was that ..._), 633.--Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swîð-, þanc-, wîs-hycgend. for-hycgan, _to despise, scorn, reject with contempt_: pres. sg. I. ic þät þonne for-hicge þät ..., _reject with scorn the proposition that ..._, 435. ge-hycgan, _to think, determine upon_: pret. sg. þâ þu ... feorr gehogodest säcce sêcean, 1989. ofer-hycgan, _to scorn_: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þâ hringa fengel þät he þone wîdflogan weorode gesôhte (_scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host_), 2346. hydig (for hygdig), adj., _thinking, of a certain mind_: comp. ân-, bealo-, grom-, nîð-, þrîst-hydig. ge-hygd, st. n., _thought, sentiment_: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.--Comp.: breóst-, môd-gehygd, won-hyd. hyge, hige, st. m., _mind, heart, thought_: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149. hyge-bend, st. m. f., _mind-fetter, heart-band_: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fäst, _fast in his mind's fetters, secretly_, 1879. hyge-geômor, adj., _sad in mind_: nom. sg. hyge-giômor, 2409. hyge-mêðe, adj.: 1) _sorrowful, soul-crushing_: nom. sg., 2443.--2) _life-weary, dead_: dat. pl. hyge-mêðum (-mæðum, MS.), 2910. hyge-rôf, adj., _brave, valiant, vigorous-minded_: nom. sg. [hygerôf], 403; acc. sg. hige-rôfne, 204. hyge-sorh, st. f., _heart-sorrow_: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329. hyge-þyhtig, adj., _doughty, courageous_: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Beówulf), 747. See þyhtig. hyge-þrym, st. m., _animi majestas, high-mindedness_: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, 339. hyht, st. m., _thought, pleasant thought, hope_ (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179. ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., _support, protection_: nom. sg., 3057.--Leo. hyldan, w. v., _to incline one's self, lie down to sleep_: pret. sg. hylde hine, _inclined himself, lay down_, 689. hyldo, st. f., _inclination, friendliness, grace_: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999. â-hyrdan, w. v., _harden_: pret. part. â-hyrded, 1461. hyrde. See hirde. hyrst, st. f., _accoutrements, ornament, armor_: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþeów's _equipments and arms_), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763. hyrstan, w. v., _to deck, adorn_: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256. hyrtan, w. v., _to take heart, be emboldened_: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (_the drake took heart_; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594. hyse, st. m., _youth, young man_: nom. sg. as voc., 1218. hyt. See hit. hýdan, w. v., _to hide, conceal, protect, preserve_: pres. subj. hýde [hine, _himself_] se þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. nô þu mînne þearft hafalan hýdan, 446; ær he in wille hafelan [hýdan] (_ere in it he_ [the stag] _will hide his head_), 1373. ge-hýdan, w. acc., _to conceal, preserve_: pret. sg. gehýdde, 2236, 3060. hýð, st. f., _haven_: dat. sg. ät hýðe, 32. hýð-weard, st. m., _haven-warden_: nom. sg., 1915. hýnan (see heán), w. v. w. acc., _to crush, afflict, injure_: pret. sg. hýnde, 2320. hýnðu, st. f., _oppression, affliction, injury_: acc. sg. hýnðu, 277; gen. sg. hwät ... hýnðo, 475; fela ... hýnðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hýnða, 166. hýran, w. v.: 1) _to hear, perceive, learn_: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hýrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þät he fram Sigemunde secgan hýrde, 876; I. pl. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nænigne ic ... sêlran hýrde hordmâððum (_I heard of no better hoard-jewel_), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hýrde ic þät ..., 62, 2164, 2173.--2) w. dat. of person, _to obey_: inf. ôð þät him æghwylc þâra ymbsittendra hýran scolde, 10; hýran heaðo-siócum, 2755; Pret. pl. þät him winemâgas georne hýrdon, 66. ge-hýran, _to hear, learn_: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mînne gehýrað ânfealdne geþôht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehýrde on Beówulfe fästrædne geþôht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehýrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þät gehýre þät ..., 290. I ic, pers. pron. _I_: acc. mec, dat. me, gen. mîn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. we, acc. ûsic, ûs, dat. ûs, gen. ûser. ic omitted before the verb, 470. icge, _gold_ (perhaps related to Sanskrit îç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. êht, _wealth_, opes), _treasure?, sword_ (edge)?, 1108.--Körner. ides, st. f., _woman, lady, queen_: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352. in. See inn. in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), _in_: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þäm gûðsele, 443; in beórsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mægða gehwære, 25; in þýstrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (_in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds_), 324; so, 395; in campe (_in battle_), 2506; hiora in ânum (_in one of them_), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, _on, upon_, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstôle, 1953; in þam wongstede (_on the grassy plain, the battle-field_), 2787; in bælstede, 3098. Temporal: in geâr-dagum, 1.--2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), _in, into_: in woruld, 60; in fýres fäðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, _in, at, about, toward_: in þâ tîde (in watide, MS.), 2228. II. adv., _in_ (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091. incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lâfe (_with the costly sword_ ? or _with mighty sword_?), 2578.--[_Edge_: incge lâfe, _edge of the sword_.--K. Körner?] in-frôd, adj., _very aged_: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frôdum, 1875. in-gang, st. m., _entrance, access to_: acc. sg., 1550. in-genga, w. m., _in-goer, visitor_: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777. in-gesteald, st. m., _house-property, possessions in the house_: acc. sg., 1156. inn, st. n., _apartment, house_: nom. sg. in, 1301. innan, adv., _within, inside_, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (_in the interior_), _within_, 1741, 2716; þær on innan (_in there_), 71; burgum on innan (_within his city_), 1969. Also, _therein_: þær on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245. innan-weard, adv., _inwards, inside, within_, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999. inne, adv.: 1) _inside, within_, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne âbeád (_called, sent word, in_, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; _in it_ (i.e. the battle), 1142; þær inne (_therein_), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.--2) = _insuper, still further, besides_, 1867. inwit, st. n., _evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility_, as in inwit-feng, st. m., _malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe_: nom. sg., 1448. inwit-gäst, st. m., _evil guest, hostile stranger_: nom. sg., 2671. inwit-hrôf, st. m., _hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe_: acc. sg. under inwit-hrôf, 3124. inwit-net, st. n., _mischief-net, cunning snare_: acc. sg., 2168. inwit-nîð, st. n., _cunning hostility, hostile contest_: nom. pl. inwit-nîðas (_hostility through secret attack_), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nîða, 1948. inwit-scear, st. m., _massacre through cunning, murderous attack_: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479. inwit-searo, st. n., _cunning, artful intrigue_: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo. inwit-sorh, st. f., _grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning_: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832. inwit-þanc, adj., _ill-disposed, malicious_: dat. sg. he onfêng hraðe inwit-þancum (_he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind_ [Grendel]), 749. irnan (for rinnan), st. v., _to run_: so be-irnan, _to run up to_, occur_: pret. sg him on môd be-arn (_came into his mind_), 67. on-irnan, _to open_: pret. sg. duru sôna onarn, 722. irre-môd, adj. See yrre-môd. Î îdel, adj., _empty, bare; deprived of_: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes þære mægburge îdel (_deprived of his land-possessions among the people_ [of the Geátas]), 2889. îdel-hende, adj., _empty-handed_, 2082. îren, st. n., _iron, sword_: nom. sg. dryhtlîc îren (_the doughty, lordly sword_), 893; îren ær-gôd, 990; acc. sg. leóflîc îren, 1810; gen. pl. îrena cyst (_choicest of swords_), 674; îrenna cyst, 803; îrenna ecge (_edges of swords_), 2684. îren, adj., _of iron_: nom. sg. ecg wäs îren, 1460. îren-bend, st. f., _iron band, bond, rivet_: instr. pl. îren-bendum fäst (bold), 775, 999. îren-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. îren-byrnan, 2987. See îsern-byrne. îren-heard, adj., _hard as iron_: nom. sg., 1113. îrenne, adj., _of iron_: in comp. eall-îrenne. îren-þreát, st. m., _iron troop, armored band_: nom. sg., 330. îs, st. n., _ice_: dat. sg. îse, 1609. îsern-byrne, w. f., _iron corselet_: acc. sg. îsern-byrnan, 672. See îren-byrne. îsern-scûr, st. f., _iron shower, shower of arrows_: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebâd îsern-scûre, 3117. îs-gebind, st. n., _fetters of ice_: instr. sg. îs-gebinde, 1134. îsig, adj., _shining, brilliant_ (like brass): nom. sg. îsig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.--Leo. IO IU iú. See geó. iú-man. See geó-man. ió-meówle. See geó-meówle. L laðu, st. f., _invitation_.--Comp.: freónd-, neód-laðu. ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, _to refresh, lave_: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wätere gelafede, 2723. lagu, st. m., _lake, sea_: nom. sg., 1631. lagu-cräftig, adj., _acquainted with the sea_: nom. sg. lagu-cräftig mon (_pilot_), 209. lagu-stræt, st. f., _path over the sea_: acc. sg. ofer lagu-stræte, 239. lagu-streám, st. m., _sea-current, flood_: acc. pl. ofer lagu-streámas, 297. land, st. n., _land_: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (_in the land_), 2311, 2837; _at near, land, shore_, 1914; tô lande (_to the land, ashore_), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (_over much country, space; afar_), 31l.--Comp.: el-, eá-land. land-bûend, part, pres., terricola, _inhabitant of the land_: nom. pl. lond-bûend, 1346; dat. pl. land-bûendum, 95. land-fruma, w. m., _ruler, prince of the country_: nom. sg., 31. land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., _frontier, land-mark_: acc. pl., 209. land-geweorc, st. n., _land-work, fortified place_: acc. sg. leóda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc. land-riht, st. n., _prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land_, hence _real estate_ itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes îdel, 2887. land-waru, st. f., _inhabitants, population_: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322. land-weard, st. m., _guard, guardian of the frontier_: nom. sg., 1891. lang, long, adj., _long_: 1) temporal: nom. sg. tô lang, 2094; näs þâ long (lang) tô þon (_not long after_), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwîle (_for a long time_), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114, 1258; lange tîd, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.--2) local, nom. sg. se wäs fîftiges fôtgemearces lang, 3044.--Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang. lange, longe, adv., _long_: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; tô lange (_too long, excessively long_), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; nô þý leng (_none the longer_), 975. Superl. lengest (_longest_), 2009, 2239. ge-lang, adj., _extending, reaching to something_ or _somebody_, hence _ready, prepared_: nû is ræd gelang eft ät þe ânum (_now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone_), 1377; gen is eall ät þe lissa gelong (_all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine_), 2151. See ge-lenge. lang-ge-streón, st. n., _long-lasting treasure_: gen. pl. long-gestreóna, 2241.--Leo. langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, _to long, yearn_: pres. sg. III. him ...äfter deórum men dyrne langað beorn (_the hero longeth secretly after the dear man_), 1880. lang-sum, adj., _long-lasting, continuing_: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537. lang-twidig, adj., _long-granted, assured_: nom. sg., 1709. lata, w. m., _a lazy, cowardly one_; in comp. hild-lata. lâ, interj., _yes! indeed!_ 1701, 2865. lâc, st. n.: 1) _measured movement, play_: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lâc.--2) _gift, offering_: acc. pl. lâc, 1864; lâðlîcu lâc (_loathly offering, prey_), 1585; dat. pl. lâcum, 43, 1869.--Comp. sæ-lâc. ge-lâc, st. n., _sport, play_: acc. pl. sweorda gelâc (_battle_), 1041; dat. pl. ät ecga gelâcum, 1169. lâcan, st. v., _to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying_, etc.: inf. dareðum lâcan (_fight_), 2849; part. pres. äfter lyfte lâcende (_flying through the air_), 2833. for-lâcan, _to deceive, betray_: part, pret. he wearð on feónda geweald forð forlâcen (_deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands_), 904. lâd, st. f., _street, way, journey_: dat. sg. on lâde, 1988; gen. sg. lâde, 569.--Comp.: brim-, sæ-lâd. ge-lâd, st. n., _way, path, road_: acc. sg. uncûð gelâd, 1411. lâð, adj., _loathly, evil, hateful, hostile_: nom. sg. lâð, 816; lâð lyft-floga, 2316; lâð (_enemy_), 440; ne leóf ne lâð, 511; neut. lâð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lâða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lâðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lâðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lâðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lâðes (_much evil_), 930; so, 1062; lâðan lîges, 83; lâðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þäs lâðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lâð gewidru (_hateful storms_), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lâðum, 550; lâðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lâðum dædum (_with evil deeds_), 2468; lâðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lâðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lâðra (_the enemy_), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lâðra ... beorn, 2433. lâð-bite, st. m., _hostile bite_: dat. sg. lâð-bite lîces (_the body's hostile bite_ = the wound), 1123. lâð-geteóna, w. m., _evil-doer, injurer_: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lâð-geteónan, 559. lâð-lîc, adj., _loathly, hostile_: acc. pl. lâð-lîcu, 1585. lâf, st. f.: 1) _what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy_: nom. sg. Hrêðlan lâf (Beówulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fêla lâfe (_the leavings of files_ = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lâfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lâfe, heard and hringmæl Heaðobeardna gestreón (_on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure_, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lâfe (_leavings of the sword_, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.--2) _the sword as a specially precious heir-loom_: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lâfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lâfe, 2578.--Comp.: ende-, eormen-, weá-, yrfe-, ýð-lâf. lâr, st. f., _lore, instruction, prescription_: dat. sg. be fäder lâre, 1951; gen. pl. lâra, 1221; lârena, 269.--Comp. freónd-lâr. lâst, st. m., _footstep, track_: acc. sg. lâst, 132, 972, 2165; on lâst (_on the traces of, behind_), 2946; nom. pl. lâstas, 1403; acc. pl. lâstas, 842.--Comp.: fêðe-, feorh-, fôt-, wräc-lâst. läger. See leger. lâger-bed, st. n., _bed to lie on_ : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008. läs, adj., _less_, 1947; þý läs (_the less_), 487; conjunct, _that not, lest_, 1919. lässa, adj., _less, fewer_: nom. sg. lässa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lässan, 43; fem, lässan hwîle, 2572; dat. sg. for lässan (_for less, smaller_), 952. Superl. nom. sg. nô þät läsest wäs hond-gemôt[a], 2355. lät, adj., _negligent, neglectful_; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes lät, 1530. lædan, w. v. w. acc.: _to lead, guide, bring_: inf. lædan, 239; pret. pl. læddon, 1160. for-1ædan, _to mislead_: pret. pl. for-læddan, 2440 (?). ge-lædan, _lead, bring_: part. pret. ge-læded, 37. læfan, w. v.: 1), _to bequeathe, leave_: imper. sg. þînum magum læf folc and rîce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum læfde ... lond and leódbyrig, 2471.--2) _spare, leave behind_: âht cwices læfan (_to spare aught living_), 2316. læn-dagas, st. m. pl., _loan-days, transitory days_ (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. læn-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. læn-daga, 2342. læne, adj., _inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction_: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; þâs lænan gesceaft (_this fleeting life_), 1623; gen. sg. lænan lîfes, 2846. læran, w. v., _to teach, instruct_: imper. sg. þu þe lær be þon (_learn this, take this to heart_), 1723. ge-læran, _to teach, instruct, give instruction_: inf. ic þäs Hrôðgâr mäg ... ræd gelæran (_I can give H. good advice about this_), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. þâ me þät ge-lærdon leóde mîne (_gave me the advice_), 415. læstan, w. v.: 1) _to follow, to sustain, serve_: inf. þät him se lîc-homa læstan nolde (_that his body would not sustain him_), 813.--2) _perform_: imper. læst eall tela (_do all well_), 2664. ge-læstan: 1) _to follow, serve_: pret. sg. (sweord) þät mec ær and oft gelæste, 2501.--2) _to fulfil, grant_: subj. pres. pl. þät ... wilgesîðas, þonne wîg cume, leóde gelæstan (_render war service_), 24; inf. ic þe sceal mîne gelæstan freóde (_shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful_), 1707; pret. sg. beót ... gelæste (_fulfilled his boast_), 524; gelæste swâ (_kept his word_), 2991; pres. part. häfde Eást-Denum ... gilp gelæsted (_had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast_), 830. lætan, st. v., _to let, allow_, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. læteð, 1729; imper. pl. II. lætað, 397; sg. II. læt, 1489; pret. sg. lêt, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lêton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lête, 1997; sg. III. lête, 3083. â-lætan: 1) _to let, allow_: subj. pres. sg. II. þät þu ne âlæte ... dôm ge-dreósan, 2666.--2) _to leave, lay aside_: inf. âlætan læn-dagas (_die_) 2592; so, âlætan lîf and leódscipe, 2751. for-lætan: 1) _to let, permit_, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lêt, 971; pret. pl. for-lêton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hleó ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forlætan (_would not let the murderous spirit go alive_), 793.--2) _to leave behind, leave_: pret. sg. in þam wong-stede ... þær he hine ær forlêt (_where he had previously left him_), 2788. of-lætan, _to leave, lay aside_: pres. sg. II. gyf þu ær þonne he worold oflætest (_leavest the world, diest_), 1184; so pret. sg. oflêt lîf-dagas and þâs lænan gesceaft, 1623. on-lætan, _to release, liberate_: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fäder on-læteð (_as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters_), 1610. â-lecgan, w. v.: 1) _to lay, lay down_: pret. sg. syððan hilde-deór hond â-legde ... under geápne hrôf, 835; þät he on Beówulfes bearm â-legde (_this_ [the sword] _he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him_), 2195; pret. pl. â-ledon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, 34; â-legdon þâ tô middes mærne þeóden _(laid the mighty prince in the midst_ [of the pyre]), 3142.--2) _to lay aside, give up_: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh â-legde (_laid down his life, died_), 852; nu se here-wîsa hleahtor â-legde, gamen and gleó-dreám _(now the war-chief has left laughter_, etc.), 3021. leger, st. n., _couch, bed, lair_: dat. sg. on legere, 3044. lemian, w. v., _to lame, hinder, oppress_: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede tô lange, 906. MS. leng. See lang. lenge, adj., _extending along_ or _to, near_ (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wäs hit lenge þâ gen (_nor was it yet long_), 83. ge-lenge, adj., _extending, reaching to, belonging_: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... lîce gelenge (_an heir belonging to one's body_), 2733. let, st. m., _place of rest, sojourn?_ in comp. eo-let (_voyage?_). lettan, w. v., _to hinder_: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þät syððan nâ ... brim-lîðende lâde ne letton (_might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying_), 569. â-lêdon. See â-lecgan. lêg, st. m., _flame, fire_: nom. sg. wonna lêg (_the lurid flame_), 3116; swôgende lêg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lêge, 2550. See lîg. lêg-draca, w. m., _fire-drake, flaming dragon_: nom. sg., 3041. *leahan, leán, st. v. w. acc. _to scold, blame_: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. sg. lôg, 1812; pret. pl. lôgon, 203, 863. be-leán, _to dissuade, prevent_: inf. ne inc ænig mon ... beleán mihte sorhfullne sîð (_no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey_), 511. leahtre. See or-leahtre. leáf, st. n., _leaf, foliage_: instr. pl. leáfum, 97. leáfnes-word, st. n., _permission, leave_: acc. pl., 245. leán. See leahan. leán, st. n., _reward, compensation_: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. leáne, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þâ leán, 2996; dat. þam leánum, 2146; gen. leána, 2991.--Comp.: and-, ende-leán. leân (for læn, O.H.G. lêhan), st. n, _loan_, 1810. leánian, w. v., _to reward, compensate_: pres. sg. I. ic þe þâ fæhðe feó leánige (_repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures_), 1381; pret. sg. me þone wäl-ræs wine Scyldinga fättan golde fela leánode (_the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold_), 2103. leás, adj., _false_: nom. pl. leáse, 253. leás, adj., _deprived of, free from_, w. gen.: nom. sg. dreáma leás, 851; dat. sg. winigea leásum, 1665.--Comp.: dôm-, dreám-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlâford-, sâwol-, sige-, sorh-, tîr-, þeóden-, wine-, wyn-leás. leásig, adj., _concealing one's self_; in comp. sin-leásig(?). leoðo-cräft, st. m., _the art of weaving_ or _working in meshes, wire_, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cräftum (_a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold_), 2770. leoðo-syrce, w. f., _shirt of mail (limb-sark)_: acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (_locked linked sark_), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891. leomum. See lim. leornian, w. v., _to learn, devise, plan_: pret. him þäs gûð-cyning ... wräce leornode (_the war-king planned vengeance therefor_), 2337. leód, st. m., _prince_: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. leód, 626. leód, st. f., _people_: gen. sg. leóde, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates _individuals, people, kinsmen_: nom. pl. leóde, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Geáta leóde (_people of the race of the Geátas_), 260; acc. pl. leóde, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. leódum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. leóda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc. leód-bealo, st. n., (_mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people_), _great, unheard-of calamity_: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. leód-bealewa, 1947. leód-burh, st. f., _princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city_: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472. leód-cyning, st. m., _king of the people_: nom. sg., 54. leód-fruma, w. m., _prince of the people, ruler_: acc. sg. leód-fruman, 2131. leód-gebyrgea, w. m., _protector of the people, prince_: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269. leód-hryre, st. m., _fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler_: dat. sg. äfter leód-hryre (_after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas_, Frôda, cf. 2051), 2031; gen. sg. þäs leód-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389), 2392. leód-sceaða, w. m., _injurer of the people_: dat. sg. þam leód-sceaðan, 2094. leód-scipe, st. m., _the whole nation, people_: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þam leód-scipe, 2198. leóð, st. n., _song, lay_: nom. sg., 1160.--Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gûð-, sorh-leóð. leóf, adj., _lief, dear_: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., leófa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. leófne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. leófes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. leófum, 1074; gen. pl. leófra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. leófre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. leófost, 1297; acc. sg. þone leófestan, 2824. leóflîc, _dear, precious, valued_: nom. sg. m. leóflîc lind-wîga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. leóflîc îren, 1810. leógan, st. v., _to lie, belie, deceive_. subj. pres. näfne him his wlite leóge (_unless his looks belie him_), 250; pret. sg. he ne leág fela wyrda ne worda, 3030. â-leógan, _to deceive, leave unfulfilled_: pret. sg. he beót ne â-lêh (_he left not his promise unfulfilled_), 80. ge-leógan, _to deceive, betray_: pret. sg. him seó wên geleáh (_hope deceived him_), 2324. leóht, st. n., _light, brilliance_: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan leóht, 649; godes leóht geceás (_chose God's light, died_), 2470; dat. sg. tô leóhte, 95.--Comp.: æfen-, fýr-, morgen-leóht. leóht, adj., _luminous, bright_: instr. sg. leóhtan sweorde, 2493. leóma, w. m.: 1) _light, splendor_: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. leóman, 1518; sunnan and mônan leóman (_light of sun and moon_), 95.--2) (as beadu- and hilde-leóma), _the glittering sword_: nom. sg. lixte se leóma (_the blade-gleam flashed_), 1571. leósan, st. v., = amitti, in be-leósan, _to deprive, be deprived of_: pres. part. (heó) wearð beloren leófum bearnum and brôðrum (_was deprived of her dear children and brethren_), 1074. for-leósan, with dat. instr., _to lose something_: pret. sg. þær he dôme for-leás, ellen-mærðum (_there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds_), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þâm þe ær his elne for-leás (_to him who, before, had lost his valor_), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þâm leánum for-loren häfde (_not at all had I lost the rewards_), 2146. libban, w. v., _to live, be, exist_: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þe lifigendum (_in thy lifetime_), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende. licgan, st. v.: 1) _to lie, lie down_ or _low_: pres. sg. nu seó hand ligeð (_now the hand lies low_), 1344; nu se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. läg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrêd läg (_after Heardrêd had fallen_), 2389; pret. pl. lâgon, 3049; lægon, 566.--2) _to lie prostrate, rest, fail_: pret. sg. næfre on ôre läg wîd-cûðes wîg (_never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front_), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld läg (_after vengeance failed_, or, _when Withergyld lay dead_, if _W._ is a proper name), 2052. â-licgan, _to succumb, fail, yield_: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þät his dôm â-läg (_that its power failed it_), 1529. ge-licgan, _to rest, lie still_: pret. sg. wind-blond geläg, 3147. lida, w. m., _boat, ship_ (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, ýð-lida. lid-man, st. m., _seafarer, sailor_: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624. lim, st. n., _limb, branch_: instr. pl. leomum, 97. limpan, st. v., _to happen, befall_ (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. hû lomp eów on lâde (_how went it with you on the journey?_), 1988. â-limpan, _to come about, offer itself_: pret. sg. ôð þät sæl â-lamp (_till the opportunity presented itself_), 623; pret. part, þâ him â-lumpen wäs wistfylle wên (_since a hope of a full meal had befallen him_), 734. be-limpan, _to happen to, befall_: pret. sg. him sió sâr belamp, 2469. ge-limpan, _to happen, occur, turn out_: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þät..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansýne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (_thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!_), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þät..., 76; swâ him ful-oft gelamp (_as often happened to them_), 1253; þäs þe hire se willa gelamp þät ... (_because her wish had been fulfilled_), 627; frôfor eft gelamp sârig-môdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslîcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825. lind, st. f. (properly _linden_; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366. lind-gestealla, w. m., _shield-comrade, war-comrade_: nom. sg., 1974. lind-häbbend, pres. part., _provided with a shield_, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -häbbende, 245; gen. pl. häbbendra, 1403. lind-plega, w. m., _shield-play_, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040. lind-wîga, w. m., _shield-fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 2604. linnan, st. v., _to depart, be deprived of_: inf. aldre linnan (_depart from life_), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444. lis, st. f., _favor, affection_: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151. list, st. m., _art, skill, cleverness, cunning_: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (_cunningly_), 782. lixan, w. v., _to shine, flash_: pret. sg. lixte, 311, 485, 1571. lîc, st. n.: 1) _body, corpse_: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lîc, 2081; þät lîc (_the body, corpse_), 2128; dat. sg. lîce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lîces, 451, 1123.-- 2) _form, figure_: in comp. eofor-, swîn-lîc. ge-lîc, adj., _like, similar_: nom. pl. m. ge-lîce, 2165. Superl. ge-lîcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609. lîc-hama, -homa, w. m. _(body-home, garment), body_: nom. sg. lîc-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lîc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lîc-haman, 3179. lîcian, w. v., _to please, like_ (impers.): pres. sg. III. me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel, 1855; pret. pl. þam wîfe þâ word wel lîcodon, 640. lîcnes. See on-lîcnes. lîc-sâr, st. n., _bodily pain_: acc. sg. lîc-sâr, 816. lîc-syrce, w. f., _body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body_: nom. sg., 550. 1îðan, st. v., _to move, go_: pres. part. nom. pl. þâ lîðende (_navigantes, sailors_), 221; þâ wäs sund liden (_the water was then traversed_), 223.--Comp.: heáðu-, mere-, wæg-lîðend. lîðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., _gentle, mild, friendly_: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lâra lîðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. lîðost, 3184. lið-wæge, st. n., _can in which lîð_ (a wine-like, foaming drink) _is contained_: acc. sg., 1983. lîf, st. n., _life_: acc. sg. lîf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. lîfe, 2572; tô lîfe (_in one's life, ever_) 2433; gen. sg. lîfes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lîfes (_of the earthly life_), 1388, 2344.--Comp. edwît-lîf. lîf-bysig, adj. _(striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death_: nom. sg., 967. lîf-dagas, st. m. pl., _lifetime_: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623. lîf-freá, w. m., _lord of life, God_: nom. sg., 16. lîf-gedâl, st. n., _separation from life_: nom. sg., 842. lîf-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, destiny_: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065. lîf-wraðu, st. f., _protection for one's life, safety_: acc. sg. lîf-wraðe, 2878; dat. sg. tô lîf-wraðe, 972. lîf-wyn, st. f., _pleasure, enjoyment, joy_ (of life): gen. pl. lîf-wynna, 2098. lîg, st. m. n., _flame, fire_: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lîge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. lîges, 83, 782. See lêg. lîg-draca, w. m., _ fire-drake, flaming dragon_; nom. pl., 2334. See lêg-draca. lîg-egesa, w. m., _horror arising through fire, flaming terror_: acc. sg., 2781. lîge-torn, st. m., _false, pretended insult_ or _injury, fierce anger_(?): dat. sg. äfter lîge-torne _(on account of a pretended insult?_ or _fierce anger?_ cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944. lîg-ýð, st. m., _wave of fire_: instr. pl. lîg-ýðum, 2673. león, st. v., _to lend_: pret. sg. þät him on þearfe lâh þyle Hrôðgâres (_which H.'s spokesman lent him in need_), 1457. on-leóon, _to lend, grant as a loan_, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þâ he þäs wæpnes on-lâh sêlran sweord-frecan, 1468. loca, w. m., _bolt, lock_: in comp. bân-, burh-loca. locen. See lûcan. lond, long. See land, lang. lof, st. m. n., _praise, repute_: acc. sg. lof, 1537. lof-dæd, st. f., _deed of praise_: instr. pl. lof-dædum, 24. lof-georn, adj., _eager for praise, ambitious_: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184. loga, w. m., _liar_; in comp. treów-loga. losian, w. v., _to escape, flee_: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. he on weg losade (_fled away_), 2097. lôcian, w. v., _to see, look at_: pres. sg. II. sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (_booty of the sea that thou lookest on_), 1655. ge-lôme, adv., _often, frequently_, 559. lufe, w. f., _love_: in comp. heáh-, môd-, wîf-lufe. lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, _nourishment_), w. m., _food, subsistence; property, real estate_: acc. sg. on lufan (_on possessions_), 1729.--Comp. eard-lufa. lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), _subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?)_: nom. sg. lufen (parallel with êðel-wyn), 2887. luf-tâcen, st. n., _love-token_: acc. pl. luf-tâcen, 1864. lufian, w. v., _to love, serve affectionately_: pret. sg. III. lufode þâ leóde (_was on affectionate terms with the people_), 1983. lungre, adv.: 1) _hastily, quickly, forthwith_, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.--2) _quite, very, fully_: feówer mearas lungre gelîce (_four horses quite alike_), 2165. lust, st. m., _pleasure, joy_: dat. pl. adv. lustum (_joyfully_), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600. lûcan, st. v., _to twist, wind, lock, interweave_: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (_shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked_), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra beága (_rings wrought of gold wire_), 2996. be-lûcan: 1) _to shut, close in or around_: pret. sg. winter ýðe be-leác îs-gebinde (_winter locked the waves with icy bond_), 1133.-- 2) _to shut in, off, preserve, protect_: pret. sg. I. hig wîge beleác manegum mægða (_I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe_), 1771. Cf. me wîge belûc wrâðum feóndum (_protect me against mine enemies_), Ps. 34, 3. ge-lûcan, _to unite, link together, make_: pret. part. gelocen, 2770. on-lûcan, _to unlock, open_: pret. sg. word-hord on-leác (_opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech_), 259. tô-lucan, _(to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy_: inf., 782. lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), _air_: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. äfter lyfte (_along, through, the air_), 2833. lyft-floga, w. m., _air-flier_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316. lyft-geswenced, pret. part., _urged, hastened on, by the wind_, 1914. lyft-wyn, st. f., _enjoyment of the air_: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044. lyhð. See leahan. lystan, w. v., _to lust after, long for_: pret. sg. Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste(_the Geát_ [Beówulf] _longed sorely to rest_), 1794. lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), _little, very little, few_: lyt eft becwom ... hâmes niósan (_few escaped homeward_), 2366; lyt ænig (_none at all_), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... heáfod-mâga, 2151; wergendra tô lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; lyt swîgode nîwra spella (_he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings_), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (_too few of men_), 2837. lytel, adj., _small, little_: nom. sg. neut. tô lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hwîle (_a little while_), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lytle (_little protection for his life_), 2878.--Comp. un-lytel. lyt-hwôn, adv., _little = not at all_: lyt-hwôn lôgon, 204. lýfe, st. n., _leave, permission, (life?)_: instr. sg. þîne lýfe (life, MS.), 2132.--Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., _leave, permission_, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266. lýfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning _to believe, trust_) in â-lýfan, _to allow, grant, entrust_: pret. sg. næfre ic ænegum men ær âlýfde ... þryð-ärn Dena (_never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes_), 656; pret. part. (þâ me wäs) sîð ... âlýfed inn under eorð-weall (_the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me_), 3090. ge-lýfan, w. v., _to believe, trust_: 1) w. dat.: inf. þær gelýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (_whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God_, i.e. in the contest between Beówulf and Grendel), 440.--2) w. acc.: pret. sg. geóce gelýfde brego Beorht-Dena (_believed in, expected, help_, etc.), 609; þät heó on ænigne eorl gelýfde fyrena frôfre (_that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles_), 628; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (_who trusted in him as a help out of evils_), 910; him tô anwaldan âre gelýfde (_relied for himself on the help of God_), 1273. â-lýsan, w. v., _to loose, liberate_: pret. part. þâ wäs of þäm hrôran helm and byrne lungre â-lýsed (_helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him_), 1631. M maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), _to speak, talk_: pret. sg. maðelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426. maga, w. m., _son, male descendant, young man_: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþeówes (Beówulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (Wîglâf), 2676; Grendeles maga (_a relative of Grendel_), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944. magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, _to be able_: pres. sg. I. III. mäg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þu, 2048; subj. pres. mæge, 2531, 2750; þeáh ic eal mæge (_even though I could_), 681; subj. pl. we mægen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mäg, sometimes = licet, _may, can, will_ (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865. mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., _male, son_: nom. sg. mago Ecglâfes (Hunferð), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrôðgâr), 1868, 2012. mago-dryht, st. f., _troop of young men, band of men_: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67. mago-rinc, st. m., _hero, man_ (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, heáp, 731. magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., _vassal, war-thane_: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone sêlestan (_the best of vassals_), 1406. man, mon, st. m.: 1) _man, human being_: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wîd-cûðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.--2) indef. pron. = _one, they, people_ (Germ. _man_): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.--Comp.: fyrn-, gleó-, gum-, iú-, lid-, sæ-, wæpned-man. man. See munan. man-cyn, st. n., _mankind_: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956. man-dreám, st. m., _human joy, mundi voluptas_: acc. sg. man-dreám, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dreámum, 1716. man-dryhten, st. m. (_lord of men_), _ruler of the people, prince, king_: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150. ge-mang, st. m., _troop, company_: dat. sg. on gemonge (_in the troop_ [of the fourteen Geátas that returned from the sea]), 1644. manian, w. v., _to warn, admonish_: pres. sg. III. manað swâ and myndgað ... sârum wordum (_so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words_), 2058. manig, monig, adj., _many, many a, much_: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (_many a young man_), 855; monig snellîc sæ-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mægðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum mâðmum, 2104; monegum mægðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mêda, 1179.--2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.--3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mægða, 1772; monegum fira, 2002; häleða monegum bold-âgendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (mâðm)-æhta monige, 1614. manig-oft, adv., _very often, frequently_, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected]. man-lîce, adv., _man-like, manly_, 1047. man-þwære, adj., _kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic_: nom. sg. superl. mon-þwærust, 3183. mâ, contracted compar., _more_: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056. mâðum, mâððum, st. m., _gift, jewel, object of value_: acc. sg. mâððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mâðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. mâðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mâdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. mâðmum, mâdmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. mâðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mâdma, 36, 41.--Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-mâðum. mâðm-æht, st. f., _treasure in jewels, costly objects_: gen. pl. mâðm-æhta, 1614, 2834. mâððum-fät, st. n., _treasure-casket_ or _cup, costly vessel_: nom. sg., 2406. mâðm-gestreón, st. n., _precious jewel_: gen. pl. mâðm-gestreóna, 1932. mâðum-gifu, st. f., _gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure_: dat. sg. äfter mâððum-gife, 1302. mâðum-sigl, st. n., _costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration_: gen. pl. mâððum-sigla, 2758. mâðum-sweord, st. n., _costly sword_ (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024. mâðum-wela, w. m., _wealth of jewels, valuables_:: dat. sg. äfter-mâððum-welan (_after the sight of the wealth of jewels_), 2751. mâgas. See mæg. mâge, w. f., _female relative_: gen. sg. Grendles mâgan (_mother_), 1392. mân, st. n., _crime, misdeed_: instr. sg. mâne, 110, 979; adv., _criminally_, 1056. mân-for-dædla, w. m., _evil-doer, criminal_: nom. pl. mân-for-dædlan, 563. mân-scaða, w. m., _mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus_: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; mân-sceaða, 2515. mâra (comp. of micel), adj., _greater, stronger, mightier_: nom. sg. m. mâra, 1354, 2556; neut. mâre, 1561; acc. sg. m. mâran, 2017; mund-gripe mâran (_a mightier hand-grip_), 754; with following gen. pl. mâran ... eorla (_a more powerful earl_), 247; fem. mâran, 533, 1012; neut. mâre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala mâre _(more, greater, deeds of murder_), 136; gen. sg. f. mâran, 1824. mæst (superl. of micel, mâra), _greatest, strongest_: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mæst, 78, 193; fem. mæst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fæhðe mæste, 459; mæste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly pleasure_), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mæst mærða, 2646; hond-wundra mæst, 2769; bæl-fýra mæst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mæste cräfte, 2182. mäcg. See mecg. mägð, st. f., _wife, maid, woman_: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mägða hôse (_accompanied by her maids of honor_), 925; mägða, 944, 1284. mägen, st. n.: 1) _might, bodily strength, heroic power_: acc. sg. mägen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mägene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mägenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mägnes, 671, 1762; mägenes strang, strengest (_great in strength_), 1845, 196; mägenes rôf (id.), 2085.--2) _prime, flower_ (of a nation), _forces available in war_: acc. sg. swâ he oft (i.e. etan) dyde mägen Hrêðmanna (_the best of the Hreðmen_), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mägenes Deniga (_from(?) any of the men of the Danes_), 155.--Comp. ofer-mägen. mägen-âgend, pres. part., _having great strength, valiant_: gen. pl. -âgendra, 2838. mägen-byrðen, st. f., _huge burthen_: acc. sg. mägen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626. mägen-cräft, st. m., _great, hero-like, strength_: acc. sg., 380. mägen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660. mägen-fultum, st. m., _material aid_: gen. pl. näs þät þonne mætost mägen-fultuma (_that was not the least of strong helps_, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456. mägen-ræs, st. m., _mighty attack, onslaught_: acc. sg., 1520. mägen-strengo, st. f., _main strength, heroic power_: acc. sg., 2679. mägen-wudu, st. m., _might-wood_, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236. mäst, st. m., _mast_: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mäste (_beside the mast_), 36; _to the mast_, 1906. mæðum. See mâðum, hyge-mæðum. mæg, st. m., _kinsman by blood_: nom. sg. mæg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (_brother_), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mæg (_son_), 1340; (_brother_), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mæge, 1979; gen. sg. mæges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. mâgas, 1016; acc. pl. mâgas, 2816; dat. pl. mâgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (_to brothers_), 1168; mægum, 2354; gen. pl. mâga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.--Comp.: fäderen-, heáfod-, wine-mæg. mæg-burh, st. f., _borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood_; (in wider sense) _race, people, nation_: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þære mæg-burge (_of land possessions among the people_, i.e. of the Geátas), 2888. mægð, st. f., _race, people_: acc. sg. mægðe, 1012; dat. sg. mægðe, 75; dat. pl. mægðum, 5; gen. pl. mægða, 25, 1772. mæg-wine, st. m., _blood kinsman, friend_, 2480 (nom. pl.). mæl, st. n.: l) _time, point of time_: nom. sg. 316; þâ wäs sæl and mæl (_there was_ [appropriate] _chance and time_), 1009; acc. sg. mæl, 2634; instr. pl. ærran mælum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mæla, 1250; sæla and mæla, 1612; mæla gehwylce (_each time, without intermission_), 2058.--2) _sword, weapon_: nom. sg. broden (brogden) mæl (_the drawn sword_), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).--3) _mole, spot, mark_.--Comp.: græg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-mæl. mæl-cearu, st. f., _long-continued sorrow, grief_: acc. sg. mæl-ceare, 189. mæl-gesceaft, st. f., _fate, appointed time_: acc. pl. ie on earde bâd mæl-gesceafta (_awaited the time allotted for me by fate_), 2738. mænan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) _to remember, mention, proclaim_: inf. mænan, 1068; pret. part. þær wäs Beówulfes mærðo mæned, 858.--2) _to mention sorrowfully, mourn_: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mænde (_mourned sorrowfully_), 2268; pret. pl. mændon, 1150, 3150. ge-mænan (see mân), w. v. with acc., _to injure maliciously, break_: subj. pret. pl. ge-mænden, 1102. ge-mæne, adj., _common, in common_: nom. sg. gemæne, 2474; þær unc hwîle wäs hand gemæne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal ûrum þät sweord and helm bâm gemæne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemæne, 1861; dat. pl. þät þâm folcum sceal ... sib gemænum (attraction for gemæne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mâðma gemænra (_we two shall share many treasures together_), 1785. mærðu, st. f.: 1) _glory, a heroes fame_: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mærðo, 660, 688; acc. pl. mærða, 2997; instr. pl. mærðum (_gloriously_), 2515: gen. pl. mærða, 504, 1531.--2) _deed of glory, heroism_: acc. sg. mærðo, 2135; gen. pl. mærða, 408, 2646.--Comp. ellen-mærðu. mære, adj., _memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious_: nom. sg. m. mære, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mæra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mæra, 1475; nom. fem. mæru, 2017; mære, 1953; neut. mære, 2406; acc. sg. m. mærne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mære, 1024; dat. sg. mærum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; tô þäm mæran, 270; gen. sg. mæres, 798; mæran, 1730; nom. pl. mære, 3071; superl. mærost, 899,--Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mære. mæst. See mâra. mæte, adj., _moderate, small_: superl. nom. sg. mætost, 1456. mecg, mäcg, st. m., _son, youth, man_. in comp. hilde-, oret-mecg, wräc-mäcg. medla. See on-medla. medu, st. m., _mead_: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. tô medo, 605. medo-ärn, st. n., _mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-ärn (Heorot), 69. medu-benc, st. f., _mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall_: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903. medu-dreám, st. m., _mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking_: acc. sg. 2017. medo-ful, st. n., _mead-cup_: acc. sg. 625, 1016. medo-heal, st. f., _mead-hall_: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639. medu-scenc, st. m., _mead-can, vessel_: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981. medu-seld, st. n., _mead-seat, mead-house_: acc. sg., 3066. medo-setl, st. n., _mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking_: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5. medo-stîg, st. f., _mead-road, road to the mead-hall_: acc. sg. medo-stîg, 925. medo-wang, st. m., _mead-field_ (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644. meðel, st. n., _assembly, council_: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877. meðel-stede, st. m., (properly _place of speech, judgment-seat_), here _meeting-place, battle-field_ (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þäm meðel-stede, 1083. meðel-word, st. n., _words called forth at a discussion; address_: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236. melda, w. m., _finder, informer, betrayer_: gen. sg. þäs meldan, 2406. meltan, st. v. intrans., _to consume by fire, melt or waste away_: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121. ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se môd-sefa (_his courage did not desert him_), 2629. men. See man. mene, st. m., _neck ornament, necklace, collar_: acc. sg., 1200. mengan, w. v., _to mingle, unite, with_, w. acc. of thing: inf. se þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450. ge-mengan, _to mix with, commingle_: pret. part. 849, 1594. menigu, st. f., _multitude, many_: nom. and acc. sg. mâðma menigeo (_multitude of treasures, presents_), 2144; so, mänigo, 41. mercels, st. m., _mark, aim_: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440. mere, st. m., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856. mere-deór, st. n., _sea-beast_: acc. sg., 558. mere-fara, w. m., _seafarer_: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502. mere-fix, st. m., _sea-fish_: gen. pl. mere-fixa (_the whale_, cf. 540), 549. mere-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom_: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450. mere-hrägl, st. n., _-sea-garment_, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrägla sum, 1906. mere-lîðend, pres. part., _moving on the sea, sailor_: nom. pl. mere-lîðende, 255. mere-stræt, st. f., _sea-street, way over the sea_: acc. pl. mere-stræta 514. mere-strengo, st. f., _sea-power, strength in the sea_: acc. sg., 533. mere-wîf, st. n., _sea-woman, mer-woman_: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520. mergen. See morgen. met, st. n., _thought, intention_ (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsæl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251). ge-met, st. n., _an apportioned share; might, power, ability _: nom. sg. nis þät ... gemet mannes nefne mîn ânes (_nobody, myself excepted, can do that_), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mîn gemet (_beyond my power_), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780. ge-met, adj., _well-measured, meet, good_: nom. sg. swâ him gemet þince (þûhte), (_as seemed meet to him_), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv. metan, st. v., _to measure, pass over_ or _along_: pret. pl. fealwe stræte mearum mæton (_measured the yellow road with their horses_), 918; so, 514, 1634. ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stîg gemät.(_measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall_), 925. metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) _Creator, God_: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scîr metod, 980; sôð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.--Comp. eald-metod. metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate_: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.--2) _the Creators glory_: acc. sg. metod-sceaft seón (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. tô metod-sceafte, 2816. mêce, st. m., _sword_: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mêce, 2048; brâdne mêce, 2979; gen. sg. mêces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mêcum, 565; gen. pl. mêca, 2686.--Comp.: beado-, häft-, hilde-mêce. mêd, st. f., _meed, reward_: acc. sg. mêde, 2135; dat. sg. mêde, 2147; gen. pl. mêda, 1179. ge-mêde, st. n., _approval, permission_ (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mêdu, 247. mêðe, adj., _tired, exhausted, dejected_: in comp. hyge-, sæ-mêðe. mêtan, w. v., _to meet, find, fall in with_: with acc., pret. pl. syððan Äscheres ... hafelan mêtton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þät he ne mêtte ... on elran man mundgripe mâran (_that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip_), 752. ge-mêtan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemêtte, 758, 2786; pl. näs þâ long tô þon, þät þâ aglæcean hy eft gemêtton (_it was not long after that the warriors again met each other_), 2593. ge-mêting, st. f., _meeting, hostile coming together_: nom. sg., 2002. meagol, adj., _mighty, immense; formal, solemn_: instr. pl. meaglum wordum, 1981. mearc, st. f., _frontier, limit, end_: dat. sg. tô mearce (_the end of life_), 2385.--Comp. Weder-mearc, 298. ge-mearc, st. n., _measure, distance_: comp. fôt-, mîl-ge-mearc. mearcian, w. v., _to mark, stain_: pres. ind. sg. mearcað môrhopu (_will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse_), 450. ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (_murder-marked_ [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; swâ wäs on þæm scennum ... gemearcod ... hwâm þät sweord geworht wære (_engraved for whom the sword had been wrought_), 1696. mearc-stapa, w. m., _march-strider, frontier-haunter_ (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349. mearh, st. m., _horse, steed_: nom. pl. mearas, 2164; acc. pl. mearas, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. mearum, 856, 918; mearum and mâðmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. meara and mâðma, 2167. mearn. See murnan. meodu. See medu. meoto. See met. meotud. See metod. meowle, w. f., _maiden_: comp. geó-meowle. micel, adj., _great, huge, long_ (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mâre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ärn micel ... (mâre) þone yldo beam æfre ge-frunon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (_by much, much_); micle leófre (_far dearer_), 2652; efne swâ micle (lässa), (_[less] even by so much_), 1284; oftor micle (_much oftener_), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = _much, very_: micles wyrðne gedôn (_deem worthy of much_, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; tô fela micles (_far too much, many_), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mâra. mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently _union, community, with_, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) _with, in company, community, with_; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrôðgâre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesîðum (_with his comrades_), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his freó-drihtne, 2628; mid þæm lâcum (_with the gifts_), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hæle (_with good luck!_), 1218; mid bæle fôr (_sped off amid fire_), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (_with him, in his company_), 41; _with him_, 1626; ne wäs him Fitela mid (_was not with him_), 890. b) _with, among_: mid Geátum (_among the Geátas_), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (_with, among, one another_), 2949. In temporal sense: mid ær-däge (_at dawn_), 126.--2) _with, with the help of, through_, w. dat.: mid âr-stafum (_through his grace_), 317; so, 2379; mid grâpe (_with the fist_), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (_through his hatred_), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (_through, by, his power_), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gôde (_with benefits_), 1185; mid hearme (_with harm, insult_), 1893; mid þære sorge (_with [through?] this sorrow_), 2469; mid rihte (_by rights_), 2057. With instr.: mid þý wîfe (_through [marriage with] the woman_), 2029.--3) w. acc., _with, in community, company, with_: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mînne gold-gyfan, 2653. II. adv., mid, _thereamong, in the company_, 1643; _at the same time, likewise_, 1650. middan-geard, st. m., _globe, earth_: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752. midde, w. f., _middle = medius_: dat. sg. on middan (_through the middle, in two_), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) tô-middes (_in the midst_), 3142. middel-niht, st. f., _midnight_: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834. miht, st. f., _might, power, authority_: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht (_through the Lord's help, power_), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701. mihtig, adj.: 1) _physically strong, powerful_: acc. sg. mihtig mere-deór, 558; mere-wîf mihtig, 1520.--2) _possessing authority, mighty_: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.--Comp.: äl-, fore-mihtig. milde, adj., _kind, gracious, generous_: nom. sg. môdes milde (_kind-hearted_), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (_graciously_), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (_a king most liberal to men_), 3183. milts, st. f., _kindness, benevolence_: nom. sg., 2922. missan, w. v. with gen., _to miss, err in_: pret. sg. miste mercelses (_missed the mark_), 2440. missere, st. n., _space of a semester, half a year_: gen. pl. hund missera (_fifty winters_), 2734, 2210; generally, _a long period of time, season_, 1499, 1770; fela missera, 153, 2621. mist-hlið, st. n., _misty cliff, cloud-capped slope_: dat. pl. under mist-hleoðum, 711. mistig, adj., _misty_: acc. pl. mistige môras, 162. mîl-gemearc, st. n., _measure by miles_: gen. sg. mîl-gemearces, 1363. mîn: 1) poss. pron., _my, mine_, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelâc mîn (_my lord_, or _king, H._), 2435.--2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, _of me_, 2085, 2534, etc. molde, w. f., _dust; earth, field_: in comp. gräs-molde. mon. See man. ge-mong. See ge-mang. morð-bealu, st. n., _murder, deadly hale_ or _deed of murder_: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136. morðor, st. n., _deed of violence, murder_: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (_guilty of murder_), 1684. morðor-bed, st. n., _bed of death, murder-bed_: acc. sg. wäs þam yldestan ... morðor-bed strêd (_a bed of death was spread for the eldest_, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437. morðor-bealu, st. n., _death-bale, destruction by murder_: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743. morðor-hete, st. m., _murderous hate_: gen. sg. þäs morðor-hetes, 1106. morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., _morning, forenoon_; also _morrow_: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (_morrow_), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (_in the morning_), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (_every morning_), 2451. morgen-ceald, adj., _morning-cold, dawn-cold_: nom. sg. gâr morgen-ceald (_spear chilled by the early air of morn_), 3023. morgen-lang, adj., _lasting through the morning_: acc. sg. morgen-longne däg (_the whole forenoon_), 2895. morgen-leóht, st. n., _morning-light_: nom. sg., 605, 918. morgen-swêg, st. m., _morning-cry, cry at morn_: nom. sg., 129. morgen-tîd, st. f., _morning-tide_: acc. sg. on morgen-tîde, 484, 818(?) morn. See morgen. môd, st. n.: 1) _heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking_: nom. sg., 50, 731; wäfre môd (_the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath_), 1151; acc. sg. on môd (_into his mind_), 67; dat. instr. sg. môde geþungen (_of mature, lofty spirit_), 625; on môde (_in heart, mind_), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hreóum môde (_fierce of spirit_), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blîðe (_gracious-minded, kindly disposed_), 436; so, môdes milde, 1230; môdes seóce (_depressed in mind_), 1604.--2) _boldness, courage_: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) _passion, fierceness_: nom. sg., 549.--Comp. form adj.: galg-, geômor-, gläd-, gûð-, hreóh-, irre-, sârig-, stîð-, swîð-, wêrig-môd. môd-cearu, st. f., _grief of heart_: acc. sg. môd-ceare, 1993, 3150. môd-gehygd, st. f ., _thought of the heart; mind_: instr. pl. môd-gehygdum, 233 môd-ge-þanc, st. n., _mood-thought, meditation_: acc. sg. môd-ge-þonc, 1730. môd-giômor, adj., _grieved at heart, dejected_: nom. sg., 2895. môdig, adj., _courageous_: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (_had the courage for it_), 1509; se môdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þam môdigan, 3012; gen. sg. môdges, 502; môdiges, 2699; Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes (_trusted firmly in his bold strength_), 671; nom. pl. môdge, 856; môdige, 1877; gen. pl. môdigra, 312, 1889.--Comp, fela-môdig. môdig-lîc, adj., _of bold appearance_: compar. acc. pl. môdiglîcran, 337. môd-lufe, w. f., _hearts affection, love_: gen. sg. þînre môd-lufan, 1824. môd-sefa, w. m., _thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage_: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. môd-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. môd-sefan, 180. môd-þracu, st. f., _boldness, courage, strength of mind_: dat. sg. for his môd-þräce, 385. môdor, f., _mother_: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. môdor, 1539, 2140, 2933. môna, w. m., _moon_: gen. sg. mônan, 94. môr, st. m., _moor, morass, swamp_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, 1406; dat. sg. of môre, 711; acc. pl. môras, 103, 162, 1349. môr-hop, st. n., _place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp_: acc. pl. môr-hopu, 450. ge-môt, st. n., _meeting_: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-môt. môtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) _power_ or _permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can_: pres. sg. I., III. môt, 186, 442, 604; II. môst, 1672; pl. môton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic môte, 431; III. se þe môte, 1388; pret sg. môste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. môston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þät þu hine selfne geseón môste (_mightest see_), 962.--2) _shall, must, be obliged_: pres. sg. môt, 2887; pret. sg. môste, 1940; þær he þý fyrste forman dôgore wealdan môste, swâ him Wyrd ne gescrâf, hrêð ät hilde (_if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory_, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575. ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., _to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of_, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wel-hwylc (_each of the knowing ones still remembers him well_), 265; ic þe þäs leán geman (_I shall not forget thy reward for this_), 1221; ic þät eall gemon (_I remember all that_), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif he þät eall gemon hwät ... (_if he is mindful of all that which_ ...), 1186; ic þät mæl gemon hwær... (_I remember the time when_...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... æfen-spræce (_recalled his evening speech_), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; se þäs leód-hryres leán ge-munde (_was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler_), 2392; þät he Eotena bearn inne gemunde (_that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens_), 1142; so, hond gemunde fæhðo genôge (_his hand remembered strife enough_), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglâfes þät ... (_remembered not that which_ ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in môd-sefan (_their thoughts_ [as heathens] _fixed themselves on, remembered, hell_), 179. on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to admonish, exhort_: pret. sg. onmunde ûsic mærða (_exhorted us to deeds of glory_), 2641. mund, st. f., _hand_: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092. mund-bora, w. m., _protector, guardian, preserver_: nom. sg., 1481, 2780. mund-gripe, st. m., _hand-grip, seizure_: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; äfter mund-gripe (_after having seized the criminal_), 1939. murnan, st. v., _to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid_: pret. sg. nô mearn fore fæhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (_was not apprehensive for his life_), 1443.--2) _to mourn, grieve_: pres. part. him wäs ... murnende môd, 50; pres. subj., þonne he fela murne (_than that he should mourn much_), 1386. be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., _to mourn over_: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078. murn-lîce. See un-murn-lîce. mûð-bana, w. m., _mouth-destroyer_: dat. sg. tô mûð-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080. mûða, w. m., _mouth, entrance_: acc. sg. recedes mûðan (_mouth of the house, door_), 725. ge-mynd, st. f., _memory, memorial, remembrance_: dat. pl. tô gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd. myhdgian, w. v., _to call to mind, remember_: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Fresna hwylc ... þäs morðor-hetes myndgiend wære (_were to call to mind the bloody feud_), 1106. ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., _to remember_: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sîð (_is reminded of his son's decease_), 2451. ge-myndig, adj., _mindful_: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc. myne, st. m.: 1) _mind, wish_: nom. sg., 2573.--2) _love_(?): ne his myne wisse (_whose_ [God's] _love he knew not_), 169. ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., _to be mindful of_: imper. sg. gemyne mærðo! 660. myntan, w. v., _to intend, think of, resolve_: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (_meant to entrap all_(?) [see sum], _some one of (?), the men_), 713; mynte þät he gedælde ... (_thought to sever_), 732; mynte se mæra, þær he meahte swâ, wîdre gewindan (_intended to flee_), 763. myrce, adj., _murky, dark_: acc. sg. ofer myrcan môr, 1406. myrð, st. f., _joy, mirth_: dat. (instr.) sg. môdes myrðe, 8n. N naca, w. m., _vessel, ship_: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.--Comp.: hring-, ýð-naca. nacod, adj., _naked_: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gûð-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nîð-draca, 2274. nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles. nama, w. m., _name_: nom. sg. Beówulf is mîn nama, 343; wäs þäm häft-mêce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scôp him Heort naman (_gave it the name Hart_), 78. nâ (from ne-â), strength, negative, _never, not all_, 445, 567, 1537. nâh, from ne-âh. See âgan. nân (from ne-ân), indef. pron., _none, no_: with gen. pl. gûð-billa nân, 804; adjectively, nân ... îren ærgôd, 990. nât, from ne-wât: _I know not=nescio_. See witan. nât-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wât-hwylc, _know not who, which_, etc.), indef. pron., _any, a certain one, some or other_: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nât-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nât-hwylces (þâra banena), 2054; niða nât-hwylces(?), 2216; nât-hwylces häleða bearna, 2225.--2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nât-hwylcum, 1514. näbben, from ne-häbben (subj. pres.). See habban. näfne. See nefne. nägel, st. m., _nail_: gen. pl. nägla (of the finger-nails), 986. nägled, part., _nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?_: acc. sg. neut. nägled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024. näs, st. m., _naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory_: acc. sg. näs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. nässe, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige nässas, 1412; gen. pl. nässa, 1361. näs, from ne-wäs (_was not_). See wesan. näs, neg. adv., _not, not at all_, 562, 2263. näs-hlið, st. n., _declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea_: dat. pl. on näs-hleoðum, 1428. næfre, adv., _never_, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: næfre ne, 1461. ge-nægan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, _to attack, press_; pret. pl. nîða genægdan nefan Hererîces (_in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew_), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nîða genæged, 1440. nænig (from ne-ænig), pron., _not any, none, no_: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nænegum, 599; gen. pl. nænigra, 950.--2) adjectively: nom. sg. ôðer nænig, 860; nænig wäter, 1515; nænig ... deór, 1934; acc. sg. nænigne ... hord-mâððum, 1199. nære, from ne-wære (_were not, would not be_). See wesan. ne, simple neg., _not_, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gým! 1761, etc. Doubled =_certainly not, not even that_: ne ge ... gearwe ne wisson (_ye certainly have not known_, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wêne (_nor do I at all in the least expect_), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nôðer ... ne, 2125; swâ he ne mihte nô ... (_so that he absolutely could not_), 1509. ne ... ne, _not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor_, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, nô ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; næfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... ne, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: ær ne siððan (_neither before nor after, before nor since_), 719; sûð ne norð (_south nor north_), 859; âdl ne yldo (_neither illness nor old age_), 1737; wordum ne worcum (_neither by word nor deed_), 1101; wiston and ne wêndon (_knew not and weened not_), 1605. nefa, w. m., _nephew, grandson_: nom. sg. nefa (_grandson_), 1204; so, 1963; (_nephew_), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (_nephew_), 882. nefne, näfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = _unless_: nefne him witig god wyrd forstôde (_if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him_), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (_unless God himself_, etc.), 3055; näfne him his wlite leóge (MS. næfre) (_unless his face belie him_), 250; näfne he wäs mâra (_except that he was huger_), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.--b) w. follow. substantive = _except, save, only_: nefne sin-freá (_except the husband_), 1935; ic lyt hafo heáfod-mâga nefne Hygelâc þec (_have no near kin but thee_), 2152; nis þät eówer (gen. pl.) sîð ... nefne mîn ânes, 2534.--2) Prep. with dat., _except_: nemne feáum ânum, 1082. ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe. nelle, from ne-wille (_I will not_). See willan. nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to name, call_: pres. pl. þone yldestan oret-mecgas Beówulf nemnað (_the warriors call the most distinguished one Beówulf_), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.--2) _to address_, as in be-nemnan, _to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell_: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... âðum be-nemde þät (_asserted, promised under oath that_ ...), 1098; pret. pl. swâ hit ôð dômes däg diópe benemdon þeódnas mære (_put under a curse_), 3070. nemne. See nefne. nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., _to save, rescue, liberate_: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfægne eorl, 573; pret. part. häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (_saved from hostility_), 828. ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to remain over, be preserved_: pret. sg. hrôf âna genäs ealles ansund (_the roof alone was quite sound_), 1000.--2) w. acc., _to endure successfully, survive, escape from_: pret. sg. se þâ säcce ge-näs, 1978; fela ic ... gûð-ræsa ge-näs, 2427; pret. part. swâ he nîða gehwane genesen häfde, 2398. net, st. n., _net_: in comp. breóst-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net. nêdla, w. m., _dire necessity, distress_: in comp. þreá-nêdla. nêðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., _to venture, undertake boldly_: pres. part. nearo nêðende (_encountering peril_), 2351; pret. pl. þær git ... on deóp water aldrum nêðdon (_where ye two risked your lives in the deep water_), 510; so, 538. ge-nêðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under ýða gewin aldre ge-nêðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nænig þät dorste genêðan þät (_none durst undertake to_ ...), 1934; pret. sg. he under hârne stân âna genêðde frêcne dæde (_he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock_), 889; (ic) wîge under wätere weorc genêðde earfoð-lîce (_I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle_, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genêðde fela gûða (_ventured on, risked, many contests_), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) we ... frêcne genêðdon eafoð uncûðes (_we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power_), 961. nêh. See neáh. ge-neahhe, adv., _enough, sufficiently_, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brägd eorl Beówulfes ealde lâfe (_many an earl of B.'s_), 795. nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., _omnino non, not at all, by no means_: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812. nearo, st. n., _strait, danger, distress_: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595. nearo, adj., _narrow_: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410. nearwe, adv., _narrowly_, 977. nearo-cräft, st. m., _art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility_ (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cräftum, 2244. nearo-fâh, m., _foe that causes distress, war-foe_: gen. sg. nearo-fâges, 2318. nearo-þearf, st. f., _dire need, distress_: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422. ge-nearwian, w. v., _to drive into a corner, press upon_: pret. part. genearwod, 1439. neáh, nêh: 1) adj., _near, nigh_: nom. sg. neáh, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = _last_: instr. sg. nýhstan sîðe (_for the last time_), 1204; niéhstan sîðe, 2512. 2) adv., _near_: feor and (oððe) neáh, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, sæ-grunde neáh, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nêh, 2412. Compar. neár, 746. neán, adv., _near by, (from) close at hand_, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and neán, 840; neán and feorran, 1175, 2318. ge-neát, st. m., _comrade, companion_: in comp. beód-, heorð-geneát. nioðor. See niðer. neowol, adj., _steep, precipitous_: acc. pl. neowle, 1412. neód, st. f., _polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?_: acc. sg. nióde, 2117; inst. (= _joy_), 2216. neód-laðu, st. f., _polite invitation; wish_: dat. sg. äfter neód-laðu (_according to his wishes_), 1321. neósan, neósian, w. v. w. gen., _to seek out, look for; to attack_: inf. neósan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; niósan, 2389, 2672; neósian, 115, 1126; niósian, 3046; pret. sg. niósade, 2487. neótan, st. v., _to take, accept_, w. gen.; _to use, enjoy_: imper. sg. neót, 1218. be-neótan, w. dat., _to rob, deprive of_: inf. hine aldre be-neótan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-neát (_deprived the king of life_), 2397. nicor, st. m., _sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster_ (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846. nicor-hûs, st. n., _house_ or _den of sea-monsters_: gen. pl. nicor-hûsa, 1412. nið st. m., _man, human being_: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage corrupt), 2216. niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., _down, downward_: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045. nið-sele, st. m., _hall, room, in the deep_ (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele nât-hwylcum, 1514. nigen, num., _nine_: acc. nigene, 575. niht, st. f. _night_: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (_yester-night_), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwîlum (_sometimes at night, in the hours of the night_), 3045; as adv. = _of a night, by night_, G. nachts, 422, 2274; däges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (_se'nnight, seven days_, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.--Comp.: middel-, sin-niht. niht-bealu, st. n., _night-bale, destruction by night_: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193. niht-helm, st. m., _veil_ or _canopy of night_: nom. sg., 1790. niht-long, adj., _lasting through the night_: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (_space of a night_), 528. niht-weorc, st. n., _night-work, deed done at night_: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828. niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to take, hold, seize, undertake_: pret. sg. nam þâ mid handa hige-þihtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. we . . . nióde nâman, 2117.--2) _to take, take away, deprive of_: pres. sg. se þe hine deáð nimeð (_he whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nýd-bâde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþió îren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom he ... mâðm-æhta mâ (_he took no more of the rich treasures_), 1613; pret. part. þâ wäs ... seó cwên numen (_the queen carried off_), 1154. be-niman, _to deprive of_: pret. sg. ôð þät hine yldo benam mägenes wynnum (_till age bereft him of joy in his strength_), 1887. for-niman, _to carry off_: pres. sg. þe þâ deáð for-nam (_whom death carried off_), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him îrenna ecge fornâmon, 2829. ge-niman: 1) _to take, seize_: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (_clasped him around the neck, embraced him_), 1873.--2) _to take, take away_: pret. on reste genam þritig þegna, 122; heó under heolfre genam cûðe folme, 1303; segn eác genom, 2777; þâ mec sinca baldor ... ät mînum fäder genam (_took me at my father's hands, adopted me_), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167. ge-nip, st. n., _darkness, mist, cloud_: acc. pl. under nässa genipu, 1361; ofer flôda genipu, 2809. nis, from ne-is (_is not_): see wesan. niwe, niówe, adj., _new, novel; unheard-of_: nom. sg. swêg up â-stâg niwe geneahhe (_a monstrous hubbub arose_), 784; beorh ... niwe (_a newly-raised(?) grave-mound_), 2244; acc. sg. niwe sibbe (_the new kinship_), 950; instr. sg. niwan stefne (properly, novâ voce; here = de novo, iterum, _again_), 2595; niówan stefne (_again_), 1790; gen. pl. niwra spella (_new tidings_), 2899. ge-niwian, w. v., _to renew_: pret. part. ge-niwod, 1304, 1323; geniwad, 2288. niw-tyrwed, pret. part., _newly-tarred_: acc. sg. niw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295. nîð, st. m., properly only _zeal, endeavor_; then _hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war_: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nîð, 184, 276; Wedera nîð (_enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders_), 423; dat. sg. wið (ät) nîðe, 828, 2586; instr. nîðe, 2681; gen. pl. nîða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = _by, in, battle_, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.--Comp.: bealo-, fær-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wäl-nîð. nîð-draca, w. m., _battle-dragon_: nom. sg., 2274. nîð-gast, st. m., _hostile alien, fell demon_: acc. sg. þone nîð-gäst (_the dragon_), 2700. nîð-geweorc, st. n., _work of enmity, deed of evil_: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684. nîð-grim, adj., _furious in battle, savage_: nom. sg., 193. nîð-heard, adj., _valiant in war_: nom. sg., 2418. nîð-hydig, adj., _eager for battle, valorous_: nom. pl. nîð-hydige men, 3167. ge-nîðla, w. m., _foe, persecutor, waylayer_: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genîðla. nîð-wundor, st. n., _hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil_: acc. sg., 1366. nîpan, st. v., _to veil, cover over, obscure_; pres. part. nîpende niht, 547, 650. nolde, from ne-wolde (_would not_); see willan. norð, adv., _northward_, 859. norðan, adv., _from the north_, 547. nose, w. f., _projection, cliff, cape_: dat. sg. of hliðes nosan, 1893; ät brimes nosan, 2804. nô (strengthened neg.), _not, not at all, by no means_, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; nô ... nô (_neither ... nor_), 541-543; so, nô ... ne, 168. See ne. nôðer (from nâ-hwäðer), neg., _and not, nor_, 2125. ge-nôh, adj., _sufficient, enough_: acc. sg. fæhðo genôge, 2490; acc. pl. genôge ... beágas, 3105. nôn, st. f., [Eng. _noon_], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning_ (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Screádunga, 24 _2_: we hâtað ænne däg fram sunnan upgange ôð æfen): nom. sg. nôn, 1601. nu, adv.: l) _now, at present_, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: nu gyt (_up to now, hitherto_), 957; nu gen (_now still, yet_), 2860; (_now yet, still_), 3169.--2) conj., _since, inasmuch as_: nu þu lungre geong ... nu se wyrm ligeð (_go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead_), 2746; so, 2248; þät þu me ne forwyrne ... nu ic þus feorran com (_that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far_), 430; so, 1476; nu ic on mâðma hord mîne bebohte frôde feorh-lege, fremmað ge nu (_as I now..., so do ye_), 2800; so, 3021. nymðe, conj. w. subj., _if not, unless_, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. nyt, st. f., _duty, service, office, employment_: acc. sg. þegn nytte beheóld (_did his duty_), 494; so, 3119.--Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt. nyt, adj., _useful_: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt. ge-nyttian, w. v., _to make use of, enjoy_: pret. part. häfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (_had enjoyed, made use of_), 3047. nýd, st. f., _force, necessity, need, pain_: acc. sg. þurh deáðes nýd, 2455; instr. sg. nýde, 1006. In comp. (like nýd-maga, consanguineus, in Æthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nêd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, _tie of blood._--Comp. þreá-nýd. ge-nýdan, w. v.: 1) _to force, compel_: pret. part. nîðe ge-nýded (_forced by hostile power_), 2681.--2) _to force upon_: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nýde genýdde ... gearwe stôwe (_the inevitable place prepared for each_, i.e. the bed of death), 1006. nýd-bâd, st. f., _forced pledge, pledge demanded by force_: acc. pl. nýd-bâde, 599. nýd-gestealla, w. m., _comrade in need_ or _united by ties of blood_: nom. pl. nýd-gesteallan, 883. nýd-gripe, st. m., _compelling grip_: dat. sg. in nýd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977. nýd-wracu, st. f., _distressful persecution, great distress_: nom. sg., 193. nýhst. See neáh. O oððe, conj.: 1) _or; otherwise_, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.--2) _and_(?), _till_(?), 650, 2476, 3007. of, prep. w. dat., _from, off from_: 1) _from some point of view_: ge-seah of wealle (_from the wall_), 229; so, 786; of hefene scîneð (_shineth from heaven_), 1572; of hliðes nosan gästas grêtte (_from the cliff's projection_), 1893; of þam leóma stôd (_from which light streamed_), 2770; þær wäs mâðma fela of feorwegum ... gelæded (_from distant lands_), 37; þâ com of môre (_from the moor_), 711, 922.--2) _forth from, out of_: hwearf of earde (_wandered from his home, died_), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þâ ic of searwum com (_when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe_), 419; þâ him Hrôðgâr gewât ... ût of healle (_out of the hall_), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of (ofer) swioðole (_black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire_), 3145; (icge gold) â-häfen of horde (_lifted from the hoard_), 1109; lêt þâ of breóstum ... word ût faran (_from his breast_), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (_doffed his helmet_), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum (_presented wine from wondrous vessels_), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flâne geswencte (_with an arrow shot from the horned bow_), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þâ he him of dyde îsern-byrnan (_doffed his iron corselet_), 672. ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., _over, above_: 1) w. dat, _over_ (rest, locality): Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, 2908; ofer äðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þeóde (_over the earth, among mankind_), 900; ofer ýðum, 1908; ofer hron-râde (_over the sea_), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowæge (_over the beer-cup, drinking_), 481.--2) w. acc. of motion: a) _over_ (local): ofer ýðe (_over the waves_), 46, 1910; ofer swan-râde (_over the swan-road, the sea_), 200; ofer wægholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (_over the gangway_), 231; ofer landa fela (_over many lands_), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer heáhne hrôf (_along upon (under?) the high roof_), 984; ofer eormen-grund (_over the whole earth_), 860; ofer ealle (_over all, on all sides_), 2900, 650; so, 1718;--606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebräc (_over, above, the crashing of shields_), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þâ niht (_through the night, by night_), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, _about, of, concerning_: he ofer benne spräc, 2725. c) _beyond, over_: ofer mîn ge-met (_beyond my power_), 2880;--hence, _against, contrary to_: he ofer willan gióng (_went against his will_), 2410; ofer ealde riht (_against the ancient laws_, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;--also, _without_: wîg ofer wæpen (_war sans, dispensing with, weapons_), 686;--temporal = _after_: ofer eald-gewin (_after long, ancient, suffering_), 1782. ofer-hygd, st. n., _arrogance, pride, conceit_: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761. ofer-mâðum, st. m., _very rich treasure_: dat. pl. ofer-mâðmum, 2994. ofer-mägen, st. n., _over-might, superior numbers_: dat. sg. mid ofer-mägene, 2918. ofer-þearf, st. f., _dire distress, need_: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227. oft, adv., _often_, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [nô] seldan, 2030; oft nalles æne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664. om-, on-. See am-, an-. ombiht. See ambiht. oncer. See ancer. ond. See and. onsýn. See ansýn. on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily _touching on, contact with_: I. local, w. dat.: a) _on, upon, in at_ (of exterior surface): on heáh-stede (_in the high place_), 285; on mînre êðel-tyrf (_in my native place_), 410; on þäm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þam holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (_on earth_), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þære medu-bence (_on the mead-bench_), 1053; beornas on blancum (_the heroes on the dapple-greys_), 857, etc.; on räste (_in bed_), 1299; on stapole (_at, near, the pillar_), 927; on wealle, 892; on wage (_on the wall_), 1663; on þäm wäl-stenge (_on the battle-lance_), 1639; on eaxle (_on his shoulder_), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on breóstum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (_in his hand_), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scân (_on him shone the corselet_), 405; on ôre (_at the front_), 1042; on corðre (_at the head of, among, his troop_), 1154; scip on ancre (_the ship at anchor_), 303; þät he on heoðe ge-stôd (_until he stood in the hall_), 404; on fäder stäle (_in a father's place_), 1480; on ýðum (_on the waves, in the water_), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on êg-streámum, 577; on segl-râde, 1438, etc.; on flôde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Freslondum on, 2358.--b) _in, inside of_ (of inside surface): secg on searwum (_a champion in armor_), 249; so, 963; on wîg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þäm se rîca bâd (_in which the mighty one abode_), 310; on Heorote (_in Heorot_), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on beór-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (_in the cities, boroughs_), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mînum (_in my mind_), 473; on môde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (_in his vitals_), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.--c) _among, amid_: on searwum (_among the arms_), 1558; on gemonge (_among the troop_), 1644; on þam leód-scipe (_among the people_), 2198; nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule (_unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke_), 783;--_in, with, touched by, possessing something_: þâ wäs on sâlum sinces brytta (_then was the dispenser of treasure in joy_), 608; so, 644, 2015; wäs on hreón môde, 1308; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582, 2296; heó wäs on ôfste (_she was in haste_), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þâ wäs on blôde brim weallende (_there was the flood billowing in, with, blood_), 848; (he) wäs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; wäs tô fore-mihtig feónd on fêðe (_too powerful in speed_), 971; þær wäs swîgra secg ... on gylpspræce (_there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech_), 982;--_in; full of, representing, something_: on weres wästmum (_in man's form_), 1353.--d) _attaching to_, hence _proceeding from; from something_: ge-hýrde on Beówulfe fäst-rædne ge-þôht (_heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve_), 610; þät he ne mêtte ... on elran men mund-gripe mâran, 753;--hence, with verbs of taking: on räste genam (_took from his bed_), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit ær on þe gôde be-geâton (_took it before from thee_), 2249.--e) _with_: swâ hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sâre ge-endod (_as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure_), 2312.--f) _by_: mäg þonne on þäm golde ongitan Geáta dryhten (_the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold_), 1485.--g) _to_, after weorðan: þät he on fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545. With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., _up to, on, upon, in_: â-lêdon þâ leófne þeóden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þâ him mid scoldon on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, 42; se þe wið Brecan wunne on sîdne sæ (_who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea_), 507, cf. 516; þät ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (_that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds_), 2133; on feónda geweald sîðian, 809; þâra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan læteð hworfan (_lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?_), 1729; him on môd bearn (_came into his mind, occurred to him_), 67; ræsde on þone rôfan (_rushed on the powerful one_), 2691; (cwom) on worðig (_came into the palace_), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (_away_), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.--b) _towards, on_: gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine (pl.), 21.--c) aim or object, _to, for the object, for, as, in, on_: on þearfe (_in his need, in his strait_), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrâðum on andan (_as a terror to the foe_), 709; Hrôðgâr maðelode him on andsware (_said to him in reply_), 1841; betst beado-rinca wäs on bæl gearu (_on the pyre ready_), 1110; wîg-heafolan bär freán on fultum (_for help_), 2663; wearð on bîd wrecen (_forced to wait_), 2963.--d) ground, reason, _according to, in conformity with_: rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556; ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (_swore no oaths unjustly, falsely_), 2740; on spêd (_skilfully_), 874; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (_giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised_), 1750; on sînne selfes dôm (_boastingly, at his own will_), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (_according to his will_), 1740.--e) w. verbs of buying, _for, in exchange for_: me ic on mâðma hord mîne be-bohte frôde feorh-lege (_for the hoard of jewels_), 2800.--f) _of, as to_: ic on Higelâce wât, Geáta dryhten (_I know with respect to, as to, of, H._), 1831; so, 2651; þät heó on ænigne eorl ge-lýfde fyrena frôfre (_that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble_), 628; þâ hie ge-trûwedon on twâ healfa (_on both sides, mutually_), 1096; so, 2064; þät þu him ondrædan ne þearft ... on þâ healfe (_from, on this side_), 1676.--g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = _among_: näs ... sinc-mâððum sêlra (= þät wäs sinc-mâðma sêlest) on sweordes hâd (_there was no better jewel in sword's shape_, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; se wäs Hrôðgâre häleða leófost on ge-sîðes hâd (_dearest of men as, in the character of, follower_, etc.), 1298. II. Of time: a) w. dat., _in, inside of, during, at_: on fyrste (_in time, within the time appointed_), 76; on uhtan (_at dawn_), 126; on mergenne (_at morn, on the morrow_), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (_in youth_), 409, 466; on geogoð-feore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (_in, during, battle_), 1327; hû lomp eów on lâde (_on the way_), 1988; on gange (_in going, en route_), 1885; on sweofote (_in sleep_), 1582.--b) w. acc., _towards, about_: on undern-mæl (_in the morning, about midday_), 1429; on morgen-tîd, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stäf (_toward the end, at last_), 1754; oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð (_far oftener than once_), 1580. III. With particles: him on efn (_beside, alongside of, him_), 2904; on innan (_inside, within_), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þær on innan (_in there_), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þe often separated from its case: þe ic her on starie (_that I here look on, at_), 2797; þe ge þær on standað (_that ye there stand in_), 2867. on-cýð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., _pain, suffering_: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cýððe, 831. on-drysne, adj., _frightful, terrible_: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933. onettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, _to breathe, pant_), w. v., _to hasten_: pret. pl. onetton, 306, 1804. on-lîcnes, st. f., _likeness, form, figure_: nom. sg., 1352. on-mêdla, w. m., _pride, arrogance_: dat. sg. for on-mêdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq. on-sæge, adj., _tending to fall, fatal_: nom. sg. þâ wäs Hondsció (dat.) hild on-sæge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gûð on-sæge, 2484. on-weald, st. m., _power, authority_: acc. sg. (him) bega ge-hwäðres ... onweald ge-teáh (_gave him power over, possession of, both_), 1044. open, adj., _open_: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272. openian, w. v., _to open_, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057. orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., _crock, vessel, can _: nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761. orcnê, st. m., _sea-monster_: nom. pl. orcnêas, 112. ord, st. n. _point_: nom. sg. ôð þät wordes ord breóst-hord þurh-bräc (_till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance_), 2792; acc. sg. ord (_sword-point_), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (_at the head of, in front_ [of a troop]), 2499, 3126. ord-fruma, w. m., _head lord, high prince_: nom. sg., 263. oret-mecg, st. m., _champion, warrior, military retainer_: nom. pl. oret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. oret-mecgas, 332. oretta, w. m., _champion, fighter, hero_: nom. sg., 1533, 2539. or-leg, st. n., _war, battle_: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408. or-leg-hwîl, st. f., _time of battle, war-time_: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwîl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwîle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwîla, 2428. or-leahtre, adj., _blameless_: nom. sg 1887. or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, _ibid._ 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479), st. m., _mechanical art, skill_: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, 406. or-wêna, adj. (weak form), _hopeless, despairing_, w. gen.: aldres or-wêna (_hopeless of life_), 1003, 1566. or-wearde, adj., _unguarded, without watch_ or _guard_: adv., 3128. oruð, st. n., _breath, snorting_: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840. Ô ôð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., _to, till, up to_, only temporal: ôð þone ânne däg, 2400; ôð dômes däg, 3070; ô woruld-ende, 3084.--2) ôð þät, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, _till, until_, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc. ôðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) _one or other of two, a second_, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ôðer, 2062; ôðer(_one_ i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelâc), 2482; ôðer ... ôðer (_the one ... the other_), 1350-1352. Adj.: ôðer ... mihtig mân-sceaða (_the second mighty, fell foe_, referring to 1350), 1339; se ôðer ... häle, 1816; fem. niht ôðer, 2118; neut. ôðer geâr (_the next, second, year_), 1134; acc. sg. m. ôðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne(_whilst one warrior robbed the other_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), 2986; neut. ôðer swylc(_another such, an equal number_), 1584; instr. sg. ôðre sîðe (_for the second time, again_), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ôðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ôðres dôgores, 219, 606; neut. ôðres, 1875.--2) _another, a different one_, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ôðer, 1756; ôðer nænig (_no other_), 860. Adj.: ænig ôðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ôðer in (_a different house_ or _room_), 1301; acc. sg. ôðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ôðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ôðer sædan (_ale drinkers said other things_), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ôðer, 871. ôfer, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. on ôfre, 1372. ôfost, st. f., _haste_: nom. sg. ôfost is sêlest tô gecýðanne (_haste is best to make known, best to say at once_), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. beó þu on ôfeste (ôfoste) (_be in haste, hasten_), 386, 2748; on ôfste, 1293; on ôfoste, 2784, 3091. ôfost-lîce, adv., _in haste, speedily_, 3131. ô-hwær, adv., _anywhere_, 1738, 2871. ômig, adj., _rusty_: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. ômige, 3050. ôr, st. n., _beginning, origin; front_: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on ôre, 1042. ô-wiht, _anything, aught_: instr. sg. ô-wihte (_in any way_), 1823, 2433. P pâd, st. f., _dress_; in comp. here-pâd. päð, st. m., _path, road, way_; in comp. ân-päð. plega, w. m., _play, emulous contest_; lind-plega, 1074. R raðe, adv., _quickly, immediately_, 725, Cf. hrâðe. rand, rond, st. m., _shield_: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; bî ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.--Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sîd-rand. rand-häbbend, pres. part., _shield-bearer_, i.e. _man at arms, warrior_: gen. pl. rond-häbbendra, 862. rand-wîga, w. m., _shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior_: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wîgan, 1794. râd, st. f., _road, street_; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-râd. ge-râd, adj., _clever, skilful, ready_: acc. pl. neut. ge-râde, 874. râp, st. m., _rope, bond, fetter_: in comp. wäl-râp. râsian, w. v., _to find, discover_: pret. part. þâ wäs hord râsod, 2284. räst. See rest. ræcan, w. v., _to reach, reach after_: pret. sg. ræhte ongeán feónd mid folme (_reached out his hand toward the foe_), 748. ge-ræcan, _to attain, strike, attack_: pret. sg. hyne ... wæpne ge-ræhte (_struck him with his sword_), 2966; so, 556. ræd, st. m.: 1) _advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help_: nom. sg. nu is ræd gelong eft ät þe ânum (_now is help to be found with thee alone_), 1377; acc. sg. ræd, 172, 278, 3081.--2) _advantage, gain, use_: acc. sg. þät ræd talað (_counts that a gain_), 2028; êcne ræd (_the eternal gain, everlasting life_), 1202; acc. pl. êce rædas, 1761.--Comp.: folc-ræd, and adj., ân-, fäst-ræd. rædan, st. v., _to rule; reign; to possess_: pres. part. rodera rædend (_the ruler of the heavens_), 1556; inf. þone þe þu mid rihte rædan sceoldest (_that thou shouldst possess by rights_), 2057; wolde dôm godes dædum rædan gumena gehwylcum (_God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds_), 2859. See sele-rædend. ræd-bora, w. m. _counsellor, adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. ræden, st. f., _order, arrangement, law_: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-ræden(?). â-ræran, w. v.: 1) _to raise, lift up_: pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg ... ricone â-rærdon (_there were many that lifted up his brother quickly_), 2984.--2) figuratively, _to spread, disseminate_: pret. part. blæd is â-ræred (_thy renown is far-spread_), 1704. ræs, st. m., _on-rush, attack, storm_: acc. sg. gûðe ræs (_the storm of battle, attack_), 2627; instr. pl. gûðe ræsum, 2357.--Comp.: gûð-, hand-, heaðo-, mägen-, wäl-ræs. (ge-)ræsan, w. v., _to rush (upon)_: pret. sg. ræsde on þone rôfan, 2691, 2840. ræswa, w. m., _prince, ruler_: dat. sg. weoroda ræswan, 60. reccan, w. v., _to explicate, recount, narrate_: inf. frum-sceaft fira feorran reccan (_recount the origin of man from ancient times_), 91; gerund, tô lang is tô reccenne, hû ic ... (_too long to tell how I_...), 2094; pret. sg. syllîc spell rehte (_told a wondrous tale_), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (_told of olden times_), 2107. reced, st. n., _building, house; hall_ (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.--Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced. regn-heard, adj., _immensely strong, firm_: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326. regnian, rênian, w. v., _to prepare, bring on_ or _about_: inf. deáð rên[ian] hond-gesteallan (_prepare death for his comrade_), 2169. ge-regnian, _to prepare, deck out, adorn_: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778. regn-, rên-weard, st. m., _mighty guardian_: nom. pl. rên-weardas (of Beówulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771. rest, räst, st. f.: 1) _bed, resting-place_: acc. sg. räste, 139; dat. sg. on räste (genam) (_from his resting-place_), 1299, 1586; tô räste (_to bed_), 1238. Comp.: flet-räst, sele-rest, wäl-rest.--2) _repose, rest_; in comp. æfen-räst. ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., _resting-place_: in comp. wind-gereste. restan, w. v.: 1) _to rest_: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þâ rûm-heort, 1800.--2) _to rest, cease_: inf., 1858. rêc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., _reek, smoke_: instr. sg. rêce, 3157.--Comp.: wäl-, wudu-rêc. rêcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., _to reck, care about something, be anxious_: pres. sg. III. wæpna ne rêceð (_recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him_), 434. rêðe, adj., _wroth, furious_: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rêðe, 771. Also, of things, _wild, rough, fierce_: gen. sg. rêðes and-hâttres (_fierce, penetrating heat_), 2524. reáf, st. n., _booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments_ (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wäl-reáf. reáfian, w. v., _to plunder, rob_, w. acc.: inf. hord reáfian, 2774; pret. sg. þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne, 2986; wäl reáfode, 3028; pret. pl. wäl reáfedon, 1213. be-reáfian, w. instr., _to bereave, rob of_: pret. part. since be-reáfod, 2747; golde be-reáfod, 3019. reord, st. f., _speech, language; tone of voice_: acc. sg. on-cniów mannes reorde (_knew, heard, a human voice_), 2556. reordian, w. v., _to speak, talk_: inf. fela reordian _(speak much_), 3026. ge-reordian, _to entertain, to prepare for_: pret. part. þâ wäs eft swâ ær ... flet-sittendum fägere ge-reorded (_again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained_), 1789 reót, st. m.?, f.?, _noise, tumult_? (_grave_?): instr. sg. reóte, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes reóte as dat. from reót (_rest, repose_). reóc, adj., _savage, furious_: nom. sg., 122. be-reófan, st. v., _to rob of, bereave_: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. reóte berofene, 2458. reón. See rôwan. reótan, st. v., _to weep_: pres. pl. ôð þät ... roderas reótað, 1377. reów, adj., _excited, fierce, wild_: in comp. blôd-, gûð-, wäl-reów. See hreów. ricone, _hastily, quickly, immediately_, 2984. riht, st. n., _right_ or _privilege; the_ (abstract) _right_: acc. sg. on ryht (_according to right_), 1556; sôð and riht (_truth and right_), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; äfter rihte (_in accordance with right_), 1050; syllîc spell rehte äfter rihte _(told a wondrous tale truthfully_), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (_the ten commandments_), 2331; --Comp. in êðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht. riht, adj., _straight, right_: in comp. up-riht. rihte, adv., _rightly, correctly_, 1696. See ät-rihte. rinc, st. m., _man, warrior, hero_: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrôðgâr, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.--Comp. in beado-, gûð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, sæ-rinc. ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., _appropriate, proper_: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654. rîce, st. n.: 1) _realm, land ruled over_: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rîce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rîces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swió-rîce.--2) _council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers_(?): nom. sg. oft gesät rîce tô rûne, 172. rîce, adj., _mighty, powerful_: nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), 1238; (of Hygelâc), 1210; (of Äsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rîca (Hrôðgâr), 310; (Beówulf), 399; (Hygelâc), 1976.--Comp. gimme-rîce. rîcsian, rîxian, w. v. intrans., _to rule, reign_: inf. rîcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rîxode, 144. rîdan, st. v., _to ride_: subj. pres. þät his byre rîde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rîdend, 2458; inf. wicge rîdan, 234; mearum rîdan, 856; pret. sg. sæ-genga ... se þe on ancre râd, 1884; him tô-geánes râd (_rode to meet them_), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlæw riodan (_rode round the grave-mound_), 3171. ge-rîdan, w. acc., _to ride over_: pret. sg. se þe näs ge-râd (_who rode over the promontory_), 2899. rîm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. däg-, un-rîm. ge-rîm, st. n., _series, number_: in comp. dôgor-ge-rim. ge-rîman, w. v., _to count together, enumerate in all_: pret. part. in comp. forð-gerîmed. â-rîsan, st. v., _to arise, rise_: imper. sg. â-rîs, 1391; pret. sg. â-râs þâ se rîca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; â-râs þâ bî ronde (_arose by his shield_), 2539; hwanan sió fæhð â-râs (_whence the feud arose_), 2404. rodor, st. m., _ether, firmament, sky_ (from _radius_?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556. rôf, adj., _fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong_: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. mägenes rôf (_strong in might_), 2085; so, þeáh þe he rôf sîe nîð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rôfne, 1794; on þone rôfan, 2691.--Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rôf. rôt, adj., _glad, joyous_: in comp. un-rôt. rôwan, st. v., _to row_ (with the arms), _swim_: pret. pl. reón (for reówon), 512, 539. rûm, st. m., _space, room_: nom. sg., 2691. rûm, adj.: 1) _roomy, spacious_: nom. sg. þûhte him eall tô rûm, wongas and wîc-stede (_fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad_, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.--2) in moral sense, _great, magnanimous, noble-hearted_: acc. sg. þurh rûmne sefan, 278. rûm-heort, adj., _big-hearted, noble-spirited_: nom. sg., 1800, 2111. ge-rûm-lîc, adj., _commodious, comfortable_: compar. ge-rûm-lîcor, 139. rûn, st. f., _secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation_ or _council_: dat. sg. ge-sät rîce tô rûne, 172.--Comp. beado-rûn. rûn-stäf, st. m., _rune-stave, runic letter_: acc. pl. þurh rûn-stafas, 1696. rûn-wita, w. m., _rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser_: nom. sg., 1326. ge-rysne. See ge-risne. ge-rýman, w. v.: 1) _to make room for, prepare, provide room_: pret. pl. þät hie him ôðer flet eal ge-rýmdon, 1087; pret. part. þâ wäs Geát-mäcgum ... benc gerýmed, 492; so, 1976.--2) _to allow, grant, admit_: pret. part. þâ me ge-rýmed wäs (sîð) (_as access was permitted me_), 3089; þâ him gerýmed wearð, þät hie wäl-stôwe wealdan môston, 2984. S ge-saca, w. m., _opponent, antagonist, foe_: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774. sacan, st. v., _to strive, contend_: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439. ge-sacan, _to attain, gain by contending_ (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal sâwl-berendra ... gearwe stôwe _(gain the place prepared_, i.e. the death-bed), 1005. on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), _to withdraw, take away, deprive of_: pres. subj. þätte freoðuwebbe feores on-säce ... leófne mannan, 1943.--2) _to contest, dispute, withstand_: inf. þät he sæmannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and brýde), 2955. sacu, st. f., _strife, hostility, feud_: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. säce, 154; säcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. ät (tô) säcce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. säcca, 2030. ge-sacu, st. f., _strife, enmity_: nom. sg., 1738. sadol, st. m., _saddle_: nom. sg., 1039. sadol-beorht, adj., _with bright saddles_ (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176. ge-saga. See secgan. samne, somne, adv., _together, united_; in ät-somne, _together, united_, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848. tô-somne (_together_), 3123; þâ se wyrm ge-beáh snûde tô-somne (_when the dragon quickly coiled together_), 2569. samod, somod: I. adv., _simultaneously, at the same time_: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod ät-gädere, 387, 730, 1064.--II. prep. w. dat., _with, at the same time with_: samod ær-däge (_with the break of day_), 1312; somod ær-däge, 2943. sand, st. n., _sand, sandy shore_: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); äfter sande (_along the shore_), 1965; wið sande, 213. sang, st. m., _song, cry, noise_: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scôpes, 90; acc. sg. sige-leásne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; sârigne sang (Hrêðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448. sâl, st. m., _rope_: dat. sg. sâle, 1907; on sâle (sole, MS.), 302. sâl. See sæl. sâr, st. n., _wound, pain_ (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sâr, 976; sió sâr, 2469; acc. sg. sâr, 788; sâre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sâre, 1252, 2312, 2747.--Comp. lîc-sâr. sâr, adj., _sore, painful_: instr. pl. sârum wordum, 2059. sâre, adv., _sorely, heavily, ill_, graviter: se þe him [sâ]re gesceôd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224. sârig, adj., _painful, woeful_: acc. sg. sârigne sang, 2448. sârig-ferð, adj., _sore-hearted, grieved_: nom. sg. sârig-ferð (Wîglâf), 2864. sârig-môd, adj., _sorrowful-minded, saddened_: dat. pl. sârig-môdum, 2943. sâr-lîc, adj., _painful_: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110. sâwol, sâwl, st. f., _soul_ (the immortal principle as contrasted with lîf, the physical life): nom. sg. sâwol, 2821; acc. sg. sâwle, 184, 802; hæðene sâwle, 853; gen. sg. sâwele, 1743; sâwle, 2423. sâwl-berend, pres. part., _endowed with a soul, human being_: gen. pl. sâwl-berendra, 1005. sâwul-dreór, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), _soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood_: instr. sg. sâwul-drióre, 2694. sâwul-leás, adj., _soulless, lifeless_: acc. sg. sâwol-leásne, 1407; sâwul-leásne, 3034. säce, säcce. See sacu. säd, adj., _satiated, wearied_: in comp. hilde-säd. säl, st. n., _habitable space, house_, _hall_: dat. sg. sel, 167; säl, 307, 2076, 2265. säld, st. n., _hall, king's hall_ or _palace_: acc. sg. geond þät säld (Heorot), 1281. sæ, st. m. and f., _sea, ocean_: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sîdne sæ, 507; ofer sæ, 2381; ofer sæ sîde, 2395; dat. sg. tô sæ, 318; on sæ, 544; dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. sæ-bât, st. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg., 634, 896. sæ-cyning, st. m., _sea-king, king ruling the sea_: gen. pl. sæ-cyninga, 2383. sæ-deór, st. n., _sea-beast, sea-monster_: nom. sg., 1511. sæ-draca, w. m., _sea-dragon_: acc. pl. sæ-dracan, 1427. ge-sægan, w. v., _to fell, slay_: pret. part. häfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sæged (_felled with the sword_), 885. sæge. See on-sæge. sæ-genga, w. m., _sea-goer_, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909. sæ-geáp, adj., _spacious_ (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. sæ-geáp naca, 1897. sæ-grund, st. m., _sea-bottom, ocean-bottom_: dat. sg. sæ-grunde, 564. sæl, sâl, sêl, st. f.: 1) _favorable opportunity, good_ or _fit time_: nom. sg. sæl, 623, 1666, 2059; sæl and mæl, 1009; acc. sg. sêle, 1136; gen. pl. sæla and mæla, 1612.--2) _Fate_(?): see Note on l. 51.--3) _happiness, joy_: dat. pl. on sâlum, 608; sælum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sêl, adj. ge-sælan, w. v., _to turn out favorably, succeed_: pret. sg. him ge-sælde þät ...(_he was fortunate enough to_, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mæla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-sælde (_at such times as need disposed it for their lord_), 1251. sælan (see sâl), w. v., _to tie, bind_: pret. sg. sælde ... sîð-fäðme scip, 1918; pl. sæ-wudu sældon, 226. ge-sælan, _to bind together, weave, interweave_: pret. part. earm-beága fela searwum ge-sæled (_many curiously interwoven armlets_, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765. on-sælan, with acc., _to unbind, unloose, open_: on-sæl meoto, sige-hrêð secgum (_disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage_; or, _thy presage of victory_?), 489. sæ-lâc, st. n., _sea-gift, sea-booty_: instr. sg. sæ-lâce, 1625; acc. pl. þâs sæ-lâc, 1653. sæ-lâd, st. f., _sea-way, sea-journey_: dat. sg. sæ-lâde, 1140, 1158. sæ-lîðend, pres. part., _seafarer_: nom. pl. sæ-lîðend, 411, 1819, 2807; sæ-lîðende, 377. sæ-man, m., _sea-man, sea-warrior_: dat. pl. sæ-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. sæ-manna, 329 (both times said of the Geátas). sæmra, weak adj. compar., _the worse, the weaker_: nom. sg. sæmra, 2881; dat. sg. sæmran, 954. sæ-mêðe, adj., _sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel_: nom. pl. sæ-mêðe, 325. sæ-näs, st. m., _sea-promontory, cape, naze_: acc. pl. sæ-nässas, 223, 571. sæne, adj., _careless, slow_: compar. sg. nom. he on holme wäs sundes þê sænra, þe hyne swylt fornam (_was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away_), 1437. sæ-rinc, st. m., _sea-warrior_ or _hero_: nom. sg., 691. sæ-sîð, st. m., _sea-way, path, journey_: dat. sg. äfter sæ-sîðe, 1150. sæ-wang, st. m., _sea-shore_ or _beach_: acc. sg. sæ-wong, 1965. sæ-weal, st. m., _(sea-wall), seashore_: dat. sg. sæ-wealle, 1925. sæ-wudu, st. m., _(sea-wood), vessel, ship_: acc. sg. sæ-wudu, 226. sæ-wylm, st. m., _sea-surf, billow_: acc. pl. ofer sæ-wylmas, 393. scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, _to shake one's self_; hence, _to go, glide, pass along_ or _away_: pres. sg. þonne mîn sceaceð lîf of lîce, 2743; inf. þâ com beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (_the bright sun came gliding over the fields_), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scôc _(the chiefs are gone elsewhither_, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne stræla storm ... scôc ofer scild-weall (_when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields_), 3119; pret. part. wäs hira blæd scacen (_their bravest men had passed away_), 1125; þâ wäs winter scacen (_the winter was past_), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728. scadu, sceadu, st. f., _shadow, concealing veil of night_: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708. scadu-genga, w. m., _shadow-goer, twilight-stalker_ (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704. scadu-helm, st. m., _shadow-helm, veil of darkness_: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (_shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night_), 651. scalu, st. f., _retinue, band_ (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964. scamian, w. v., _to be ashamed_: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; nô he þære feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (_needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving_), 1027. scawa (see sceáwlan), w. m., _observer, visitor_: nom. pl. scawan, 1896. ge-scâd, st. n., _difference, distinction_: acc. sg. æg-hwäðres gescâd, worda and worca (_difference between, of, both words and deeds_), 288. ge-scâdan, st. v., _to decide, adjudge_: pret. sg. rodera rædend hit on ryht gescêd (_decided it in accordance with right_), 1556. scânan? See scînan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scânan having been abandoned. ge-scäp-hwîle, st. f., _fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?)_: dat. sg. tô gescäp-hwîle (_at the fated hour_), 26. sceððan, w. v., _to scathe, injure_: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceððan (_hurt her life_), 1525; þät on land Dena lâðra nænig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (_injure through robber incursions_), 243; pret. sg. þær him nænig wäter wihte ne sceðede, 1515. ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þät him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, 1448. scenc, st. m., _vessel, can_: in comp. medu-scenc. scencan, w. v., _to hand drink, pour out_: pret. sg. scencte scîr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer). scenne, w. f.?, _sword-guard?_: dat. pl. on þæm scennum scîran goldes, 1695. sceran, st. v., _to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces_: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swîn ofer helme andweard scireð (_hews off the boar-head on the helm_), 1288. ge-sceran, _to divide, hew in two_: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scär (_often clove the helm in two_), 1527; so, gescer, 2974. scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (_ale-scare_ or _panic_?), 770. scêt. See sceótan. sceadu. See scadu. sceaða, w. m.: 1) _scather, foe_: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.--2) _fighter, warrior_: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.--Comp.: âttor-, dol-, feónd-, gûð-, hearm-, leód-, mân-, sin-, þeód-, uht-sceaða. sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., _to scathe, injure, crush_: pret. sg. se þe oft manegum scôd (_which has oft oppressed many_), 1888. ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. swâ him ær gescôd hild ät Heorote, 1588; se þe him sâre ge-sceôd (_who injured him sorely_), 2224; nô þý ær in gescôd hâlan lîce, 1503; bill ær gescôd eald-hlâfordes þam þâra mâðma mund-bora wäs (_the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure_), 2778 (or, _sheathed in brass_?, if ær and gescôd form compound). sceaðen-mæl, st. n., _deadly weapon, hostile sword_: nom. sg., 1940. sceaft, st. m., _shaft, spear, missile_: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.--Comp.: here-, wäl-sceaft. ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) _creation, earth, earthly existence_: acc. sg. þâs lænan ge-sceaft, 1623.--2) _fate, destiny_: in comp. forð-, lîf-, mæl-gesceaft. scealc, st. m., _servant, military retainer_: nom. sg., 919; (of Beówulf), 940.--Comp beór-scealc. ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) _shape, creature_: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.--2) _fate, providence_: acc. sg. heáh ge-sceap (_heavy fate_), 3085. sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., _to shape, create, order, arrange, establish_: pres. part. scyppend (_the Creator_), 106; pret. sg. scôp him Heort naman (_shaped, gave, it the name Heorot_), 78; pres. part. wäs sió wrôht scepen heard wið Hûgas, syððan Hygelâc cwom (_the contest with the Hûgas became sharp after H. had come_), 2915. ge-sceapan, _to shape, create_: pret. sg. lîf ge-sceôp cynna gehwylcum, 97. scear, st. m., _massacre_: in comp. gûð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc. scearp, adj., _sharp, able, brave_: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wîga, 288.--Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp. scearu, st. f., _division, body, troop_: in comp. folc-scearu; _that is decided_ or _determined_, in gûð-scearu (_overthrow_?), 1214. sceat, st. m., _money_; also _unit of value in appraising_ (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þûsend).--Comp. gif-sceat. sceát, st. m., _region, field_: acc. pl. gefrätwade foldan sceátas leomum and leáfum, 96;--_top, surface, part_: gen. pl. eorðan sceáta, 753. sceáwere, st. m., _observer, spy_: nom. pl. sceáweras, 253. sceáwian, w. v. w. acc., _to see, look at, observe_: inf. sceáwian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; sceáwigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þät ge genôge neán sceáwiað beágas and brâd gold, 3105; subj. pres. þät ic ... sceáwige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. sceáwode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. sceáwedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441. ge-sceáwian, _to see, behold, observe_: pret. part. ge-sceáwod, 3076, 3085. sceorp, st. n., _garment_: in comp. hilde-sceorp. sceótan, st. v., _to shoot, hurl missiles_: pres. sg. se þe of flân-bogan fyrenum sceóteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. sceótend (_the warriors, bowmen_), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for sceótendum (MS. scotenum), 1027. ge-sceótan, w. acc., _to shoot off, hurry_: pret. sg. hord eft gesceát (_the dragon darted again back to the treasure_), 2320. of-sceótan, _to kill by shooting_: pret. sg. his mæg of-scêt ... blôdigan gâre _(killed his brother with bloody dart_), 2440. scild, scyld, st. m., _shield_: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851. scildan, scyldan, w. v., _to shield, protect_: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (_if God had not shielded me_), 1659. scild-freca, w. m., _shield-warrior_ (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034. scild-weall, st. m., _wall of shields_: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119. scild-wîga, w. m., _shield-warrior_: nom. sg. scyld-wîga, 288. scinna, w. m., _apparition, evil spirit_: dat. pl. scynnum, 940. scip, st. n., _vessel, ship_: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. tô scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. tô scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155. scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) _armada, fleet_: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243. ge-scîfe (for ge-scýfe), adj., _advancing_ (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. _schief_? scînan, st. v., _to shine, flash_: pres. sg. sunne ... sûðan scîneð, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blâcne leóman beorhte scînan, 1518; pret. sg. (gûð-byrne, woruld--candel) scân, 321, 1966; on him byrne scân, 405; pret. pl. gold-fâg scinon web äfter wagum, 995; scionon, 303. scîr, adj., _sheer, pure, shining_: nom. sg. hring-îren scîr, 322; scîr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scîr wered, 496; gen. sg. scîran goldes, 1695. scîr-ham, adj., _bright-armored, clad in bright mail_: nom. pl. scîr-hame, 1896. scoten. See sceóten. ge-scôd, pret. part., _shod_ (calceatus), _covered_: in comp. ær-ge-scôd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note. scôp, st. m., _singer, shaper, poet_: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scôpes, 90. scräf, st. n., _hole in the earth, cavern_: in comp. eorð-scräf. scrîðan, st. v., _to stride, go_: pres. pl. scrîðað, 163; inf. scrîðan, 651, 704; scrîðan tô, 2570. scrîfan, st. v., _to prescribe, impose_ (punishment): inf. hû him (Grendel) scîr metod scrîfan wille, 980. for-scrîfan, w. dat. pers., _to proscribe, condemn_: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen häfde, 106. ge-scrîfan, _to permit, prescribe_: pret. sg. swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (_as Weird did not permit him_), 2575. scrûd, st. m., _clothing, covering; ornament_: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrûd. scucca, w. m., _shadowy sprite, demon_: dat. pl. scuccum, 940. sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) _shall, must_ (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.--2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = _shall, will_: pres. sg. I., III. sceal beódan (_shall offer_), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.--3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. he ge-wunian sceall (_he inhabits; is said to inhabit?_), 2276; pret. sg. se þe wäter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wäcnan scolde (_was to awake_), 85; se þone gomelan grêtan sceolde (_was to, should, approach_), 2422; þät se byrn-wîga bûgan sceolde (_the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell_), 2919; pl. þâ þe beado-grîman býwan sceoldon (_they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks_), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.--4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mâðma ge-mænra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... fätum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him äfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þu forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gæð â Wyrd swâ hió scel (_Weird goeth ever as it shall_ [go]), 455; gûð-bill ge-swâc swâ hit nô sceolde (i.e. ge-swîcan), 2586. scûa, w. m., _shadowy demon_: in comp. deáð-scûa. scûfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to move forward, hasten_: pret. part. þâ wäs morgen-leóht scofen and scynded, 919.--2) w. acc., _to shove, push_: pret. pl. guman ût scufon ... wudu bundenne (_pushed the vessel from the land_), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (_pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff_), 3132. See wîd-scofen(?) be-scûfan, w. acc., _to push, thrust down, in_: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... sâwle be-scûfan in fýres fäðm (_woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace_), 184. scûr, st. m., _shower, battle-shower_: in comp. îsern-scûr. scûr-heard, adj., _fight-hardened? (file-hardened?_): nom. pl. scûr-heard, 1034. scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan. scyldig, adj., _under obligations_ or _bound for; guilty of_, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (_guilty of evil deeds_), 3072. scyndan, w. v., _to hasten_: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919 scynna. See scinna. scyppend. See sceapan. scyran, w. v., _to arrange, decide_: inf. þät hit sceaðen-mæl scyran môste (_that the sword must decide it_), 1940. O.N. skora, _to score, decide_. scýne, adj., _sheen, well-formed, beautiful_: nom. sg. mägð scýne, 3017. se, pron. dem. and article, _the_: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, seó, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þät;--relative: se (_who_), 1611, 2866; se þe (_he who_), 2293; seó þe (_she who_), 1446; se þe (for seó þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for seó, 2422; dat. sg. þam (for þam þe), 2780. secce. See sacu. secg, st. m., _man, warrior, hero, spokesman_ (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Beówulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgâr), 402; (Hûnferð), 981; (Wîglâf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673. secg, st. f., _sword_ (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685. secgan, w. v., _to say, speak_: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. swâ se secg hwata secgende wäs lâðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sägde him þäs leánes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwät þu worn fela ... sägdest from his sîðe, 532.--2) without acc inf. swâ we sôðlîce secgan hýrdon, 273; pret. sg. sägde, 2633, 2900--3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. tô secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sägde, 90, 1176; pl. sägdon, 377, 2188; sædan, 1946. â-secgan (edicere), _to say out, deliver_: inf. wille ic â-secgan suna Healfdenes ... mîn ærende, 344. ge-secgan, _to say, relate_: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þät ic his ærest þe eft ge-sägde (_that I should, after, tell thee its origin_), 2158; pret. part. gesägd, 141; gesæd, 1697. sefa, w. m., _heart, mind, soul, spirit_: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.--Comp. môd-sefa. ge-segen, st. f., _legend, tale_: in comp. eald-ge-segen. segl, st. n., _sail_: nom. sg., 1907. segl-râd, st. f., _sail-road_, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-râde, 1430. segn, st. n., _banner_, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.--Comp. heáfod-segn. sel, st. n., _hall, palace_. See säl. seld, st. n., _dwelling, house_: in comp. medu-seld. ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, _companion_: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985. seldan, adv., _seldom_: oft [nô] seldan, 2030. seld-guma, w. m., _house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?_: nom. sg., 249. sele, st. m. and n., _building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room_: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. tô sele, 323, 1641; in (on, tô) sele þam heán, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (_in the den of the dragon_), 3129.--Comp.: beáh-, beór-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gûð-, heáh-, hring-, hrôf-, nið-, win-sele. sele-dreám, st. m., _hall-glee, joy in the hall_: acc. sg. þâra þe þis lîf ofgeaf, gesâwon sele-dreám (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253. sele-ful, st. n., _hall-goblet_: acc. sg., 620. sele-gyst, st. m., _hall-guest, stranger in hall_ or _house_: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, 1546. sele-rædend, pres. part., _hall-ruler, possessor of the hall_: nom. pl., 51; acc. leóde mîne sele-rædende, 1347. sele-rest, st. f., _bed in the hall_: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691. sele-þegn, st. m., _retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain_: nom. sg., 1795. sele-weard, st. m., _hall-ward, guardian of the hall_: acc. sg., 668. self, sylf, pron., _self_: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þu self, 595; þu þe self, 954; self cyning (_the king himself, the king too_), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; he selfa, 29, 1734; þäm þe him selfa deáh (_that can rely upon, trust to, himself_), 1840; seolfa, 3068; he sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (_himself_), 962; hyne selfne (_himself_, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (_beside_), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on sînne sylfes dôm (_at his own will_), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sûð-Dene sylfe, 1997. ge-sella, w. m., _house-companion, comrade_: in comp. hand-gesella. sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; permit, grant, present_: pres. sg. III. seleð him on êðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þam þe he wolde hord openian (_unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard_), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.--2) _to give, give up_ (only w. acc. of thing): ær he feorh seleð (_he prefers to give up his life_), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð fätte beágas (_giveth out gold-wrought rings_, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wîn of wunder-fatum, 1162. ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., _to give, deliver; grant, present_: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc. sel-lîc, syl-lîc (from seld-lîc), adj., _strange, wondrous_: nom. sg. glôf ... syllîc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllîc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellîce sæ-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), 3039. semninga, adv., _straightway, at once_ 645, 1641, 1768. sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., _to send_: pret. sg. þone god sende folce tô frôfre (_whom God sent as a comfort to the people_), 13; so, 471, 1843. for-sendan, _to send away, drive off_ pret. part. he wearð on feónda geweald ... snûde for-sended, 905. on-sendan, _to send forth, away_, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þe hine ... forð on-sendon ænne ofer ýðe (_who sent him forth alone over the sea_), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267. sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., _to feast, banquet_: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.--Leo. serce, syrce, w. f., _sark, shirt of mail_: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. græge syrcan, 334.--Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, lîc-syrce. sess, st. m., _seat, place for sitting_: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þâ he bî sesse geóng (_by the seat_, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757. setl, st. n., _seat, settle_: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.--Comp.: heáh-, hilde-, meodu-setl. settan, w. v., _to set_: pret. sg. setton sæ-mêðe sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weall (_the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall_), 325; so, 1243. â-settan, _to set, place, appoint_: pret. pl. hie him â-setton segen [gyl]-denne heáh ofer heáfod, 47; pret. part. häfde kyninga wuldor Grendle tô-geánes ... sele-weard â-seted, 668. be-settan, _to set with, surround_: pret. sg. (helm) besette swîn-lîcum (_set the helm with swine-bodies_), 1454. ge-settan: 1) _to set, set down_: pret. part. swâ wäs ...þurh rûn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sæd (_thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said_), 1697.--2) _to set, ordain, create_: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mônan leóman tô leóhte land-bûendum, 94.--3) = componere, _to lay aside, smooth over, appease_: pret. sg. þät he mid þý wîfe wäl-fæhða ... dæl ... ge-sette, 2030. sêcan, w. v., _to follow after_, hence: 1) _to seek, strive for_, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fät sôhte _(sought the costly cup_), 2301; ne sôhte searo-nîðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne sôhte (_than his wish demanded_), 2573; hord-weard sôhte georne äfter grunde (_the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground_), 2294.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go some whither, attain something_, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe ... biorgas sêceð, 2273; subj. þeáh þe hæð-stapa holt-wudu sêce, 1370; imper. sêc gif þu dyrre (_look for her_, i.e. Grendel's mother, _if thou dare_), 1380; inf. sêcean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; sêcan, 665, 1451; drihten sêcean (_seek, go to, the Lord_), 187; sêcean wyn-leás wîc (_Grendel was to seek a joyless place_, i.e. Hell), 822; so, sêcan deófla gedräg, 757; sâwle sêcan (_seek the life, kill_), 802; so, sêcean sâwle hord, 2423; gerund. säcce tô sêceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. sôhte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. sôhtest, 458; pl. sôhton, 339.--3) _to seek, attack_: þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde, 3002; pret. pl. hine wräc-mäcgas ofer sæ sôhtan, 2381. ge-sêcan: 1) _to seek_, w. acc.: inf. gif he gesêcean dear wîg ofer wæpen, 685.--2) _to look for, come_ or _go to attain_, w. acc.: inf. ge-sêcean, 693; gerund, tô ge-sêcanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cýððe beóð sêlran ge-sôhte þam þe hine selfa deáh, 1840.--3) _to seek with hostile intent, to attack_: pres. sg. ge-sêceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-sôhte, 2347; pl. ge-sôhton, 2927; ge-sôhtan, 2205. ofer-sêcan, w. acc., _to surpass, outdo_ (in an attack): pres. sg. wäs sió hond tô strong, se þe mêca gehwane ... swenge ofer-sôhte, þonne he tô säcce bär wæpen wundrum heard (_too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he_ [Beówulf] _bore the wondrous weapon to battle_, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687. sêl, st. f. See sæl. sêl, sæl, adj., _good, excellent, fit_, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. sêlra, 861, 2194; þæm þær sêlra wäs (_to the one that was the better_, i.e. Hygelâc), 2200; deáð bið sêlla þonne edwît-lîf, 2891; neut. sêlre, 1385; acc. sg. m. sêlran þe (_a better than thee_), 1851; sêlran, 1198; neut. þät sêlre, 1760; dat. sg. m. sêlran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. sêlran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. sêlest, 173, 1060; hûsa sêlest, 146, 285, 936; ôfost is sêlest, 256; bolda sêlest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrägla sêlest, 454; hûsa sêlest, 659; billa sêlest, 1145;--weak form: nom. sg. m. reced sêlesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone sêlestan, 1407, 2383; (þäs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þäm sêlestan, 1686; nom. pl. sêlestan, 416; acc. pl. þâ sêlestan, 3123. sêl, compar. adv., _better, fitter, more excellent_, 1013, 2531; ne byð him wihte þê sêl (_he shall be nought the better for it_), 2278; so, 2688. sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., _bed-chamber, sleeping-place_: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461. sealt, adj., _salty_: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wäter (_the sea_), 1990. searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) _armor, accoutrements, war-gear_: nom. pl. sæ-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (_a man, warrior, in panoply_), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.--2) _insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle_: þâ ic of searwum cwom, fâh from feóndum, 419.--3) _cunning, art, skill_: instr. pl. sadol searwum fâh (_saddle cunningly ornamented_), 1039; earmbeága fela, searwum ge-sæled (_many cunningly-linked armlets_), 2765.--Comp. fyrd-, gûð-, inwit-searo. searo-bend, st. f., _band, bond, of curious workmanship_: instr. pl. searo-bendum fäst, 2087. searo-fâh, adj., _cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold_: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-broden, sîd and searo-fâh, 1445. searo-ge-þräc, st. n., _heap of treasure-objects_: acc. sg., 3103. searo-gim, st. m., _cunningly set gem, rich jewel_: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158. searo-grim, adj., _cunning and fierce_: nom. sg., 595. searo-häbbend, pres. part. as subst., _arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings_: gen. pl. searo-häbbendra, 237. searo-net, st. n., _armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet_: nom. sg., 406. searo-nîð, st. m.: 1) _cunning hostility, plot, wiles_: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, 1201, 2739.--2) also, only _hostility, feud, contest_: acc. pl. searo-nîðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nîða, 582. searo-þanc, st. m., _ingenuity_: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776. searo-wundor, st. n., _rare wonder_: acc. sg., 921. seax, st. n., _shortsword, hip-knife; dagger_: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.--Comp. wäl-seax. seax-ben, st. f., _dagger-wound_: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905. seofon, num., _seven_, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123. seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to be tied; lie at rest_: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.--2) w. acc., _to put in bonds, entrap, catch_: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092), 161. seonu, st. f., _sinew_: nom. pl. seonowe, 818. seóc, adj., _feeble, weak; fatally ill_: nom. sg. feorh-bennum seóc (of Beówulf, _sick unto death_), 2741; siex-bennum seóc (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. môdes seóce (_sick of soul_), 1604.--Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-seóc. seóðan, st. v. w. acc., _to seethe, boil_; figuratively, _be excited over, brood_: pret. sg. ic þäs môd-ceare sorh-wylmum seáð (_I pined in heart-grief for that_), 1994; so, 190. seóloð, st. m.?, _bight, bay_ (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sióleða bi-gong (_the realm of bights_ = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368. seón, sýn, st. f., _aspect, sight_: in comp. wlite-, wundor-seón, an-sýn. seón, st. v., _to see_: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder seón, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þær mäg nihta ge-hwæm nîð-wundor seón (_there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel_), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudreám mâran, 2015.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþeódige þus manige men môdiglîcran, 336.--c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-leófe, 2864; pl. folc tô sægon (_looked on_), 1423. ge-seón, _to see, behold_: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. se þe beáh ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-seón, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-sâwon, 1606, 2253.--b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna bûre win-sele wêstne (_sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty_; or, _hall of friends_?), 2456.--c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (_saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank_), 229; pret. pl. mære mâððum-sweord monige ge-sâwon beforan beorn beran, 1024.--d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-sâwon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sêgan, 3039; ge-sêgon, 3129.--e) w. depend, clause: inf. mäg þonne ... geseón sunu Hrêðles, þät ic (_may the son of H. see that I..._), 1486; pret. pl. ge-sâwon, 1592. geond-seón, _to see, look through, over_, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þät eall geond-seh, 3088. ofer-seón, _to see clearly, plainly_: pret. pl. ofer-sâwon, 419. on-seón, _to look on, at_, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-sâwon, 1651. seówian, w. v., _to sew, put together, link_: pret. part. searo-net seówed smiðes or-þancum (_the corselet woven by the smith's craft_), 406. sib, st. f., _peace, friendship, relationship_: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (_in peace_?), 154.--Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib. sib-äðeling, st. m., _nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince_ or _nobleman_: nom. pl. -äðelingas, 2709. sibbe-gedryht, st. f., _body of allied_ or _related warriors_: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Geátas), 730. siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) _since, after, from now on, further_, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.--b) _then, thereupon, after_, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938; ær ne siððan (_neither before nor after_), 719. 2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., _as soon as, when_, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.--b) w. ind. pret., _when, whilst_, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;--_since_, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;--_after_, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen häfde (_after the Creator had proscribed him_), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becom (_after night had come on_), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105. siex. See seax. sige-dryhten, st. m., _lord of victory, victorious lord_: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391. sige-eádig, adj., _blest with victory, victorious_: acc. sg. neut. sige-eádig bil, 1558. sige-folc, st. n., _victorious people, troop_: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645. sige-hrêð, st. f., _confidence of victory_(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note. sige-hrêðig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757. sige-hwîl, st. f., _hour_ or _day of victory_: gen. sg. sige-hwîle, 2711. sige-leás, adj., _devoid of victory, defeated_: acc. sg. sige-leásne sang, 788. sige-rôf, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg., 620. sige-þeód, st. f., _victorious warrior troop_: dat. sg. on sige-þeóde, 2205. sige-wæpen, st. n., _victor-weapon, sword_: dat. pl. sige-wæpnum, 805. sigl, st. n.: 1) _sun_: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.--2) _sun-shaped ornament_: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.--Comp. mâððum-sigl. sigor, st. m., _victory_: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.--Comp.: hrêð-, wîg-sigor. sigor-eádig, adj., _victorious_: nom. sg. sigor-eádig secg (of Beówulf), 1312, 2353. sin. See syn. sinc, st. n., _treasure, jewel, property_: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429. sinc-fâh, adj., _treasure-decked_: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fâge sel, 167. sinc-fät, st. n., _costly vessel_: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;--_a costly object_: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623. sinc-ge-streón, st. n., _precious treasure, jewel of value _: instr. pl. -gestreónum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestreóna, 1227. sinc-gifa, w. m., _jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler_: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Beówulf), 2312; (of Äschere), 1343. sinc-mâððum, st. m., _treasure_: nom. sg., 2194. sinc-þego, f., _acceptance, taking, of jewels_: nom. sg., 2885. sin-dolh, st. n., _perpetual_, i.e. incurable, _wound_: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818. sin-freá, w. m., _wedded lord, husband_: nom. sg., 1935. sin-gal, adj., _continual, lasting_: acc. sg. fem, sin-gale säce, 154. sin-gales, adv. gen. sg., _continually, ever_, 1778; syngales, 1136. singala, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190. singan, st. v., _to sound, ring, sing_: pret. sg. hring-îren scîr song in searwum (_the ringed iron rang in the armor_), 323; horn stundum song fûs-lîc f[yrd]-leóð (_at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song_), 1424; scôp hwîlum sang (_the singer sang at whiles_), 496. â-singan, _to sing out, sing to an end_: pret. part. leóð wäs â-sungen, 1160. sin-here, st. m., (_army without end_?), _strong army, host_: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937. sin-niht, st. f., _perpetual night, night after night_: acc. pl. sin-nihte (_night after night_), 161. sin-sceaða, w. m., _irreconcilable foe_: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802. sin-snæd, st. f., (_continuous biting_) _bite after bite_: dat. pl. syn-snædum swealh (_swallowed bite after bite, in great bites_), 744. sittan, st. v.: 1) _to sit_: pres. sg. Wîglâf siteð ofer Biówulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site nu tô symle, 489; inf. þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (_whither the strong-minded went and sat_), 493; eode ... tô hire freán sittan (_went to sit by her lord_), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sät (_sat on the horse_), 286; ät fôtum sät (_sat at the feet_), 500, 1167; þær Hrôðgâr sät (_where H. sat_), 356; so, 1191, 2895; he gewêrgad sät ... freán eaxlum neáh, 2854; pret. pl. sæton, 1165; gistas sêtan (MS. sêcan) ... and on mere staredon (_the strangers sat and stared on the sea_), 1603.--2) _to be in a certain state_ or _condition_ (_quasi_ copula): pret. sg. mære þeóden ... unblîðe sät, 130.--Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend. be-sittan, obsidere, _to surround, besiege_, w. acc.: besät þâ sin-herge sweorda lâfe wundum wêrge (_then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary_), 2937. for-sittan, obstrui, _to pass away, fail_: pres. sg. eágena bearhtm for-siteð (_the light of the eyes passeth away_), 1768. ge-sittan: 1) _to sit, sit together_: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sät rîce to rûne (_very often sat the king deliberating with his council_ (see rîce), 171; wið earm ge-sät (_supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm_?), 750; fêða eal ge-sät (_the whole troop sat down_), 1425; ge-sät þâ wið sylfne (_sat there beside, near to, him_, i.e. Hygelâc), 1978; ge-sät þâ on nässe, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... we tô symble ge-seten häfdon, 2105.--2) w. acc., _to seat one's self upon_ or _in something, to board_: pret. sg. þâ ic ... sæ-bât ge-sät, 634. of-sittan, w. acc., _to sit over_ or _upon_: pret. sg. of-sät þâ þone sele-gyst, 1546. ofer-sittan, w. acc., _to dispense with, refrain from_ (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685. on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, _to start from one's seat, to be startled_), w. acc., _to fear_: inf. þâ fæhðe, atole ecg-þräce eówer leóde sîwðe onsittan _to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people_, 598. ymb-sittan, _to sit around_, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þät hie) ... symbel ymb-sæton (_sat round the feast_), 564. See ymb-sittend. sîd, adj.: 1) _wide, broad, spacious, large_: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glôf) sîd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sîdne scyld, 437; on sîdne sæ, 507; fem. byrnan sîde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer sæ sîde, 2395; neut. sîde rîce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sîdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sîde sæ-nässas, 223; sîde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sîdra sorga (_of great sorrows_), 149.--2) in moral sense, _great, noble_: acc. sg. þurh sîdne sefan, 1727. side, adv., _far and wide, afar_, 1224. sîd-fäðme, adj., _broad-bosomed_: acc. sg. sîd-fäðme scip, 1918. sîd-fäðmed, _quasi_ pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sîd-fäðmed scip, 302. sîd-rand, st. m., _broad shield_: nom. sg., 1290. sîð (G. seþu-s), adj., _late_: superl. nom. sg. sîðast sige-hwîle (_the last hour, day, of victory_), 2711; dat. sg. ät sîðestan (_in the end, at last_), 3014. sîð, adv. compar., _later_: ær and sîð (_sooner and later, early and late_), 2501. sîð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) _road, way, journey, expedition_; esp., _road to battle_: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; näs þät êðe sîð (_that was no easy road, task_), 2587; so, þät wäs geócor sîð, 766; acc. sg. sîð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sîðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sîðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, _return_: nom. sg., 1972.--2) _undertaking, enterprise_; esp., _battle-work_: nom. sg. nis þät eówer sîð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sîð (_such is no coward's enterprise_), 2542; acc. sg. sîð, 873. In pl.= _adventures_: nom. sîðas, 1987; acc. sîðas, 878; gen. sîða, 318.--3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. näs þät forma sîð (_that was not the first time_), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on ænne sîð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ôðre, þriddan) sîðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.--Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, sæ-, wil-, wræc-sîð. ge-sîð, st. m., _comrade, follower_: gen. sg. ge-sîðes, 1298; nom. pl. ge-sîðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sîðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sîðum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-sîða, 1935.--Comp.: eald-, wil-gesîð. sîð-fät, st. m., _way, journey_: acc. sg. þone sîð-fät, 202; dat. sg. sîð-fate, 2640. sîð-fram, -from, adj., _ready for the journey_: nom. pl. sîð-frome, 1814. sîðian, w. v., _to journey, march_: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sîðode, 2120. for-sîðian, _iter fatale inire_ (Grein): pret. sg. häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund _(would have found his death_, etc.), 1551. sîe, sý. See wesan. sîgan, st. v., _to descend, sink, incline_: pret. pl. sigon ät-somne (_descended together_), 307; sigon þâ tô slæpe _(they sank to sleep_), 1252. ge-sîgan, _to sink, fall_: inf. ge-sîgan ät säcce (_fall in battle_), 2660. sîn, poss. pron., _his_: acc. sg. m. sînne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. sînum, 1508. slæp, st. m., _sleep_: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. tô slæpe, 1252. slæpan, st. v., _to sleep_: pres. part. nom. sg. slæpende, 2220; acc. sg. he gefêng ... slæpendne rinc (_seized a sleeping warrior]_, 742; acc. pl. slæpende frät folces Denigea fîftyne men _(devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes_), 1582. sleac, adj., _slack, lazy_: nom. sg., 2188. sleahan, sleán: 1) _to strike, strike at_: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þät he me ongeán sleá (_that he should strike at me_), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slôh (_struck angrily_), 1566; so, slôh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þät he þone nîð-gäst nioðor hwêne slôh _(that he struck the dragon somewhat lower_, etc.), 2700.--2) w. acc.: _to slay, kill_: pret. sg. þäs þe he Abel slôg (_because he slew A._), 108; so, slôg, 421, 2180; slôh, 1582, 2356; pl. slôgon, 2051; pret. part. þâ wäs Fin slägen, 1153. ge-sleán, w. acc.: 1) _to fight a battle_: pret. sg. ge-slôh þîn fäder fæhðe mæste, 459.--2) _to gain by fighting_: syððan hie þâ mærða ge-slôgon, 2997. of-sleán, _to ofslay, kill_, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slôh, 574, 1666, 3061. slîðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., _savage, fierce, dangerous_: acc. sg. þurh slîðne nîð, 184; gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, 2399. slîðen, adj., _furious, savage, deadly_ nom. sg. sweord-bealo slîðen, 1148. slîtan, st. v., _to slit, tear to pieces_, w. acc.: pret. sg. slât (slæpendne rinc), 742. slyht, st. m., _blow_: in comp. and-slyht. ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), _battle, conflict_: gen. pl. slîðra ge-slyhta, 2399. smið, st. m., _smith, armorer_: nom. sg. wæpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes, 406.--Comp. wundor-smið. be-smiðian, w. v., _to surround with iron-work, bands_, etc.: pret. part. he (the hall Heorot) þäs fäste wäs innan and ûtan îren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776. snell, adj., _fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper_: nom. sg. se snella, 2972. snellîc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691. snotor, snottor, adj., _clever, wise, intelligent_: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.--Comp. fore-snotor. snotor-lîce, adv., _intelligently, wisely_: compar. snotor-lîcor, 1483. snûde, adv., _hastily, quickly, soon_, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753. be-snyðian, w. v., _to rob, deprive of_: pret. sg. þätte Ongenþió ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925. snyrian, w. v., _to hasten, hurry_: pret. pl. snyredon ät-somne (_hurried forward together_), 402. snyttru, f., _intelligence, wisdom_: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid môdes snyttrum, 1707; þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943. Adv., _wisely_, 873. somne. See samne. sorgian, w. v.: 1) _to be grieved, sorrow_: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.--2) _to care for, trouble one's self about_: inf. nô þu ymb mînes ne þearft lîces feorme leng sorgian (_thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance_), 451. sorh, st. f., _grief, pain, sorrow_: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is me tô secganne (_pains me to say_), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þære sorge, 2469; sorge (_in sorrow, grieved_), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.--Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh. sorh-cearig, adj., _curis sollicitus, heart-broken_: nom. sg., 2456. sorh-ful, adj., _sorrowful, troublesome, difficult_: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sîð, 512, 1279, 1430. sorh-leás, adj., _free from sorrow_ or _grief_: nom. sg., 1673. sorh-leoð, st. n., _dirge, song of sorrow_: acc. sg., 2461. sorh-wylm, st. m., _wave of sorrow_ nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905. sôcn, st. f., _persecution, hostile pursuit_ or _attack_ (see sêcan): dat, (instr.) þære sôcne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778. sôð, st. n., _sooth, truth_:: acc. sg. sôð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. tô sôðe (_in truth_), 51, 591, 2326. sôð, adj., _true, genuine_: nom. sg, þät is sôð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd âwräc sôð and sâr-lîc, 2110. sôðe, adv., _truly, correctly, accurately_, 524; sôðe gebunden (of alliterative verse: _accurately put together_), 872. sôð-cyning, st. m., _true king_: nom. sg. sigora sôð-cyning (_God_), 3056. sôð-fäst, adj., _soothfast, established in truth, orthodox_ (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sôð-fästra dôm (_glory, realm, of the saints_), 2821. sôð-lîce, adv., _in truth, truly, truthfully_, 141, 273, 2900. sôfte, adv., _gently, softly_: compar. þý sêft (_the more easily_), 2750.--Comp. un-sôfte. sôna, adv., _soon, immediately_, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc. on-spannan, st. v., _to un-span, unloose_: pret. sg. his helm on-speón (_loosed his helm_), 2724. spel, st. n., _narrative, speech_: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.--Comp. weá-spel. spêd, st. f.: 1) _luck, success_: in comp. here-, wîg-spêd.--2) _skill, facility_: acc. sg. on spêd (_skilfully_), 874. spîwan, st. v., _to spit, spew_, w. instr.: inf. glêdum spîwan (_spit fire_), 2313 spor, st. n., _spur_: in comp. hand-spor. spôwan, st. v., _to speed well, help, avail_: pret. sg. him wiht ne speów (_availed him naught_), 2855; hû him ät æte speów (_how he sped in the eating_), 3027. spræc, st. f., _speech, language_: instr. sg. frêcnan spræce (_through bold, challenging, discourse_), 1105.--Comp.: æfen-, gylp-spræc. sprecan, st. v., _to speak_: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gen ymbe Grendel _(I shall go on speaking about G._), 2070; w. acc. se þe wyle sôð sprecan (_he who will speak the truth_), 2865; imper. tô Geátum sprec (spræc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spräc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word äfter spräc, 341; nô ymbe þâ fæhðe spräc, 2619; II. hwät þu worn fela ... ymb Brecan spræce (_how much thou hast spoken of Breca!_), 531; pl. hwät wit geó spræcon (_what we two spoke of before_), 1477; gomele ymb gôdne on-geador spræcon, þät big ... _(the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ..._), 1596; swâ wit furðum spræcon (_as we two spoke, engaged, before_), 1708; pret. part. þâ wäs ... þryð-word sprecen, 644. ge-sprecan, w. acc., _to speak_: pret. sg. ge-spräc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095. spreót, st. m., _pole; spear, pike_: in comp. eofor-spreót. springan, st. v., _to jump, leap; flash_: pret. sg. hrâ wîde sprong _(the body bounded far_), 1589; swât ædrum sprong forð under fexe (_the blood burst out in streams from under his hair_), 2967; pl. wîde sprungon hilde-leóman (_flashed afar_), 2583. Also figuratively: blæd wîde sprang (_his repute spread afar_), 18. ge-springan, _to spring forth_: pret. sg. swâ þät blôd ge-sprang (_as the blood burst forth_), 1668. Figuratively, _to arise, originate_: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong äfter deáð-däge dôm un-lytel, 885. on-springan, _to burst in two, spring asunder_: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bânlocan 818. standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., _to stand_: pres. III. pl. eóred-geatwe þe ge þær on standað (_the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand_), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (_saw vessels standing_), 2761; pret. sg. ät hýðe stôd hringed-stefna (_in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship_), 32; stôd on stapole (_stood near the [middle] column_), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þät him on aldre stôd here-stræl hearda (_that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals_), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gâras stôdon ... samod ät-gädere (_the spears stood together_), 328; him big stôdan bunan and orcas (_by him stood cans and pots_), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þät feor heonon ... þät se mere standeð, 1363.--2) with predicate adj., _to stand, continue in a certain state_: subj. pres. þät þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum îdel and unnyt (_that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior_), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald uht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. ôð þät îdel stôd hûsa sêlest, 145; so, 936; wäter under stôd dreórig and ge-drêfed, 1418--3) _to belong_ or _attach to; issue_: pret. sg. Norð-Denum stôd atelîc egesa (_great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes_), 784; þâra ânum stôd sadol searwum fâh (_on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle_), 1038; byrne-leóma eldum on andan (_burning light stood forth, a horror to men_), 2314; leóht inne stôd (_a light stood in it_, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of eágum stôd ... leóht unfäger (_an uncanny light issued from his eyes_), 727; so, þät [fram] þam gyste [gryre-] brôga stôd, 2229. â-standan, _to stand up, arise_: pret. sg. â-stôd, 760, 1557, 2093. ät-standan, _to stand at, near_, or _in_: pret. sg. þät hit (i.e. þät swurd) on wealle ät-stôd, 892. for-standan, _to stand against_ or _before_, hence: 1) _to hinder, prevent_: pret. sg. (breóst-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-stôd (_the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering_), 1550; subj. nefne him witig god wyrd for-stôde (_if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them_, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.--2) _defend_, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þät he ... mihte heáðo-lîðendum hord for-standan, bearn and brýde (_that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers_), 2956. ge-standan, intrans., _to stand_: pret. sg. ge-stôd, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on heápe hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestôdon (_not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him_), 2597. stapa, w. m., _stepper, strider_: in comp. hæð-, mearc-stapa. stapan, st. v., _to step, stride, go forward_: pret. sg. eorl furður stôp, 762; gum-fêða stop lind-häbbendra (_the troop of shield-warriors strode on_), 1402. ät-stapan, _to stride up_ or _to_: pret. sg. forð neár ät-stôp (_strode up nearer_), 746. ge-stapan, _to walk, stride_: pret. sg. he to forð gestôp dyrnan cräfte, dracan heáfde neáh (_he_, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, _had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head_), 2290. stapol, st. m., (=[Greek: básis]), _trunk of a tree_; hence, _support, pillar, column_: dat. sg. stôd on stapole (_stood by_ or _near the wooden middle column of Heorot_), 927; instr. pl. þâ stân-bogan stapulum fäste (_the arches of stone upheld by pillars_), 2719. See Note. starian, w. v., _to stare, look intently at_: pres. sg. I. þät ic on þone hafelan ... eágum starige (_that I see the head with my eyes_), 1782; þâra frätwa ... þe ic her on starie (_for the treasures ... that I here look upon_), 2797; III. þonne he on þät sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þâra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þät (sin-freá) hire an däges eágum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604. stân, st. m., 1) _stone_: in comp. eorclan-stân.--2) _rock_: acc. sg. under (ofer) hârne stân, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stâne, 2289, 2558. stân-beorh, st. m., _rocky elevation, stony mountain_: acc. sg. stân-beorh steápne, 2214. stân-boga, w. m., _stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock_: dat. sg. stân-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stân-bogan, 2719. stân-clif, st. n., _rocky cliff_: acc. pl. stân-cleofu, 2541. stân-fâh, adj., _stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors_: nom. sg. stræt wäs stân-fâh (_the street was of different colored stones_), 320. stân-hlið, st. n., _rocky slope_: acc. pl. stân-hliðo, 1410. stäf, st. m.: 1) _staff_: in comp. rûn-staf.--2) _elementum_: in comp. âr-, ende-, fâcen-stäf. stäl, st. m., _place, stead_: dat. sg. þät þu me â wære forð-gewitenum on fäder stäle (_that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me_), 1480. stælan, w. v., _to place; allure_ or _instigate_: inf. þâ ic on morgne ge-frägn mæg ôðerne billes ecgum on bonan stælan _(then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge_; or, _one avenged the other on the murderer_?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486. ge-stælan, _to place, impose, institute_: pret. part. ge feor hafað fæhðe ge-stæled (_Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us_), 1341. stede, st. m., _place, -stead_: in comp. bæl-, burh-, folc-, heáh-, meðel-, wang-, wîc-stede. stefn, st. f., _voice_: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. niwan (niówan) stefne (properly novâ voce) = denuo, _anew, again_, 2595, 1790. stefn, st. m., _prow of a ship_: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna. on-stellan, w. v., _constituere, to cause, bring about_: pret. sg. se þäs or-leges ôr on-stealde, 2408. steng, st. m., _pole, pike_: in comp wäl-steng. ge-steppan, w. v., _to stride, go_: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer sæ sîde sunu Ôhtheres (_O.'s son_, i.e. Eádgils, _went with warriors over the broad sea_), 2394. stede (O.H.G. stâti, M.H.G. stæte), adj., _firm, steady_: nom. sg. wäs stêde nägla ge-hwylc stýle ge-lîcost (_each nail-place was firm as steel_), 986. stêpan, w. v. w. acc., _to exalt, honor_: pret. sg. þeáh þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stêpte, 1718. ge-steald, st. n., _possessions, property_: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156. ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), _companion, comrade_: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nýd-ge-stealla. stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), _stout-hearted, courageous_: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Beówulf), 2553. steáp, adj., _steep, projecting, towering_: acc. sg. steápne hrôf, 927; stân-beorh steápne, 2214; wið steápne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas steápe, 222; neut. steáp stân-hliðo, 1410.--Comp. heaðo-steáp. stille, adj., _still, quiet_: nom. sg. wîd-floga wundum stille, 2831. stille, adv., _quietly_, 301. stincan, st. v., _to smell; snuff_: pret. sg. stonc þâ äfter stâne (_snuffed along the stone_), 2289. stîð, adj., _hard, stiff_: nom. sg. wunden-mæl (swurd) ... stîð and stýlecg, 1534. stîð-môd, adj., _stout-hearted, unflinching_: nom. sg., 2567. stîg, st. m., _way, path_: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stîge nearwe, 1410--Comp. medu-stîg. stîgan, st. v., _to go, ascend_: pret. sg. þâ he tô holme [st]âg (_when he plunged forward into the sea_), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera leóde on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. ær he on bed stige, 677. â-stîgan, _to ascend_: pres. sg. þonon ýð-geblond up â-stîgeð won tô wolcnum, 1374; gûð-rinc â-stâh (_the fierce hero ascended_, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, _the fierce smoke_ [rêc] _ascended?_), 1119; gamen eft â-stâh (_joy again went up, resounded_), 1161; wudu-rêc â-stâh sweart of swioðole, 3145; swêg up â-stâg, 783. ge-stîgan, _to ascend, go up_: pret. sg. þâ ic on holm ge-stâh, 633. storm, st. m., _storm_: nom. sg. stræla storm (_storm of missiles_), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme weól (_the sea billowed stormily_), 1132. stôl, st. m., _chair, throne, seat_: in comp. brego-, êðel-, gif-, gum-stôl. stôw, st. f., _place, -stow_: nom. sg. nis þät heóru stôw (_a haunted spot_), 1373; acc. sg. frêcne stôwe, 1379; grund-bûendra gearwe stôwe _(the place prepared for men_, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nýdan), 1007: comp. wäl-stow. strang, strong, adj., _strong; valiant; mighty_: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô strang (_that sorrow was too great_), 133; þu eart mägenes strang (_strong of body_), 1845; wäs sió hond tô strong (_the hand was too powerful_), 2685; superl. wîgena strengest (_strongest of warriors_), 1544; mägenes strengest (_strongest in might_), 196; mägene strengest, 790. strâdan? (cf. stræde = passus, gressus), _to tread_, (be)-_stride, stride over_ (Grein): subj. pres. se þone wong strâde, 3074. See Note. stræl, st. m., _arrow, missile_: instr. sg. biteran stræle, 1747; gen. pl. stræla storm, 3118. stræt, st. f., _street, highway_: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. stræte, 1635; fealwe stræte, 917.--Comp.: lagu-, mere-stræt. strengel, st. m., (_endowed with strength_), _ruler, chief_: acc. sg. wîgena strengel, 3116. strengo, st. f., _strength, power, violence_: acc. sg. mägenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;--dat. pl. strengum = _violently, powerfully_ [_loosed from the strings_?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, mägen-, mere-strengo. strêgan (O.S. strôwian), w. v., _to strew, spread_: pret. part, wäs þäm yldestan ... morðorbed strêd (_the death-bed was spread for the eldest one_), 2437. streám, st. m., _stream, flood, sea_: acc. sg. streám, 2546; nom. pl. streámas, 212; acc. pl. streámas, 1262: comp. brim-, eágor-, firgen-, lagu-streám. ge-streón (cf. streón = robur, vis), st. n., _property, possessions_; hence, _valuables, treasure, jewels_: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-streón (_the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas_, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. äðelinga, eorla ge-streón, 1921, 3168.--Comp.: ær-, eald-, eorl-, heáh-, hord-, long-, mâðm-, sinc-, þeód-ge-streón. strûdan, st. v., _to plunder, carry off_: subj. pres. näs þâ on hlytme hwâ þät hord strude, 3127. ge-strýnan, w. v. w. acc., _to acquire, gain_: inf. þäs þe (_because_) ic môste mînum leódum ... swylc ge-strýnan, 2799. stund, st. f., _time, space of time, while_: adv. dat. pl. stundum (_at times_), 1424. styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to arrange, put in order, tell_: inf. secg eft on-gan sîð Beówulfes snyttrum styrian (_the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully_, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.--2) _to rouse, stir up_: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lâð ge-widru (_when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather_), 1375.--3) _to move against, attack, disturb_: subj. pres. þät he ... hring-sele hondum styrede (_that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands_), 2841. styrman, w. v., _to rage, cry out_: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553. stýle, st. n., _steel_: dat. sg. stýle, 986. stýl-ecg, adj., _steel-edged_: nom. sg., 1534. be-stýman, w. v., _to inundate, wet, flood_: pret. part. (wæron) eal benc-þelu blôde be-stýmed, 486. suhtor-ge-fäderan (collective), w. m. pl., _uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son_: nom. pl., 1165. sum, pron.: 1) indef., _one, a, any, a certain_; neut. _something_: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þær dyrne sum wesan (_naught there shall be hidden_), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (_by a word, expressly_), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (_one of men, a man_), 1500, 2302; mere-hrägla sum, 1906; þät wäs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fîftena sum (_one of fifteen, with fourteen companions_), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; feára sum (_one of few, with a few_), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (_one of many, with many_), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (_one of the men_), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; feára sumne (_some few, one of few_; or, _one of the foes_?), 3062.--2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = _this, that, the afore-mentioned_: nom. sg. eówer sum (_a certain one, that one, of you_, i.e. Beówulf), 248; gûð-beorna sum (_the afore-mentioned warrior_, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrôðgâr's palace), 314; eorla sum (_the said knight_, i.e. Beówulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ärna sum (_a certain hoard-hall_), 2280. sund, st. m.: 1) _swimming_: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. ät sunde (_in swimming_), 517; on sunde (_a-swimming_), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.--2) _sea, ocean, sound_: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445. ge-sund, adj., _sound, healthy, unimpaired_: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fäder alwalda ... eówic ge-healde sîða ge-sunde (_the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!_), 318.--Comp. an-sund. sund-ge-bland, st. n., (_the commingled sea_), _sea-surge, sea-wave_: acc. sg., 1451. sund-nyt, st. f., _swimming-power_ or _employment, swimming_: acc. sg. sund-nytte dreáh (_swam through the sea_), 2361. sundur, sundor, adv., _asunder, in twain_: sundur gedælan (_to separate, sunder_), 2423. sundor-nyt, st. f., _special service_ (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668. sund-wudu, st. m., (_sea-wood_), _ship_: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907. sunne, w. f., _sun_: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649. sunu, st. m., _son_: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381. sûð, adv., _south, southward_, 859. sûðan, adv., _from the south_, 607; sigel sûðan fûs (_the sun inclined from the south_), 1967. swaðrian, w. v., _to sink to rest, grow calm_: brimu swaðredon (_the waves became calm_), 570. See sweðrian. swaðu, st. f., _trace, track, pathway_: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.--Comp.: swât-, wald-swaðu. swaðul, st. m.? n.?, _smoke, mist_ (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaðule, 783. See sweoðol. swancor, adj., _slender, trim_: acc. pl. þrió wicg swancor, 2176. swan-râd, st. f., _swan-road, sea_: acc. sg. ofer swan-râde, 200. and-swarian, w. v., _to answer_: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340. swâ: 1) demons, adv., _so, in such a manner, thus_: swâ sceal man dôn, 1173, 1535; swâ þâ driht-guman dreámum lifdon, 99; þät ge-äfndon swâ (_that we thus accomplished_), 538; þær hie meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; swâ manlîce _(so like a man_), 1047; swâ fela (_so many_), 164, 592; swâ deórlîce dæd (_so valiant a deed_), 585; hine swâ gôdne (_him so good_), 347; on swâ geongum feore (_in so youthful age_), 1844; ge-dêð him swâ ge-wealdene worolde dælas þät ... (_makes parts of the world so subject to him that_...), 1733. In comparisons = _ever, the_ (adv.): me þîn môd-sefa lîcað leng swâ wel (_thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better_), 1855. As an asseverative = _so_: swâ me Higelâc sîe ... môdes blîðe (_so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!_), 435; swâ þeáh (_nevertheless, however_), 973, 1930, 2879; swâ þêh, 2968; hwäðre swâ þeáh (_yet however_), 2443.--2): a) conj., _as, so as_: ôð þät his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan swâ his ærfäder (_until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did_), 2623; eft swâ ær (_again as before_), 643;--with indic.: swâ he selfa bäd (_as he himself requested_), 29; swâ he oft dyde (_as he often did_), 444; gæð â Wyrd swâ hió sceal, 455; swâ guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;--with subj.: swâ þîn sefa hwette _(as pleases thy mind_, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) _as, as then, how_, 1143; swâ hie â wæron ... nýd-gesteallan (_as they were ever comrades in need_), 882; swâ hit diópe ... be-nemdon þeódnas mære (_as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it_), 3070; swâ he manna wäs wîgend weorðfullost (_as he of men the worthiest warrior was_), 3099. c) _just as, the moment when_: swâ þät blôd gesprang, 1668. d) _so that_: swâ he ne mihte nô (_so that he might not..._), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.--3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang swâ wäter bebûgeð (_wrought the beauteous plain which_ (acc.) _water surrounds_), 93.--4) swâ ... swâ = _so ... as_, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne swâ ... swâ (_even so ... as_), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne swâ hwylc mägða swâ (_such a woman as, whatsoever woman_), 944; efne swâ hwylcum manna swâ (_even so to each man as_), 3058. for-swâfan, st. v., _to carry away, sweep off_: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-sweóf mîne mâgas tô metod-sceafte, 2815. for-swâpan, st. v., _to sweep off, force_: pret. sg. hie Wyrd forsweóp on Grendles gryre, 477. swât, st. m., (_sweat_), _wound-blood_: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swâte, 1287.--Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swât. swât-fâh, adj., _blood-stained_: nom. sg., 1112. swâtig, adj., _gory_: nom. sg., 1570. swât-swaðu, st. f., _blood-trace_: nom. sg., 2947. be-swælan, w. v., _to scorch_: pret. part. wäs se lêg-draca ... glêdum beswæled, 3042. swæs, adj., _intimate, special, dear_: acc. sg. swæsne êðel, 520; nom. pl. swæse ge-sîðas, 29; acc. pl. leóde swæse, 1869; swæse ge-sîðas, 2041; gen. pl. swæsra ge-sîða, 1935. swæs-lîce, adv., _pleasantly, in a friendly manner_, 3090. swebban, w. v., (_to put to sleep_), _to kill_: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601. â-swebban, _to kill, slay_: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum â-swefede, 567. sweðrian, w. v., _to lessen, diminish_: inf. þät þät fyr ongan sweðrian, 2703; pret. siððan Heremôdes hild sweðrode, 902. swefan, st. v.: 1) _to sleep_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swäf, 1801; pl. swæfon, 704; swæfun, 1281.--2) _to sleep the death-sleep, die_: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefað, 2257, 2458. swegel, st. n., _ether, clear sky_: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774. swegle, adj., _bright, etherlike, clear_: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750. swegel-wered, _quasi_ pret. part., _ether-clad_: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607. swelgan, st. v., _to swallow_: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-snædum swealh (_swallowed in great bites_), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe lîges fäðm swulge on swaðule, 783. for-swelgan, w. acc., _to swallow, consume_: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081. swellan, st. v., _to swell_: inf. þâ sió wund on-gan ... swêlan and swellan, 2714. sweltan, st. v., _to die, perish_: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morðre swealt (_died a violent death_), 893, 2783; wundor-deáðe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359. swencan, w. v., _to swink, oppress, strike_: pret. sg. hine wundra þäs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511. ge-swencan, _to oppress, strike, injure_: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... flâne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hæðstapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.--Comp. lyft-ge-swenced. sweng, st. m., _blow, stroke_: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge _(with its stroke_), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.--Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng. swerian, st. v., _to swear_: pret. w. acc. I. ne me swôr fela âða on unriht (_swore no false oaths_), 2739; he me âðas swôr, 472. for-swerian, w. instr., _to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formulæ?)_: pret. part. he sige-wæpnum for-sworen häfde, 805. swêg, st. m., _sound, noise, uproar_: nom. sg. swêg, 783; hearpan swêg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca swêg, 645; sang and swêg, 1064; dat. sg. swêge, 1215.--Comp.: benc-, morgen-swêg. swêlan, w. v., _to burn_ (here of wounds): inf. swêlan, 2714. See swælan. sweart, adj., _swart, black, dark_: nom. sg. wudu-rêc sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167. sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, _vapor, smoke, smoking flame_: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul. sweofot, st. m., _sleep_: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296. sweoloð, st. m., _heat, fire, flame_: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma. sweorcan, st. v., _to trouble, darken_. pres. sg. III. ne him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (_darkens his soul_), 1738. for-sweorcan, _to grow dark_ or _dim_: pres. sg. III. eágena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768. ge-sweorcan (intrans.), _to darken_: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790. sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., _sword_: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.--Comp.: gûð-, mâððum-, wæg-sweord. sweord, st. f., _oath_: in comp. âð-sweord _(sword-oath_?), 2065. sweord-bealo, st. n., _sword-bale, death by the sword_: nom. sg., 1148. sweord-freca, w. m., _sword-warrior_: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469. sweord-gifu, st. f., _sword-gift, giving of swords_: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885. sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) _clear, bright_: nom. sg. swutol sang scôpes, 90.--2) _plain, manifest_: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tâcen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, 141. sweóf, sweóp. See swâfan, swâpan. swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), _burning pain_: in comp. þryð-swið(?). swift, adj., _swift_: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265. swimman, swymman, st. v., _to swim_: inf. swymman, 1625. ofer-swimman, w. acc., _to swim over_ or _through_: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (_swam over the sea_), 2368. swincan, st. v., _to struggle, labor, contend_: pret. pl. git on wäteres æht seofon niht swuncon, 517. ge-swing, st. n., _surge, eddy_: nom. sg. atol ýða geswing, 849. swingan, st. v., _to swing one's self, fly_: pres. sg. III. ne gôd hafoc geond säl swingeð, 2265. swîcan, st. v.: 1) _to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon_: pret. sg. næfre hit (_the sword_) ät hilde ne swâc manna ængum, 1461.--2) _to escape_: subj. pret. bûtan his lîc swice, 967. ge-swîcan, _to deceive, leave in the lurch_: pret. sg. gûð-bill ge-swâc nacod ät nîðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. seó ecg ge-swâc þeódne ät þearfe (_the sword failed the prince in need_), 1525. swîð, swýð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., _strong, mighty_: nom. sg. wäs þät ge-win tô swýð, 191.--Comp. nom. sg. sió swîðre hand (_the right hand_), 2099; _harsh_, 3086. swîðe, adv., _strongly, very, much_, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swýðe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swîðor, _more, rather, more strongly_, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199--Comp. un-swîðe. ofer-swîðian, w. v., _to overcome, vanquish_, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswýðeð, 279, 1769. swîð-ferhð, adj., (_fortis animo_), _strong-minded, bold, brave_: nom. sg. swýð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swîð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swîð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swîð-ferhðum, 173. swîð-hycgend, pres. part. (_strenue cogitans_), _bold-minded, brave in spirit_: nom. sg. swîð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swîð-hycgende, 1017. swîð-môd, adj., _strong-minded_: nom. sg., 1625. on-swîfan, st. v. w. acc., _to swing, turn, at_ or _against, elevate_: pret. sg. biorn (Beówulf) bord-rand on-swâf wið þam gryre-gieste, 2560. swîgian, w. v., _to be silent, keep silent_: pret. sg. lyt swîgode niwra spella (_kept little of the new tidings silent_), 2898; pl. swîgedon ealle, 1700. swîgor, adj., _silent, taciturn_: nom, sg. weak, þâ wäs swîgra secg ... on gylp-spræce gûð-ge-weorca, 981. swîn, swýn, st. n., _swine, boar_ (image on the helm): nom. sg. swýn, 1112; acc. sg. swîn, 1287. swîn-lîc, st. n., _swine-image_ or _body_: instr. pl. swîn-lîcum, 1454. swôgan, st. v., _to whistle, roar_: pres. part. swôgende lêg, 3146. swutol. See sweotol. swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = _talis, such, such a_; relative = _qualis, as, which_: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (_all ... which, as_), 72; ôðer swylc (_such another_, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (_on such things_), 997; dat. sg. gûð-fremmendra swylcum (_to such a battle-worker_, i.e. Beówulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwät (_some such_), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twegen (_two such_), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (_all needs that_), 1798; swylce hie ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (_such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems_), 1157; efne swylce mæla swylce (_at just such times as_), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nîða, 582; swylcra fela ... ær-gestreóna, 2232. swylce, adv., _as, as also, likewise, similarly_, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; ge swylce (_and likewise_), 2259; swilce, 1153. swylt, st. m., _death_: nom. sg., 1256, 1437. swylt-däg, st. m., _death-day_: dat. sg. ær swylt-däge, 2799. swynsian, w. v., _to sound_: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612. swyrd. See sweord. swýðl. See swîð. swýn. See swîn. syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., _to punish, avenge_, w. acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (_then the edge of the sword should avenge it_), 1107. syððan. See siððan. syfan-wintre, adj., _seven-winters-old_: nom. sg., 2429. syhð. See seón. syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., _sill, bench-support_: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776. sylfa. See selfa. syllan. See sellan. syllîc. See sellîc. symbol, syml, st. n., _banquet, entertainment_: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf me sinc and symbel (_gave me treasure and feasting_, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þät hie ... symbel ymbsæton (_that they might sit round their banquet_), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233. symble, symle, adv., _continually, ever_: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wäs þý sæmra (_he was ever the worse, the weaker_, i.e. the dragon), 2881. symbel-wyn, st. f., _banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting_: acc. sg. symbel-wynne dreóh, 1783. syn, st. f., _sin, crime_: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072. syn. See sin. syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), _persecuted on account of guilt?_ (Rieger), _guilt-haunted?_: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228. ge-syngian, w. v., _to sin, commit a crime_: pret. part. þät wäs feohleás ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442. synnig, adj., _sin-laden, sinful_: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.--Comp.: fela-, un-synnig. ge-synto, f., _health_: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870. syrce. See serce. syrwan, w. v. w. acc., _to entrap, catch unawares_: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161. be-syrwan: 1) _to compass_ or _accomplish by finesse; effect_: inf. dæd þe we ealle ær ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (_a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom_), 943.--2) _to entrap by guile and destroy_: inf. mynte se mânscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (_the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?_, see sum) _of the men_), 714. sýn, f., _seeing, sight, scene_: comp, an-sýn. ge-sýne, adj., _visible, to be seen_: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.--Comp.: êð-ge-sýne, ýð-ge-sêne. T taligean, w. v.: 1) _to count, reckon, number; esteem, think_: pres. sg. I. nô ic me ... hnâgran gûð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (_count myself no worse than G. in battle-works_), 678; wên ic talige ...þät (_I count on the hope ... that_), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þät ræd talað þät (_counts it gain that_), 2028.--2) _to tell, relate_: sôð ic talige (_I tell facts_), 532; swâ þu self talast (_as thou thyself sayst_), 595. tâcen, st. n., _token, sign, evidence_: nom. sg. tâcen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tâcne, 141; tîres tô tâcne, 1655.--Comp. luf-tâcen. tân, st. m., _twig_: in comp. âter-tân. [emended to âter-teárum in text--KTH] ge-tæcan, w. v., _to show, point out_: pret. sg. him þâ hilde-deór hof môdigra torht ge-tæhte (_the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones_, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, _to indicate, assign_: pret. sôna me se mæra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl getæhte (_assigned me a seat by his own son_), 2014. tæle, adj., _blameworthy_: in comp. un-tæle. ge-tæse, adj., _quiet, still_: nom. sg. gif him wære ... niht ge-tæse (_whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night_), 1321. tela, adv., _fittingly, well_, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738. telge. See talian. tellan, w. v., _to tell, consider, deem_: pret. sg. ne his lîf-dagas leóda ænigum nytte tealde (_nor did he count his life useful to any man_), 795; þät ic me ænigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (_I believed not that I had any foe under heaven_), 1774; cwäð he þone gûð-wine gôdne tealde (_said he counted the war-friend good_), 1811; he ûsic gâr-wîgend gôde tealde (_deemed us good spear-warriors_), 2642; pl. swâ (_so that_) hine Geáta beam gôdne ne tealdon, 2185.--2) _to ascribe, count against, impose_: pret. sg. (Þryðo) him wälbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937. ge-tenge, adj., _attached to, lying on_: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759. teár, st. m., _tear_: nom. pl. teáras, 1873. teoh, st. f., _troop, band_: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939. (ge?)-teohhian, w. v., _to fix, determine, assign_: pret. sg. ic for lässan leán teohhode ... hnâhran rince, 952; pres. part. wäs ôðer in ær geteohhod (_assigned_)... mærum Geáte, 1301. teón, st. v., _to draw, lead_: inf. hêht ... eahta mearas ... on flet teón (_bade eight horses be led into the hall_), 1037; pret. sg. me tô grunde teáh fâh feónd-sceaða (_the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom_), 553; eft-sîðas teáh (_withdrew, returned_), 1333; sg. for pl. æg-hwylcum ...þâra þe mid Beówulfe brim-lâde teáh (_to each of those that crossed the sea with B._) 1052; pret. part. þâ wäs ... heard ecg togen (_then was the hard edge drawn_), 1289; wearð ... on näs togen (_was drawn to the promontory_), 1440. â-teón, _to wander, go_, intrans.: pret. sg. tô Heorute â-teáh (_drew to Heorot_), 767. ge-teón: 1) _to draw_: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-teáh, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-teáh, brad brûn-ecg, 1546.--2) _to grant, give, lend_: imp. nô þu him wearne geteóh þînra gegn-cwida glädnian (_refuse not to gladden them with thy answer_), 366; pret. sg. and þâ Beówulfe bega gehwäðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-teáh (_and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both_), 1045; so, he him êst geteáh (_gave possession of_), 2166. of-teón, _to deprive, withdraw_, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scêfing ... monegum mægðum meodo-setla of-teáh, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-teáh, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-teáh, 1521. þurh-teón, _to effect_: inf. gif he torn-gemôt þurh-teón mihte, 1141. teón (cf. teóh, _materia_, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., _to make, work_: pret. sg. teóde, 1453;--_to furnish out, deck_: pret. pl. nalas hi hine lässan lâcum teódan (_provided him with no less gifts_), 43. ge-teón, _to provide, do, bring on_: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð, 2527; pret. sg. þe him ... sâre ge-teóde (_who had done him this harm_), 2296. ge-teóna, w. m., _injurer, harmer_: in comp. lâð-ge-teóna. til, adj., _good, apt, fit_: nom. sg. m. Hâlga til, 61; þegn ungemete till (of Wîglâf), 2722; fem. wäs seó þeód tilu, 1251; neut. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til, 1305. tilian, w. v. w. gen., _to gain, win_: inf. gif ic ... ôwihte mäg þînre môd-lufan mâran tilian (_if I ... gain_), 1824. timbrian, w. v., _to build_: pret. part. acc. sg. säl timbred (_the well-built hall_), 307. be-timbrian, (construere), _to finish building, complete_: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rôfes bêcn, 3161. tîd, st. f., _-tide, time_: acc. sg. twelf wintra tîd, 147; lange tîd, 1916; in þâ tîde, 2228.--Comp.: ân-, morgen-tîd. ge-tîðian (from tigðian), w. v., _to grant_: pret. part. impers. wäs ... bêne (gen.) ge-tîðad feásceaftum men, 2285. tîr, st. m., _glory, repute in war_. gen. sg. tîres, 1655. tîr-eádig, adj., _glorious, famous_: dat. sg. tîr-eádigum menn (of Beówulf), 2190. tîr-fäst, adj., _famous, rich in glory_. nom. sg. (of Hrôðgâr), 923. tîr-leás, adj., _without glory, infamous_: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844. toga, w. m., _leader_: in comp. folc-toga. torht, adj., _bright, brilliant_: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.--Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (_loud in battle_). torn, st. n.: 1) _wrath, insult, distress_: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.--2) _anger_: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.--Comp. lîge-torn. torn, adj., _bitter, cruel_: nom. sg, hreówa tornost, 2130. torn-ge-môt, st. n., (_wrathful meeting_), _angry engagement, battle_: acc. sg., 1141. tô, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, _to, up to, at_: com tô recede (_to the hall_), 721; eode tô sele, 920; eode tô hire freán sittan, 642; gæð eft ... tô medo (_goeth again to mead_), 605; wand tô wolcnum (_wound to the welkin_), 1120; sigon tô slæpe (_sank to sleep_), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lîð-wæge bär hælum tô handa (_bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?_), 1984; ôð þät niht becom ôðer tô yldum, 2118; him tô bearme cwom mâððum-fät mære (_came to his hands, into his possession_), 2405; sælde tô sande sîd-fäðme scip (_fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore_), 1918; þat se harm-scaða tô Heorute â-teáh (_went forth to Heorot_), 767. After verb sittan: site nu tô symble (_sit now to the meal_), 489; siððan ... we tô symble geseten häfdon, 2105; tô ham (_home, at home_), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode tô his wine-drihtne (_spake to his friendly lord_), 360; tô Geátum sprec, 1172; so, hêht þät heaðo-weorc tô hagan biódan (_bade the battle-work be told at the hedge_), 2893.--2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wäs tô bûre Beówulf fetod (_B. was hastily brought from a room_), 1311; siððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brôsinga mene (_since H. carried the Brosing-necklace off from the bright city_), 1200; weán âhsode. fæhðo to Frysum (_suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians_), 1208.--3) =end of motion, hence: a) _to, for, as, in_: þone god sende folce tô frôfre (_for, as, a help to the folk_), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mônan leóman to leóhte (_as a light_), 95; ge-sät ... tô rune (_sat in counsel_), 172; wearð he Heaðo-lâfe tô hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... tô helpe (_bring to, for, help_), 1831; Jofore forgeaf ângan dôhtor ... hyldo tô wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan tô sôðe (_to say in sooth_), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., _on, for, at, against_: he tô gyrn-wräce swîðor þôhte þonne tô sæ-lâde (_thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage_), 1139; säcce ne wêneð tô Gâr-Denum (_nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes_), 602; þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan geþinges (_then I expect for thee a worse result_), 525; ne ic to Sweóþeóde sibbe oððe treówe wihte ne wêne (_nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes_ ...), 2923; wiste þäm ahlæcan tô þäm heáh-sele hilde ge-þinged (_battle prepared for the monster in the high hall_), 648; wel bið þäm þe mot tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms_), 188; þâra þe he ge-worhte tô West-Denum (_of those that he wrought against the West-Danes_), 1579.--4) with the gerund, inf.: tô gefremmanne (_to do_), 174; tô ge-cýðanne (_to make known_), 257; tô secganne (_to say_), 473; to befleónne (_to avoid, escape_), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: tô fêran, 316; tô friclan, 2557.--5) temporal: gewât him tô gescäp-hwîle (_went at(?) the hour of fate_; or, _to his fated rest?_), 26; tô wîdan feore (_ever, in their lives_), 934; âwa tô aldre (_for life, forever_), 956; so, tô aldre, 2006, 2499; tô life (_during life, ever_), 2433.--6) with particles: wôd under wolcnum tô þäs þe ... (_went under the welkin to the point where_ ...), 715; so, elne ge-eodon tô þäs þe, 1968; so, 2411; he him þäs leán for-geald ... tô þäs þe he on reste geseah Grendel licgan (_he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead_), 1586; wäs þät blôd tô þäs hât (_the blood was hot to that degree_), 1617; näs þâ long tô þon þät (_'twas not long till_), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät (_the man was dear to him to that degree_), 1877; tô hwan siððan wearð hond-ræs häleða (_up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out_), 2072; tô middes (_in the midst_), 3142. II. Adverbial modifier, _quasi_ preposition [better explained in many cases as prep. postponed]: l) _to, towards, up to, at_: geóng sôna tô, 1786; so, 2649; fêhð ôðer tô, 1756; sæ-lâc ... þe þu her tô lôcast (_upon which thou here lookest_), 1655; folc tô sægon (_the folk looked on_), 1423; þät hî him tô mihton gegnum gangan (_might proceed thereto_), 313; se þe him bealwa tô bôte gelýfde (_who believed in help out of evils from him_, i.e. Beówulf), 910; him tô anwaldan âre ge-lyfde (_trusted for himself to the Almighty's help_), 1273; þe ûs sêceað tô Sweóna leóde (_that the Swedes will come against us_), 3002.--2) before adj. and adv., _too_: tô strang (_too mighty_), 133; tô fäst, 137; tô swýð, 191; so, 789, 970, 1337, 1743, 1749, etc.; tô fela micles (_far too much_), 695; he tô forð ge-stôp (_he had gone too far_), 2290. tôð (G. tunþu-s), st. m., _tooth_: in comp. blôdig-tôð (adj.). tredan, st. v. w. acc., _to tread_: inf. sæ-wong tredan, 1965; el-land tredan, 3020; pret. sg. wräc-lâstas träd, 1353; medo-wongas träd, 1644; gräs-moldan träd, 1882. treddian, tryddian (see trod), w. v., _to stride, tread, go_: pret. sg. treddode, 726; tryddode getrume micle (_strode about with a strong troop_), 923. trem, st. n., _piece, part_: acc. sg. ne ... fôtes trem (_not a foot's breadth_), 2526. treów, st. f., _fidelity, good faith_: acc. sg. treówe, 1073; sibbe oððe treówe, 2923. treów, st. n., _tree_: in comp. galg-treów. treówian. See trûwian. treów-loga, w. m., _troth-breaker, pledge-breaker_: nom. pl. treów-logan, 2848. trodu, st. f., _track, step_: acc. sg. or pl. trode, 844. ge-trum, st. n., _troop, band_: instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923. trum, adj., _strong, endowed with_: nom. sg. heorot hornum trum, 1370. ge-trûwan, w. v. w. acc., _to confirm, pledge solemnly_: pret. sg. þâ hie getrûwedon on twâ healfe fäste frioðu-wære, 1096. trûwian, treówan, w. v., _to trust in, rely on, believe in_: 1) w. dat.: pret. sg. sîðe ne trûwode leófes mannes (_I trusted not in the dear man's enterprise_), 1994; bearne ne trûwode þät he ... (_she trusted not the child that_ ...), 2371; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe treówde þät he ... (_each trusted his heart that_ ...), 1167.--2) w. gen.: pret. sg. Geáta leód georne trûwode môdgan mägnes, 670; wiðres ne trûwode, 2954. ge-trûwian, _to rely on, trust in_, w. dat.: pret. sg. strenge ge-trûwode, mund-gripe mägenes, 1534;--w. gen. pret. sg. beorges ge-trûwode, wîges and wealles, 2323; strenge ge-trûwode ânes mannes, 2541. tryddian. See treddian. trýwe, adj., _true, faithful_: nom. sg. þâ gyt wäs ... æghwylc ôðrum trýwe, 1166. ge-trýwe, adj., _faithful_: nom. sg. her is æghwylc eorl ôðrum ge-trýwe, 1229. turf, st. f., _sod, soil, seat_: in comp. êðel-turf. tux, st. m., _tooth, tusk_: in comp. hilde-tux. ge-twæfan, w. v. w. acc. of person and gen. thing, _to separate, divide, deprive of, hinder_: pres. sg. III. þät þec âdl oððe ecg eafoðes ge-twæfeð (_robs of strength_), 1764; inf. god eáðe mäg þone dol-scaðan dæda ge-twæfan (_God may easily restrain the fierce foe from his deeds_), 479; pret. sg. sumne Geáta leód ... feores getwæfde (_cut him off from life_), 1434; nô þær wæg-flotan wind ofer ýðum sîðes ge-twæfde (_the wind hindered not the wave-floater in her course over the water_), 1909; pret. part. ät rihte wäs gûð ge-twæfed (_almost had the struggle been ended_), 1659. ge-twæman, w. v. acc. pers. and gen. thing, _to hinder, render incapable of, restrain_: inf. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges getwæman, 969. twegen, m. f. n. twâ, num., _twain, two_: nom. m. twegen, 1164; acc. m. twegen, 1348; dat. twæm, 1192 gen. twega, 2533; acc. f. twâ, 1096, 1195. twelf, num., _twelve_, gen. twelfa, 3172. tweone (Frisian twine), num. = _bini, two_: dat. pl. be sæm tweonum, 859, 1298; 1686. twidig, adj., in comp. lang-twidig (_long-assured_), 1709. tyder, st. m., _race, descendant_: in comp. un-tyder, 111. tydre (Frisian teddre), adj., _weak, unwarlike, cowardly_: nom. pl. tydre, 2848. tyn, num., _ten_: uninflect. dat. on tyn dagum, 3161; inflect. nom. tyne, 2848. tyrwian, w. v., _to tar_: pret. part. tyrwed in comp.: niw-tyrwed. on-tyhtan, w. v., _to urge on, incite, entice_: pret. sg. on-tyhte, 3087. Þ þafian, w. v. w. acc., _to submit to, endure_: inf. þät se þeód-cyning þafian sceolde Eofores ânne dôm, 2964. þanc, st. m.: 1) _thought_: in comp. fore-, hete-, or-, searo-þanc; inwit-þanc (adj.).--2) _thanks_ (w. gen. of thing): nom. sg., 929, 1779; acc. sg. þanc, 1998, 2795.--3) _content, favor, pleasure_: dat. sg. þâ þe gif-sceattas Geáta fyredon þyder tô þance (_those that tribute for the Geâtas carried thither for favor_). 379. ge-þanc, st. m., _thought_: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333.--Comp. môd-ge-þanc. þanc-hycgende, pres. part., _thoughtful_, 2236. þancian, w. v., _to thank_: pret. sg. gode þancode ... þäs þe hire se willa ge-lamp (_thanked God that her wish was granted_), 626; so, 1398; pl. þancedon, 627(?). þanon, þonon, þonan, adv., _thence_: 1) local: þanon eft gewât (_he went thence back_), 123; þanon up ... stigon (_went up thence_), 224; so, þanon, 463, 692, 764, 845, 854, 1293; þanan, 1881; þonon, 520, 1374, 2409; þonan, 820, 2360, 2957.--2) personal: þanon untydras ealle on-wôcon (_from him_, i.e. Cain, etc.), 111; so, þanan, 1266; þonon, 1961; unsôfte þonon feorh ôð-ferede (i.e. from Grendel's mother), 2141. þâ, adv.: l) _there, then_, 3, 26, 28, 34, 47, 53, etc. With þær: þâ þær, 331. With nu: nu þâ (_now then_), 658.--2) conjunction, _when, as, since_, w. indic., 461, 539, 633, etc.;--_because, whilst, during, since_, 402, 465, 724, 2551, etc. þät, I. demons, pron. acc. neut. of se: demons, nom. þät (_that_), 735, 766, etc.; instr. sg. þý, 1798, 2029; þät ic þý wæpne ge-bräd (_that I brandished as(?) a weapon; that I brandished the weapon?_), 1665; þý weorðra (_the more honored_), 1903; þý sêft (_the more easily_), 2750; þý läs hym ýðe þrym wudu wynsuman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves the winsome boat might carry away_), 1919; nô þý ær (_not sooner_), 755, 1503, 2082, 2374, 2467; nô þý leng (_no longer, none the longer_), 975. þý =adv., _therefore, hence_, 1274, 2068; þê ... þê = _on this account; for this reason ... that, because_, 2639-2642; wiste þê geornor (_knew but too well_), 822; he ... wäs sundes þê sænra þe hine swylt fornam (_he was the slower in swimming as [whom?] death carried him off_), 1437; näs him wihte þê sêl (_it was none the better for him_), 2688; so, 2278. Gen. sg. þäs = adv., _for this reason, therefore_, 7, 16, 114, 350, 589, 901, 1993, 2027, 2033, etc. þäs þe, especially after verbs of thanking, = _because_, 108, 228, 627, 1780, 2798;--also = secundum quod: þäs þe hie gewislîcost ge-witan meahton, 1351;--_therefore, accordingly_, 1342, 3001; tô þäs (_to that point; to that degree_), 715, 1586, 1617, 1968, 2411; þäs georne (_so firmly_), 969; ac he þäs fäste wäs ... besmiðod (_it was too firmly set_), 774; nô þäs frôd leofað gumena bearna þät þone grund wite (_none liveth among men so wise that he should know its bottom_), 1368; he þäs (þäm, MS.) môdig wäs (_had the courage for it_), 1509. II. conj. (relative), _that, so that_, 15, 62, 84, 221, 347, 358, 392, 571, etc.; ôð þät (_up to that, until_); see ôð. þätte (from þät þe, see þe), _that_, 151, 859, 1257, 2925, etc.; þät þe (_that_), 1847. þær: 1) demons. adv., _there (where)_, 32, 36, 89, 400, 757, etc.; morðor-bealo mâga, þær heó ær mæste heóld worolde wynne (_the death-bale of kinsmen where before she had most worldly joy_), 1080. With þâ: þâ þær, 331; þær on innan (_therein_), 71. Almost like Eng. expletive _there_, 271, 550, 978, etc.;--_then, at that time_, 440;--_thither_: þær swîð-ferhðe sittan eodon (_thither went the bold ones to sit_, i.e. to the bench), 493, etc.--2) relative, _where_, 356, 420, 508, 513, 522, 694, 867, etc.; eode ... þær se snottra bâd (_went where the wise one tarried_), 1314; so, 1816;--_if_, 763, 798, 1836, 2731, etc.;--_whither_: gâ þær he wille, 1395. þe, I. relative particle, indecl., partly standing alone, partly associated with se, seó, þät: Hunferð maðelode, þe ät fôtum sät (_H., who sat at his feet, spake_), 500; so, 138, etc.; wäs þät gewin tô swýð þe on þâ leóde be-com (_the misery that had come on the people was too great_), 192, etc.; ic wille ... þe þâ and-sware ädre ge-cýðan þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (_I will straightway tell thee the answer that the good one shall give_), 355; ôð þone ânne däg þe he ... (_till that very day that he_ ...), 2401; heó þâ fæhðe wräc þe þu ... Grendel cwealdest (_the fight in which thou slewest G._), 1335; mid þære sorge þe him sió sâr belamp (_with the sorrow wherewith the pain had visited him_), 2469; pl. þonne þâ dydon þe ... (_than they did that_ ...), 45; so, 378, 1136; þâ mâðmas þe he me sealde (_the treasures that he gave me_), 2491; so, ginfästan gife þe him god sealde (_the great gifts that God had given him_), 2183. After þâra þe (_of those that_), the depend. verb often takes sg. instead of pl. (Dietrich, Haupt XI., 444 seqq.): wundor-sióna fela secga ge-hwylcum þâra þe on swylc starað (_to each of those that look on such_), 997; so, 844, 1462, 2384, 2736. Strengthened by se, seó, þät: sägde se þe cûðe (_said he that knew_), 90; wäs se grimma gäst Grendel hâten, se þe môras heóld (_the grim stranger hight Grendel, he that held the moors_), 103; here-byrne ... seó þe bân-cofan beorgan cûðe (_the corselet that could protect the body_), 1446, etc.; þær ge-lýfan sceal dryhtnes dôme se þe hine deáð nimeð (_he shall believe in God's judgment whom death carrieth off_), 441; so, 1437, 1292 (cf. Heliand I., 1308). þäs þe. See þät. þeáh þe. See þeáh. for þam þe. See for-þam. þý, þê, _the, by that_, instr. of se: âhte ic holdra þý läs ... þe deáð for-nam (_I had the less friends whom death snatched away_), 488; so, 1437. þeccan, w. v., _to cover_ (thatch), _cover over_: inf. þâ sceal brond fretan, äled þeccean (_fire shall eat, flame shall cover, the treasures_), 3016; pret. pl. þær git eágor-streám earmum þehton (_in swimming_), 513. þegn, st. m., _thane, liegeman, king's higher vassal; knight_: nom. sg., 235, 494, 868, 2060, 2710; (Beówulf), 194; (Wîglâf), 2722; acc. sg. þegen (Beówulf, MS. þegn), 1872; dat. sg. þegne, 1342, 1420; (Hengest), 1086; (Wîglâf), 2811; gen. sg. þegnes, 1798; nom. pl. þegnas, 1231; acc. pl. þegnas, 1082, 3122; dat. pl. þegnum, 2870; gen. pl. þegna, 123, 400, 1628, 1674, 1830, 2034, etc.--Comp.: ambiht-, ealdor-, heal-, magu-, sele-þegn. þegnian, þênian, w. v., _to serve, do liege service_: pret. sg. ic him þênode deóran sweorde (_I served them with my good sword_, i.e. slew them with it), 560. þegn-sorh, st. f., _thane-sorrow, grief for a liegeman_: acc. sg. þegn-sorge, 131. þegu, st. f., _taking_: in comp.: beáh-, beór-, sinc-þegu. þel, st. n., _deal-board, board for benches_: in comp. benc-þel, 486, 1240. þencan, w. v.: 1) _to think_: absolutely: pres. sg. III. se þe wel þenceð, 289; so, 2602. With depend. clause: pres. sg. nænig heora þôhte þät he ... (_none of them thought that he_), 692.--2) w. inf., _to intend_: pres. sg. III. þâ and-sware ... þe me se gôda â-gifan þenceð (_the answer that the good one intendeth to give me_), 355; (blôdig wäl) byrgean þenceð, 448; þonne he ... gegân þenceð longsumne lof (_if he will win eternal fame_), 1536; pret. sg. ne þät aglæca yldan þôhte (_the monster did not mean to delay that_), 740; pret. pl. wit unc wið hronfixas werian þôhton, 541; (hine) on healfa ge-hwone heáwan þôhton, 801. â-þencan, _to intend, think out_: pret. sg. (he) þis ellen-weorc âna â-þôhte tô ge-fremmanne, 2644. ge-þencan, w. acc.: 1) _to think of_: þät he his selfa ne mäg ... ende ge-þencean (_so that he himself may not think of, know, its limit_), 1735.--2) _to be mindful_: imper. sg. ge-þenc nu ... hwät wit geó spræcon, 1475. þenden: 1) adv., _at this time, then, whilst_: nalles fâcen-stafas Þeód-Scyldingas þenden fremedon (_not at all at this time had the Scyldings done foul deeds_), 1020 (referring to 1165; cf. Wîdsîð, 45 seqq.); þenden reáfode rinc ôðerne (_whilst one warrior robbed another_, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþeów), 2986.--2) conj., _so long as, whilst_, 30, 57, 284, 1860, 2039, 2500, 3028;--_whilst_, 2419. With subj., _whilst, as long as_: þenden þu môte, 1178; þenden þu lifige, 1255; þenden hyt sý (_whilst the heat lasts_), 2650. þengel, st. m., _prince, lord, ruler_: acc. sg. hringa þengel (Beówulf), 1508. þes (m.), þeós (f.), þis (n.), demons. pron., _this_: nom. sg. 411, 432, 1703; f., 484; nom. acc. neut., 2156, 2252, 2644; þys, 1396; acc. sg. m. þisne, 75; f. þâs, 1682; dat. sg. neut. þissum, 1170; þyssum, 2640; f. þisse, 639; gen. m. þisses, 1217; f. þisse, 929; neut. þysses, 791, 807; nom. pl. and acc. þâs, 1623, 1653, 2636, 2641; dat. þyssum, 1063, 1220. þê. See þät. þêh. See þeáh. þearf, st. f., _need_: nom. sg. þearf, 1251, 2494, 2638; þâ him wäs manna þearf (_as he was in need of men_), 201; acc. sg. þearfe, 1457, 2580, 2850; fremmað ge nu leóda þearfe (_do ye now what is needful for the folk_), 2802; dat. sg. ät þearfe, 1478, 1526, 2695, 2710; acc. pl. se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe (_who would supply in courtesy all the thane's needs_), 1798 (cf. sele-þegn, 1795).--Comp.: firen-, nearo-, ofer-þearf. þearf. See þurfan. ge-þearfian, w. v., = _necessitatem imponere_: pret. part. þâ him swâ ge-þearfod wäs (_since so they found it necessary_), 1104. þearle, adv., _very, exceedingly_, 560. þeáh, þêh, conj., _though, even though_ or _if_: 1) with subj. þeáh, 203, 526, 588, 590, 1168, 1661, 2032, 2162. Strengthened by þe: þeáh þe, 683, 1369, 1832, 1928, 1942, 2345, 2620; þeáh ... eal (_although_), 681.--2) with indic.: þeáh, 1103; þêh, 1614.--3) doubtful: þeáh he ûðe wel, 2856; swâ þeáh (_nevertheless_), 2879; nô ... swâ þeáh (_not then however_), 973; näs þe forht swâ þêh (_he was not, though, afraid_), 2968; hwäðre swâ þeáh (_yet however_), 2443. þeáw, st. m., _custom, usage_: nom. sg., 178, 1247; acc. sg. þeáw, 359; instr. pl. þeáwum (_in accordance with custom_), 2145. þeód, st. f.: 1) _war-troop, retainers_: nom. sg., 644, 1231, 1251.--2) _nation, folk_: nom. sg., 1692; gen. pl. þeóda, 1706.--Comp.: sige-, wer-þeód. þeód-cyning, st. m., (=folc-cyning), _warrior-king, king of the people_: nom. sg. (Hrôðgâr), 2145; (Ongenþeów), 2964, 2971; þiód-cyning (Beówulf), 2580; acc. sg. þeód-cyning (Beówulf), 3009; gen. sg. þeód-cyninges (Beówulf), 2695; gen. pl. þeód-cyninga, 2. þeóden, st. m., _lord of a troop, war-chief, king; ruler_: nom. sg., 129, 365, 417, 1047, 1210, 1676, etc.; þióden, 2337, 2811; acc. sg. þeóden, 34, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2884, 3080; þióden, 2789; dat. sg. þeódne, 345, 1526, 1993, 2573, 2710, etc.; þeóden, 2033; gen. sg. þeódnes 798, 911, 1086, 1628, 1838, 2175; þiódnes, 2657; nom. pl. þeódnas, 3071. þeóden-leás, adj., _without chief_ or _king_: nom. pl. þeóden-leáse, 1104. þeód-gestreón, st. n., _people's-jewel, precious treasure_: instr. pl. þeód-ge-streónum, 44; gen. pl. þeód-ge-streóna, 1219. þeódig, adj., _appertaining to a_ þeód: in comp. el-þeódig. þeód-scaða, w. m., _foe of the people, general foe_: nom. sg. þeód-sceaða (_the dragon_), 2279, 2689. þeód-þreá, st. f. m., _popular misery, general distress_: dat. pl. wið þeód-þreáum, 178. þeóf, st. m., _thief_: gen. sg. þeófes cräfte, 2221. þeón, st. v.: 1) _to grow, ripen, thrive_: pret. sg. weorðmyndum þâh (_grew in glory_), 8.--2) _to thrive in, succeed_: pret. sg. hûru þät on lande lyt manna þâh (_that throve to few_), 2837. See Note, l. 901. ge-þeón, _to grow, thrive; increase in power and influence_: imper. ge-þeóh tela, 1219; inf. lof-dædum sceal ... man geþeón, 25; þät þät þeódnes bearn ge-þeón scolde, 911. on-þeón? _to begin, undertake_, w. gen.: pret. he þäs ær onþâh, 901. [In MS. Emended in text.--KTH] See Note, l. 901. þeon (for þeówan), w. v., _to oppress, restrain_: inf. näs se folc-cyning ymb-sittendra ænig þâra þe mec ... dorste egesan þeón (_that durst oppress me with terror_), 2737. þeóstor, adj., _dark, gloomy_: instr. pl. þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2333. þicgan, st. v. w. acc., _to seize, attain, eat, appropriate_: inf. þät he (Grendel) mâ môste manna cynnes þicgean ofer þâ niht, 737; symbel þicgan (_take the meal, enjoy the feast_), 1011; pret. pl. þät hie me þêgon, 563; þær we medu þêgun, 2634. ge-þicgan, w. acc., _to grasp, take_: pret. sg. (symbel and sele-ful, ful) ge-þeah, 619, 629; Beówulf ge-þah ful on flette, 1025; pret. pl. (medo-ful manig) ge-þægon, 1015. þider, þyder, adv., _thither_: þyder, 3087, 379, 2971. þihtig, þyhtig, adj., _doughty, vigorous, firm_: acc. sg. neut. sweord ... ecgum þyhtig, 1559.--Comp. hyge-þihtig. þincan. See þyncan. þing, st. n.: 1) _thing_: gen. pl. ænige þinga (_ullo modo_), 792, 2375, 2906.--2) _affair, contest, controversy_: nom. sg. me wearð Grendles þing ... undyrne cûð (_Grendel's doings became known to me_), 409.--3) _judgment, issue, judicial assembly_(?): acc. sg. sceal ... âna gehegan þing wið þyrse (_shall bring the matter alone to an issue against the giant_: see hegan), 426. ge-þing, st. n.: 1) _terms, covenant_: acc. pl. ge-þingo, 1086.--2) _fate, providence, issue_: gen. sg. ge-þinges, 398, 710; (ge-þingea, MS.), 525. ge-þingan, st. v., _to grow, mature, thrive_ (Dietrich, Haupt IX., 430): pret. part. cwên môde ge-þungen (_mature-minded, high-spirited, queen_), 625. See wel-þungen. ge-þingan (see ge-þing), w. v.: 1) _to conclude a treaty_: w. refl. dat, _enter into a treaty_: pres. sg. III. gif him þonne Hrêðrîc tô hofum Geáta ge-þingeð _(if H. enters into a treaty_ (seeks aid at?) _with the court of the Geátas_, referring to the old German custom of princes entering the service or suite of a foreign king), 1838. Leo.--2) _to prepare, appoint_: pret. part. wiste [ät] þäm ahlæcan ... hilde ge-þinged, 648; hraðe wäs ... mêce ge-þinged, 1939. þingian, w. v.: 1) _to speak in an assembly, make an address_: inf. ne hýrde ic snotor-lîcor on swâ geongum feore guman þingian (_I never heard a man so young speak so wisely_), 1844.--2) _to compound, settle, lay aside_: inf. ne wolde feorh-bealo ... feó þingian (_would not compound the life-bale for money_), 156; so, pret. sg. þâ fæhðe feó þingode, 470. þîhan. See þeón. þin, possess, pron., _thy, thine_, 267, 346, 353, 367, 459, etc. ge-þôht, st. m., _thought, plan_: acc. sg. ân-fealdne ge-þôht, 256; fäst-rædne ge-þôht, 611. þolian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to endure, bear_: inf. (inwid-sorge) þolian, 833; pres. sg. III. þreá-nýd þolað, 284; pret. sg. þolode þryðswyð, 131.--2) _to hold out, stand, survive_: pres. sg. (intrans.) þenden þis sweord þolað (_as long as this sword holds out_), 2500; pret. sg. (seó ecg) þolode ær fela hand-gemôta, 1526. ge-þolian: 1) _to suffer, bear, endure_: gerund. tô ge-þolianne, 1420; pret. sg. earfoð-lice þrage ge-þolode..., þät he ... dreám gehýrde (_bore ill that he heard the sound of joy_), 87; torn ge-þolode (_bore the misery_), 147.--2) _to have patience, wait_: inf. þær he longe sceal on þäs waldendes wære ge-þolian, 3110. þon (Goth, þan) = _tum, then, now_, 504; äfter þon (_after that_), 725; ær þon däg cwôme (_ere day came_), 732; nô þon lange (_it was not long till then_), 2424; näs þâ long tô þon (_it was not long till then_), 2592, 2846; wäs him se man tô þon leóf þät ... _(the man was to that degree dear to him that ..._), 1877. þonne: 1) adv., _there, then, now_, 377, 435, 525, 1105, 1456, 1485, 1672, 1823, 3052, 3098(?).--2) conj., _if, when, while_: a) w. indic., 573, 881, 935, 1034, 1041, 1043, 1144, 1286, 1327, 1328, 1375, etc.; þät ic gum-cystum gôdne funde beága bryttan, breác þonne môste (_that I found a good ring-giver and enjoyed him whilst I could_), 1488. b) w. subj., 23, 1180, 3065; þonne ...þonne (_then ... when_), 484-85, 2447-48; gif þonne ...þonne (_if then ... then_), 1105-1107. c) _than_ after comparatives, 44, 248, 469, 505, 534, 679, 1140, 1183, etc.; a comparative must be supplied, l. 70, before þone: þät he ... hâtan wolde medo-ärn micel men ge-wyrcean þone yldo bearn æfre ge-frunon (_a great mead-house_ (greater) _than men had ever known_). þracu, st. f., _strength, boldness_: in comp. môd-þracu; = impetus in ecg-þracu. þrag, st. f., _period of time, time_: nom. sg. þâ hine sió þrag be-cwom (_when the_ [battle]-_hour befell him_), 2884; acc. sg. þrage (_for a time_), 87; longe (lange) þrage, 54, 114.--Comp. earfoð-þrag. ge-þräc, st. n., _multitude, crowd_: in comp. searo-ge-þräc. þrec-wudu, st. m., (_might-wood_), _spear_ (cf. mägen-wudu): acc. sg., 1247. þreá, st. m. f., _misery, distress_: in comp. þeód-þreá, þreá-nêdla, -nýd. þreá-nêdla, w. m., _crushing distress, misery_: dat. sg. for þreá-nêdlan, 2225. þrea-nýd, st. f., _oppression, distress_: acc. sg. þreá-nýd, 284; dat. pl. þreá-nýdum, 833. þreát, st. m., _troop, band_: dat. sg. on þam þreáte, 2407; dat. pl. sceaðena þreátum, 4.--Comp. îren-þreát. þreátian, w. v. w. acc., _to press, oppress_: pret. pl. mec ...þreátedon, 560. þreot-teoða, num. adj. w. m., _thirteenth_: nom. sg. þreot-teoða secg, 2407. þreó, num. (neut.), _three_: acc. þrió wicg, 2175; þreó hund wintra, 2279. þridda, num. adj. w. m., _third_: instr. þriddan sîðe, 2689. ge-þring, st. n., _eddy, whirlpool, crush_: acc. on holma ge-þring, 2133. þringan, st. v., _to press_: pret. sg. wergendra tô lyt þrong ymbe þeóden (_too few defenders pressed round the prince_), 2884; pret. pl. syððan Hrêðlingas tô hagan þrungon (_after the Hrethlingas had pressed into the hedge_), 2961. for-þringan, _to press out; rescue, protect_: inf. þät he ne mehte ...þâ weá-lâfe wîge for-þringan þeódnes þegne (_that he could not rescue the wretched remnant from the king's thane by war_), 1085. ge-þringan, _to press_: pret. sg. ceól up geþrang (_the ship shot up_), i.e. on the shore in landing), 1913. þritig, num., _thirty_ (neut. subst.): acc. sg. w. partitive gen.: þritig þegna, 123; gen. þrittiges (XXXtiges MS.) manna, 379. þrîst-hydig, adj., _bold-minded, valorous_: nom. sg. þióden þrîst-hydig (Beówulf), 2811. þrowian, w. v. w. acc., _to suffer, endure_: inf. (hât, gnorn) þrowian, 2606, 2659; pret. sg. þrowade, 1590, 1722; þrowode, 2595. þryð, st. f., _abundance, multitude_, _excellence, power_: instr. pl. þryðum (_excellently, extremely; excellent in strength?_), 494. þryð-ärn, st. n., _excellent house, royal hall_: acc. sg. (of Heorot), 658. þryðlîc, adj., _excellent, chosen_: nom. sg. þryð-lîc þegna heáp, 400, 1628; superl. acc. pl. þryð-lîcost, 2870. þrýð-swýð, st. n.?, _great pain_ (?): acc., 131, 737 [? adj., _very powerful, exceeding strong_]. þryð-word, st. n., _bold speech, choice discourse_: nom. sg., 644. (Great store was set by good table-talk: cf. Lachmann's Nibelunge, 1612; Rîgsmâl, 29, 7, in Möbius, p. 79b, 22.) þrym, st. m.: 1) _power, might, force_: nom. sg. ýða þrym, 1919; instr. pl. = adv. þrymmum (_powerfully_), 235.--2) _glory, renown_: acc. sg. þrym, 2.--Comp. hyge-þrym. þrym-lîc, adj., _powerful, mighty_: nom. sg. þrec-wudu þrym-lîc (_the mighty spear_), 1247. þu, pron., _thou_, 366, 407, 445, etc.; acc. sg. þec (poetic), 948, 2152, etc.; þe, 417, 426, 517, etc.; after compar. sêlran þe (_a better one than thee_), 1851. See ge. þunca, w. m. See äf-þunca. ge-þungen. See ge-þingan, st. v. þurfan, pret.-pres. v., _to need_: pres. sg. II. nô þu ne þearft ... sorgian (_needest not care_), 450; so, 445, 1675; III. ne þearf ... onsittan (_need not fear_), 596; so, 2007, 2742; pres. subj. þät he ... sêcean þurfe, 2496; pret. sg. þorfte, 157, 1027, 1072, 2875, 2996; pl. nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges (_needed not boast of their foot-fight_), 2365. ge-þuren. See þweran. þurh, prep. w. acc. signifying motion through, hence: I. local, _through, throughout_: wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc (_went then through the battle-reek_), 2662.--II. causal: l) _on account of, for the sake of, owing to_: þurh slîðne nîð (_through fierce hostility, heathenism_), 184; þurh holdne hige (_from friendliness_), 267; so, þurh rûmne sefan, 278; þurh sîdne sefan, 1727; eóweð þurh egsan uncûðne nîð (_shows unheard-of hostility by the terror he causes_), 276; so, 1102, 1336, 2046. 2) _by means of, through_: heaðo-ræs for-nam mihtig mere-deór þurh mîne hand, 558; þurh ânes cräft, 700; so, 941, 1694, 1696, 1980, 2406, 3069. þus, adv., _so, thus_, 238, 337, 430. þunian, w. v., _to din, sound forth_: pret. sg. sund-wudu þunede, 1907. þûsend, num., _thousand_: 1) fem. acc. ic þe þûsenda þegna bringe tô helpe, 1830.--2) neut. with measure of value (sceat) omitted: acc. seofan þûsendo, 2196; gen. hund-þûsenda landes and locenra beága (100,000 _sceattas' worth of land and rings_), 2995.--3) uninflected: acc. þûsend wintra, 3051. þwære, adj., _affable, mild_: in comp. man-þwære. ge-þwære, adj., _gentle, mild_: nom. pl. ge-þwære, 1231. ge-þweran, st. v., _to forge, strike_: pret. part. heoru ... hamere ge-þuren (for ge-þworen) (_hammer-forged sword_), 1286. þyhtig. See þihtig. ge-þyld (see þolian), st. f.: 1) _patience, endurance_: acc. sg. ge-þyld, 1396.--2) _steadfastness_: instr. pl. = adv.: ge-þyldum (_steadfastly, patiently_), 1706. þyle, st. m., _spokesman, leader of the conversation at court_: nom. sg., 1166, 1457. þyncan, þincean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., _to seem, appear_: pres. sg. III. þinceð him tô lytel (_it seems to him too little_), 1749; ne þynceð me gerysne, þät we _(it seemeth to me not fit that we_ ...), 2654; pres. pl. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla ge-æhtlan (_they seem worthy contenders with_ (?) _earls_; or, _worthy warriors_), 368; pres. subj. swâ him ge-met þince, 688; inf. þincean, 1342; pret. sg. þûhte, 2462, 3058; nô his lîf-gedâl sâr-lîc þûhte secga ænigum (_his death seemed painful to none of men_), 843; pret. pl. þær him fold-wegas fägere þûhton, 867. of-þincan, _to displease, offend_: inf. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden (dat.) Heaðo-beardna and þegna gehwâm þâra leóda, 2033. þyrs, st. m., _giant_: dat. sg. wið þyrse (Grendel), 426. þys-lîc, adj., _such, of such a nature_: nom. sg. fem. þys-lîcu þearf, 2638. þý. See þät. þýwan (M.H.G. diuhen, O.H.G. duhan), w. v., _to crush, oppress_: inf. gif þec ymb-sittend egesan þýwað (_if thy neighbors oppress thee with dread_), 1828. þýstru, st. f., _darkness_: dat. pl. in þýstrum, 87. ge-þýwe, adj., _customary, usual_: nom. sg. swâ him ge-þýwe ne wäs (_as was not his custom_), 2333. U ufan, _adv., from above_, 1501; _above_, 330. ufera (prop. _higher_), adj., _later_: dat. pl. ufaran dôgrum, 2201, 2393. ufor, adv., _higher_, 2952. uhte, w. f., _twilight_ or _dawn_: dat. or acc. on uhtan, 126. uht-floga, w. m., _twilight-flier, dawn-flier_ (epithet of the dragon): gen. sg. uht-flogan, 2761. uht-hlem, st. m., _twilight-cry, dawn-cry_: acc. sg., 2008. uht-sceaða, w. m., _twilight-_ or _dawn-foe_: nom. sg., 2272. umbor, st. n., _child, infant_: acc. sg., 46; dat. sg., 1188. un-blîðe, adv.(?), _unblithely, sorrowfully_, 130, 2269; (adj., nom. pl.?), 3032. un-byrnende, pres. part., _unburning, without burning_, 2549. unc, dat. and acc. of the dual wit, _us two, to us two_, 1784, 2138, 2527; gen. hwäðer ... uncer twega (_which of us two_), 2533; uncer Grendles (_of us two, G. and me_), 2003. uncer, poss. pron., _of us two_: nom. sg. [uncer], 2002(?); dat. pl. uncran eaferan, 1186. un-cûð, adj.: 1) _unknown_: nom. sg. stîg ... eldum uncûð, 2215; acc. sg. neut. uncûð ge-lâd (_unknown ways_), 1411.--2) _unheard-of, barbarous, evil_: acc. sg. un-cûðne nîð, 276; gen. sg. un-cûðes (_of the foe_, Grendel), 961. under, I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat., answering question where? = _under_ (of rest), contrasted with _over_: bât (wäs) under beorge, 211; þâ cwom Wealhþeó forð gân under gyldnum beáge (_W. walked forth under a golden circlet_, i.e. decked with), 1164; siððan he under segne sine ealgode (_under his banner_), 1205; he under rande ge-cranc (_sank under his shield_), 1210; under wolcnum, 8, 1632; under heofenum, 52, 505; under roderum, 310; under helme, 342, 404; under here-grîman, 396, 2050, 2606; so, 711, 1198, 1303, 1929, 2204, 2416, 3061, 3104.--2) w. acc.: a) answering question whither? = _under_ (of motion): þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf, 403; siððan æfen-leóht under heofenes hâdor be-holen weorðeð, 414; under sceadu bregdan, 708; fleón under fen-hleoðu, 821; hond âlegde ... under geápne hrôf, 837; teón in under eoderas, 1038; so, 1361, 1746, 2129, 2541, 2554, 2676, 2745; so, häfde þâ for-sîðod sunu Ecg-þeówes under gynne grund, 1552 (for-sîðian requires acc.). b) after verbs of venturing and fighting, with acc. of object had in view: he under hârne stân ...âna ge-nêðde frêcne dæde, 888; ne dorste under ýða ge-win aldre ge-nêðan, 1470. c) indicating extent, with acc. after expressions of limit, etc.: under swegles begong (_as far as the sky extends_), 861, 1774; under heofenes hwealf (_as far as heaven's vault reaches_), 2016. II. Adv., _beneath, below_: stîg under läg (_a path lay beneath_, i.e. the rock), 2214. undern-mæl, st. n., _midday_: acc. sg., 1429. un-dyrne, un-derne, adj., _without concealment, plain, clear_: nom. sg., 127, 2001; un-derne, 2912. un-dyrne, adv., _plainly, evidently_; un-dyrne cûð, 150, 410. un-fäger, adj., _unlovely, hideous_: nom. sg. leóht un-fäger, 728. un-fæcne, adj., _without malice, sincere_: nom. sg., 2069. un-fæge, adj., _not death-doomed_ or "_fey_": nom. sg., 2292; acc. sg. un-fægne eorl, 573. un-flitme, adv., _solemnly, incontestably_: Finn Hengeste elne unflitme âðum benemde (_F. swore solemnly to H. with oaths_) [if an adj., elne un-f. = _unconquerable in valor_], 1098. un-forht, adj., _fearless, bold_: nom. sg., 287; acc. pl. unforhte (adv.?), 444. See Note. un-from, adj., _unfit, unwarlike_: nom. sg., 2189. un-frôd, adj., _not aged, young_: dat sg. guman un-frôdum, 2822. un-gedêfelîce, adv., _unjustly, contrary to right and custom_, 2436. un-gemete, adv., _immeasurably, exceedingly_, 2421, 2722, 2729. un-gemetes, adv. gen. sg., the same, 1793. un-geâra, adv., (_not old_), _recently, lately_, 933; _soon_, 603. un-gifeðe, adj., _not to be granted; refused_: nom. sg., 2922. un-gleáw, adj., _regardless, reckless_: acc. sg. sweord ... ecgum ungleáw (of a sharp-edged sword), 2565. un-hâr, adj., _very gray_: nom. sg., 357; (_bald_?). un-hælo, st. f., _mischief, destruction_: gen. sg. wiht un-hælo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120. un-heóre, un-hýre, adj., _monstrous, horrible_: nom. sg. m., weard un-hióre (the dragon), 2414; neut. wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), 2121; nom. pl. neut. hand-sporu ... unheóru (of Grendel's claws), 988. un-hlytme, un-hlitme, adv. (cf. A.S. hlytm = _lot_; O.N. hluti = _part division_), _undivided, unseparated_, _united_, 1130 [unless = un-flitme, 1098]. See Note. un-leóf, adj., _hated_: acc. pl. seah on un-leófe, 2864. un-lifigende, pres. part., _unliving, lifeless_: nom. sg. un-lifigende, 468; acc. sg. un-lyfigendne, 1309; dat. sg. un-lifgendum, 1390; gen. sg. un-lyfigendes, 745. un-lytel, adj., _not little, very large_: nom. sg. duguð un-lytel (_a great band of warriors_? or _great joy_?), 498; dôm un-lytel (_no little glory_), 886; acc. sg. torn un-lytel (_very great shame, misery_), 834. un-murnlîce, adv., _unpityingly, without sorrowing_, 449, 1757. unnan, pret.-pres. v., _to grant, give; wish, will_: pret.-pres. sg. I. ic þe an tela sinc-gestreóna, 1226; weak pret. sg. I. ûðe ic swîðor þät þu hine selfne ge-seón môste, 961; III. he ne ûðe þät ...(_he granted not that ..._), 503; him god ûðe þät ... he hyne sylfne ge-wräc (_God granted to him that he avenged himself_), 2875; þeáh he ûðe wel (_though he well would_), 2856. ge-unnan, _to grant, permit_: inf. gif he ûs ge-unnan wile þät we hine ... grêtan môton, 346; me ge-ûðe ylda waldend, þät ic ... ge-seah hangian (_the Ruler of men permitted me to see hanging ..._), 1662. un-nyt, adj., _useless_: nom. sg., 413, 3170. un-riht, st. n., _unright, injustice, wrong_: acc. sg. unriht, 1255, 2740; instr. sg. un-rihte (_unjustly, wrongly_), 3060. un-rîm, st. n., _immense number_: nom. sg., 1239, 3136; acc. sg., 2625. un-rîme, adj., _countless, measureless_: nom. sg. gold un-rîme, 3013. un-rôt, adj., _sorrowing_: nom. pl. un-rôte, 3149. un-snyttru, st. f., _lack of wisdom_: dat. pl. for his un-snyttrum (_for his unwisdom_), 1735. un-softe, adv., _unsoftly, with violence_ (_hardly_?), 2141; _scarcely_, 1656. un-swýðe, adv., _not strongly_ or _powerfully_: compar. (ecg) bât unswîðor þonne his þiód-cyning þearfe häfde (_the sword bit less sharply than the prince of the people needed_), 2579; fýr unswîðor weóll, 2882. un-synnig, adj., _guiltless, sinless_: acc. sg. un-synnigne, 2090. un-synnum, adv. instr. pl., _guiltlessly_, 1073. un-tæle, adj., _blameless_: acc. pl. un-tæle, 1866. un-tyder, st. m., _evil race, monster_: nom. pl. un-tydras, 111. [Cf. Ger. un-mensch.] un-wâclîc, adj., _that cannot be shaken; firm, strong_: acc. sg. âd ... un-wâclîcne, 3139. un-wearnum, adv. instr. pl., _unawares, suddenly_; (_unresistingly_?), 742. un-wrecen, pret. part., _unavenged_, 2444. up, adv., _up, upward_, 224, 519, 1374, 1620, 1913, 1921, 2894; (of the voice), þâ wäs ... wôp up âhafen, 128; so, 783. up-lang, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 760. uppe (adj., ûfe, ûffe), adv., _above_, 566. up-riht, adj., _upright, erect_: nom. sg., 2093. uton. See wuton. Û ûð-genge, adj., _transitory, evanescent, ready to depart_, (_fled_?): þær wäs Äsc-here ... feorh ûð-genge, 2124. ûs, pers. pron. dat. and acc. of we (see we), _us, to us_, 1822, 2636, 2643, 2921, 3002, 3079; acc. (poetic), ûsic, 2639, 2641, 2642;--gen. ûre: ûre æg-hwylc (_each of us_), 1387; ûser, 2075. ûser, possess, pron.: nom. sg. ûre man-drihten, 2648; dat. sg. ûssum hlâforde, 2635; gen. sg. neut. ûsses cynnes, 2814; dat. pl. ûrum ... bâm (_to us both, two_) (for unc bâm), 2660. ût, adv., _out_, 215, 537, 664, 1293, 1584, 2082, 2558, 3131. ûtan, adv., _from without, without_, 775, 1032, 1504, 2335. ût-fûs, adj., _ready to go_: nom. sg. hringed-stefna îsig and ût-fûs, 33. ût-weard, adj., _outward, outside, free_: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel) wäs ût-weard, 762. ûtan-weard, adj., _without, outward, from without_: acc. sg. hlæw ... ealne ûtan-weardne, 2298. W *wacan, st. v., _to awake, arise, originate_: pret. sg. þanon (from Cain) wôc fela geó-sceaft-gâsta, 1266; so, 1961; pl. þâm feówer bearn ... in worold wôcun, 60. *on-wacan: 1) _to awake_ (intrans.): pret. sg. þâ se wyrm on-wôc (_when the drake awoke_), 2288.--2) _to be born_: pret. sg. him on-wôc heáh Healfdene, 56; pl. on-wôcon, 111. wacian, w. v., _to watch_: imper. sg. waca wið wrâðum! 661. wadan, st. v., (cf. wade, waddle) _to traverse; stride, go_: pret. sg. wôd þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662; wôd under wolcnum (_stalked beneath the clouds_), 715. ge-wadan, _to attain by moving, come to, reach_: pret. part. ôð þät ... wunden-stefna ge-waden häfde, þät þâ lîðende land ge-sâwon (_till the ship had gone so far that the sailors saw land_), 220. on-wadan, w. acc., _to invade, befall_: pret. sg. hine fyren on-wôd(?), 916. þurh-wadan, _to penetrate, pierce_: pret. sg. þät swurd þurh-wôd wrät-lîcne wyrm, 891; so, 1568. wag, st. m., _wall_: dat. sg. on wage, 1663; dat. pl. äfter wagum (_along the walls_), 996. wala, w. m., _boss_: nom. pl. walan, 1032 (cf. Bouterwek in Haupt XI., 85 seqq.). walda, w. m., _wielder, ruler_: in comp. an-, eal-walda. wald-swaðu, st. f., _forest-path_: dat. pl. äfter wald-swaðum (_along the wood-paths_), 1404. wam, wom, st. m., _spot, blot, sin_: acc. sg. him be-beorgan ne con wom (_cannot protect himself from evil_ or _from the evil strange orders_, etc.; wom = wogum? = _crooked_?), 1748; instr. pl. wommum, 3074. wan, won, adj., _wan, lurid, dark_: nom. sg, ýð-geblond ... won (_the dark waves_), 1375; se wonna hrefn (_the black raven_), 3025; wonna lêg (_lurid flame_), 3116; dat. sg. f. on wanre niht, 703; nom. pl. neut. scadu-helma ge-sceapu ... wan, 652. wang, st. m., _mead, field; place_: acc. sg. wang, 93, 225; wong, 1414, 2410, 3074; dat. sg. wange, 2004; wonge, 2243, 3040; acc. pl. wongas, 2463.--Comp.: freoðo-, grund-, medo-, sæ-wang. wang-stede, st. m., (locus campestris), _spot, place_: dat. sg. wong-stede, 2787. wan-hýd (for hygd), st. f., _heedlessness, recklessness_: dat. pl. for his won-hýdum, 434. wanian, w. v.: 1) intrans., _to decrease, wane_: inf. þâ þät sweord ongan ... wanian, 1608.--2) w. acc., _to cause to wane_ or _lessen_: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mîne wanode, 1338. ge-wanian, _to decrease, diminish_: pret. part. is mîn flet-werod ... ge-wanod, 477. wan-sælig, adj., _unhappy, wretched_: nom. sg. won-sælig wer (Grendel), 105. wan-sceaft, st. f., _misery, want_: acc. sg. won-sceaft, 120. warian, w. v. w. acc., _to occupy, guard, possess_: pres. sg. III. þær he hæðen gold warað (_where he guards heathen gold_), 2278; pl. III. hie (Grendel and his mother) dýgel land warigeað, 1359; pret. sg. (Grendel) goldsele warode, 1254; (Cain) wêsten warode, 1266. waroð, st. m., _shore_: dat. sg. tô waroðe, 234; acc. pl. wide waroðas, 1966. waru, st. f., _inhabitants_, (collective) _population_: in comp. land-waru. wâ, interj., _woe!_ wâ bið þäm þe... (_woe to him that..._), 183. wâðu, st. f., _way, journey_: in comp. gamen-wâðu. wânian, w. v., _to weep, whine, howl_, w. acc.: inf. gehýrdon ... sâr wânigean helle häftan (_they heard the hell-fastened one lamenting his pain_), 788; pret. sg. [wânode], 3152(?). wât. See witan. wäcean, w. v., _to watch_: pret. part wäccende, 709, 2842; acc. sg. m. wäccendne wer, 1269. See wacian. wäcnan, w. v., _to be awake, come forth_: inf., 85. wäd, st. n., (the moving) _sea, ocean_: nom. wado weallende, 546; wadu weallendu, 581; gen. pl. wada 508. wäfre, adj., _wavering_ (like flame), _ghostlike, without distinct bodily form_: nom. sg. wäl-gæst wäfre (of Grendel's mother), 1332;--_flickering, expiring_: nom. sg. wäfre môd, 1151; him wäs geômor sefa, wäfre and wäl-fûs, 2421. be-wägnan, w. v., _to offer_: pret part, him wäs ... freónd-laðu wordum be-wägned, 1194. wäl, st. n., _battle, slaughter, the slain in battle_: acc. sg. wäl, 1213, 3028, blôdig wäl, 448; oððe on wäl crunge (_or in battle, among the slain, fall_), 636; dat. sg. sume on wäle crungon (_some fell in the slaughter_), 1114; dat. sg. in Fr...es wäle (proper name in MS. destroyed), 1071; nom. pl. walu, 1043. wäl-bed, st. n., _slaughter-bed, deathbed_: dat. sg. on wäl-bedde, 965. wäl-bend, st. f., _death-bond_: acc. sg. or pl. wäl-bende ... hand-gewriðene, 1937. wäl-bleát, adj., _deadly, mortal, cruel_: acc. sg. wunde wäl-bleáte, 2726. wäl-deáð, st. m., _death in battle_: nom. sg., 696. wäl-dreór, st. m., _battle-gore_: instr. sg. wäl-dreóre, 1632. wäl-fâh, adj., _slaughter-stained, blood-stained_: acc. sg. wäl-fâgne winter, 1129. wäl-fähð, st. f., _deadly feud_: gen. pl. wäl-fæhða, 2029. wäl-feall, st. m., _(fall of the slain), death, destruction_: dat. sg. tô wäl-fealle, 1712. wäl-fûs, adj., _ready for death, foreboding death_: nom. sg., 2421. wäl-fyllo, st. f., _fill of slaughter_: dat. sg. mid þære wäl-fulle (i.e. the thirty men nightly slaughtered at Heorot by Grendel), 125; wäl-fylla? 3155. wäl-fýr, st. n.: 1) _deadly fire_: instr. sg. wäl-fýre (of the fire-spewing dragon), 2583.--2) _corpse-consuming fire, funeral pyre_: gen. pl. wäl-fýra mæst, 1120. wäl-gæst, st. m., _deadly sprite_ (of Grendel and his mother): nom. sg. wäl-gæst, 1332; acc. sg. þone wäl-gæst, 1996. wäl-hlem, st. m., _death-stroke_: acc. sg. wäl-hlem þone, 1996. wälm, st. m., _flood, whelming water_: nom. sg. þære burnan wälm, 2547; gen. sg. þäs wälmes (_of the surf_), 2136.--Comp. cear-wälm. wäl-nîð, st. m., _deadly hostility_: nom. sg., 3001; dat. sg. äfter wäl-nîðe, 85; nom. pl. wäl-nîðas, 2066. wäl-râp, st. m., _flood-fetter, i.e. ice_: acc. pl. wäl-râpas, 1611; (cf. wäll, wel, wyll = _well, flood_: leax sceal on wäle mid sceóte scrîðan, Gnom. Cott. 39). wäl-ræs, st. m., _deadly onslaught_: nom. sg., 2948; dat. sg. wäl-ræse, 825, 2532. wäl-rest, st. f., _death-bed_, acc. sg. wäl-reste, 2903. wäl-rêc, st. m., _deadly reek_ or _smoke_: acc. sg. wôd þâ þurh þone wäl-rêc, 2662. wäl-reáf, st, n., _booty of the slain, battle-plunder_: acc. sg., 1206. wäl-reów, adj., _bold in battle_: nom. sg., 630. wäl-sceaft, st. m., _deadly shaft, spear_: acc. pl. wäl-sceaftas, 398. wäl-seax, st. n., _deadly knife, war-knife_: instr. sg. wäll-seaxe, 2704. wäl-stenge, st. m., _battle-spear_: dat. sg. on þam wäl-stenge, 1639. wäl-stôw, st. f., _battle-field_: dat. sg. wäl-stôwe, 2052, 2985. wästm, st. m., _growth, form, figure_: dat. sg. on weres wästmum (_in man's form_), 1353. wäter, st. n., _water_: nom. sg., 93, 1417, 1515, 1632; acc. sg. wäter, 1365, 1620; deóp wäter (_the deep_), 509, 1905; ofer wîd wäter (_over the high sea]_, 2474; dat. sg. äfter wätere _(along the Grendel-sea_), 1426; under wätere (_at the bottom of the sea_), 1657; instr. wätere, 2723; wätre, 2855; gen. sg. ofer wäteres hrycg (_over the surface of the sea_), 471; on wäteres æht, 516; þurh wäteres wylm (_through the sea-wave_), 1694; gen. = instr. wäteres weorpan (_to sprinkle with water_), 2792. wäter-egesa, st. m., _water-terror_, i.e. _the fearful sea_: acc. sg., 1261 wäter-ýð, st. f., _water-wave, billow_: dat. pl. wäter-ýðum, 2243. wæd, st. f., _(weeds), garment_: in comp. here-, hilde-wæd. ge-wæde, st. n., _clothing_, especially _battle-equipments_: acc. pl. gewædu, 292.--Comp. eorl-gewæde. wæg, st. m., _wave_: acc. sg. wæg, 3133. wæg-bora, w. m., _wave-bearer, swimmer_ (bearing or propelling the waves before him): nom. sg. wundorlîc wæg-bora (of a sea-monster), 1441. wæg-flota, w. m., _sea-sailer, ship_: acc. sg. wêg-flotan, 1908. wæg-holm, st. m., _the wave-filled sea_: acc. sg. ofer wæg-holm, 217. wæge, st. n., _cup, can_: acc. sg. fäted wæge, 2254, 2283.--Comp.: ealo-, lîð-wæge. wæg-lîðend, pres. part., _sea-farer_: dat. pl. wæg-lîðendum (et lîðendum, MS.), 3160. wæg-sweord, st. n., _heavy sword_: acc. sg., 1490. wæn, st. m., _wain, wagon_: acc. sg. on wæn, 3135. wæpen, st. n., _weapon; sword_: nom. sg., 1661; acc. sg. wæpen, 686, 1574, 2520, 2688; instr. wæpne, 1665, 2966; gen. wæpnes, 1468; acc. pl. wæpen, 292; dat. pl. wæpnum, 250, 331, 2039, 2396. --Comp.: hilde-, sige-wæpen. wæpned-man, st. m., _warrior, man_: dat. sg. wæpned-men, 1285. wær, st. f., _covenant, treaty_: acc. sg. wære, 1101;--_protection, care_: dat. sg. on freán (on þäs waldendes) wære (_into God's protection_), 27, 3110.--Comp.: frioðo-wær. wæsma, w. m., _fierce strength, war-strength_: in comp. here-wæsma, 678. we, pers. pron., _we_, 942, 959, 1327, 1653, 1819, 1820, etc. web, st. n., _woven work, tapestry_:, nom. pl. web, 996. webbe, w. f., _webster, female weaver_: in comp. freoðu-webbe. weccan, weccean, w. v. w. acc., _to wake, rouse; recall_: inf. wîg-bealu weccan (_to stir up strife_), 2047; nalles hearpan swêg (sceal) wîgend weccean (_the sound of the harp shall not wake up the warriors_), 3025; ongunnon þâ ... bæl-fýra mæst wîgend weccan (_the warriors then began to start the mightiest of funeral pyres_), 3145; pret. sg. wehte hine wätre (_roused him with water_, i.e. Wîglâf recalled Beówulf to consciousness), 2855. tô-weccan, _to stir up, rouse_: pret, pl. hû þâ folc mid him (_with one another_), fæhðe tô-wehton, 2949. wed, st. n., (cf. wed-ding), _pledge_: dat. sg. hyldo tô wedde (_as a pledge of his favor_), 2999. weder, st. n., _weather_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137; gen. pl. wedera cealdost, 546. ge-wef, st. n., _woof, weaving_: acc. pl. wîg-spêda ge-wiofu (_the woof of war-speed_: the battle-woof woven for weal or woe by the Walkyries; cf. Njals-saga, 158), 698. weg, st. m., _way_: acc. sg. on weg (_away, off_), 264, 764, 845, 1431, 2097; gyf þu on weg cymest (_if thou comest off safe_, i.e. from the battle with Grendel's mother), 1383.--Comp.: feor-, fold-, forð-, wîd-weg. wegan, st. v. w. acc., _to bear, wear, bring, possess_: subj. pres. nâh hwâ sweord wege (_I have none that may bear the sword_), 2253; inf. nalles (sceal) eorl wegan mâððum tô ge-myndum (_no earl shall wear a memorial jewel_), 3016; pret. ind. he þâ frätwe wäg ... ofer ýða ful (_bore the jewels over the goblet of the waves_), 1208; wäl-seaxe ... þät he on byrnan wäg, 2705; heortan sorge wäg (_bore heart's sorrow_); so, 152, 1778, 1932, 2781. ät-wegan = _auferre, to carry off_: syððan Hâma ät-wäg tô þære byrhtan byrig Brosinga mene (_since H. bore from the bright city the Brosing-collar_), 1199. ge-wegan (O.N. wega), _to fight_: inf. þe he wið þam wyrme ge-wegan sceolde, 2401. wel, adv.: 1) _well_: wel bið þäm þe ... (_well for him that ...!_), 186; se þe wel þenceð (_he that well thinketh, judgeth_), 289; so, 640, 1046, 1822, 1834, 1952, 2602; well, 2163, 2813.--2) _very, very much_: Geát ungemetes wel ... restan lyste (_the Geat longed sorely to rest_), 1793.--3) _indeed, to be sure_, 2571, 2856. wela, w. m., _wealth, goods, possessions_: in comp. ær-, burg-, hord-, mâððum-wela. wel-hwylc, indef. pron., = quivis, _any you please, any_ (each, all): gen. pl. wel-hwylcra wilna, 1345; w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. witena wel-hwylc, 266;--substantively: acc. neut. wel-hwylc, 875. welig, adj., _wealthy, rich_: acc. sg. wîc-stede weligne Wægmundinga, 2608. wel-þungen, pres. part., _well-thriven_ (in mind), _mature, high-minded_: nom. sg. Hygd (wäs) swîðe geong, wîs, wel-þungen, 1928. wenian, w. v., _to accustom, attract, honor_: subj. pret. þät ... Folcwaldan sunu ... Hengestes heáp hringum wenede (_sh. honor_), 1092. be-(bi-)wenian, _entertain, care for, attend_: pret. sg. mäg þäs þonne of-þyncan þeóden Heaðo-beardna ... þonne he mid fæmnan on flet gæð, dryht-bearn Dena duguða bi-wenede (_may well displease the prince of the H.... when he with the woman goes into the hall, that a noble scion of the Danes should entertain, bear wine to, the knights_, cf. 494 seqq.; or, _a noble scion of the Danes should attend on her?_), 2036; pret. part. nom. pl. wæron her tela willum be-wenede, 1822. wendan, w. v., _to turn_: pres. sg. III. him eal worold wendeð on willan (_all the world turns at his will_), 1740. ge-wendan, w. acc.: l) _to turn, turn round_: pret. sg. wicg gewende (_turned his horse_), 315.--2) _to turn_ (intrans.), _change_: inf. wâ bið þäm þe sceal ... frôfre ne wênan, wihte ge-wendan (_woe to him that shall have no hope, shall not change at all_), 186. on-wendan, _to avert, set aside_: 1) w. acc.: inf. ne mihte snotor häleð weán on-wendan, 191.--2) intrans.: sibb æfre ne mäg wiht on-wendan þam þe wel þenceð (_in, to, him that is well thinking friendship can not be set aside_), 2602. wer, st. m., _man, hero_: nom. sg. (Grendel), 105; acc. sg. wer (Beówulf), 1269, 3174; gen. sg. on weres wästmum (_in man's form_), 1353; nom. pl. weras, 216, 1223, 1234, 1441, 1651; dat. pl. werum, 1257; gen. pl. wera, 120, 994, 1732, 3001; (MS. weora), 2948. wered, st. n., (as adj. = _sweet_), _a sort of beer_ (probably without hops or such ingredients): acc. sg. scîr wered, 496. were-feohte, f., _defensive fight, fight in self-defence_: dat. pl. for were-fyhtum (fere fyhtum, MS.), 457. werhðo, st. f., _curse, outlawry, condemnation_: acc. sg. þu in helle scealt werhðo dreógan, 590. werian, _to defend, protect_: w. vb., pres. sg. III. beaduscrûda ... þät mîne breóst wereð, 453; inf. wit unc wið hron-fixas werian þôhton, 541; pres. part. w. gen. pl. wergendra tô lyt (_too few defenders_), 2883; pret. ind. wäl-reáf werede (_guarded the battle-spoil_), 1206; se hwîta helm hafelan werede (_the shining helm protected his head_), 1449; pl. hafelan weredon, 1328; pret. part. nom. pl. ge ... byrnum werede (_ye_ ... _corselet-clad_), 238, 2530. be-werian, _to protect, defend_: pret. pl. þät hie ... leóda land-geweorc lâðum be-weredon scuccum and scinnum (_that they the people's land-work from foes, from monsters and demons, might defend_), 939 werig, adj., _accursed, outlawed_: gen. sg. wergan gâstes (Grendel), 133; (of the devil), 1748. werod, weorod, st. n., _band of men, warrior-troop_: nom. sg. werod, 652; weorod, 290, 2015, 3031; acc. sg. werod, 319; dat. instr. sg. weorode, 1012, 2347; werede, 1216; gen. sg. werodes, 259; gen. pl. wereda, 2187; weoroda, 60.--Comp.: eorl-, flet-werod. wer-þeód, st. f., _people, humanity_: dat. sg. ofer wer-þeóde, 900. wesan, v., _to be_: pres. sg. I. ic eom, 335, 407; II. þu eart, 352, 506; III. is, 256, 272, 316, 343, 375, 473, etc.; nu is þînes mägenes blæd âne hwîle (_the prime [fame?] of thy powers lasteth now for a while_), 1762; ys, 2911, 3000, 3085; pl. I. we synt, 260, 342; II. syndon, 237, 393; III. syndon, 257, 361, 1231; synt, 364; sint, 388; subj. pres. sîe, 435, 683, etc.; sý, 1832, etc.; sig, 1779, etc.; imper. sg. II. wes, 269 (cf. wassail, wes hæl), 407, 1171, 1220, 1225, etc.; inf. wesan, 272, 1329, 1860, 2709, etc. The inf. wesan must sometimes be supplied: nealles Hetware hrêmge þorfton (i.e. wesan) fêðe-wîges, 2364; so, 2498, 2660, 618, 1858; pres. part. wesende, 46; dat. sg. wesendum, 1188; pret. sg. I., III. wäs, 11, 12, 18, 36, 49, 53, etc.; wäs on sunde (_was a-swimming_), 1619; so, 848, 850(?), 970, 981, 1293; progressive, wäs secgende (for sæde), 3029; II. wære, 1479, etc.; pl. wæron, 233, 536, 544, etc.; wæran (w. reflex, him), 2476; pret. subj. wære, 173, 203, 594, 946, etc.; progressive, myndgiend wære (for myndgie), 1106.--Contracted neg. forms: , nis = ne + is, 249, 1373, etc.; näs = ne + wäs, 134, 1300, 1922, 2193, etc. (cf. uncontracted: ne wäs, 890, 1472); næron = ne + wæron, 2658; nære = ne + wære, 861, 1168. See cniht-wesende. wêg. See wæg. wên, st. f., _expectation, hope_: nom. sg., 735, 1874, 2324; nu is leódum wên orleg-hwîle (gen.) (_now the people have weening of a time of strife_), 2911; acc. sg. þäs ic wên häbbe (_as I hope, expect_), 383; so, þäs þe ic [wên] hafo, 3001; wên ic talige, 1846; dat. pl. bega on wênum _(in expectation of both_, i.e. the death and the return of Beówulf), 2896. See or-wêna. wênan, w. v., _to ween, expect, hope_: 1) absolutely; pres. sg. I. þäs ic wêne (_as I hope_), 272; swâ ic þe wêne tô _(as I hope thou wilt_: Beówulf hopes Hrôðgâr will now suffer no more pain), 1397.--2) w. gen. or acc. pres. sg. I. þonne wêne ic tô þe wyrsan ge-þinges, 525; ic þær heaðu-fýres hâtes wêne, 2523; III. secce ne wêneð to Gâr Denum (_weeneth not of contest with the Gar-Danes_), 601; inf. (beorhtre bôte) wênan (_to expect, count on, a brilliant_ [? _a lighter penalty_] _atonement_), 157; pret. pl. þäs ne wêndon ær witan Scyldinga þät ... _the wise men of the Scyldings weened not of this before, that_...), 779; þät hig þäs äðelinges eft ne wêndon þät he ... sêcean côme _(that they looked not for the atheling again that he_ ... _would come to seek_ ...), 1598.--3) w. acc. inf.: pret. sg. wênde, 934.--4) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I. wêne ic þät..., 1185; wên' ic þät..., 338, 442; pret. sg. wênde, 2330; pl. wêndon, 938, 1605. wêpan, st. v., _to weep_: pret. sg. [weóp], 3152 (?). werig, adj., _weary, exhausted_, w. gen.: nom. sg. siðes wêrig (_weary from the journey, way-weary_), 579; dat. sg. siðes wêrgum, 1795;--w. instr.: acc. pl. wundum wêrge _(wound-weary_), 2938.--Comp.: deáð-, fyl-, gûð-wêrig. ge-werigean, w. v., _to weary, exhaust_: pret. part. ge-wêrgad, 2853. wêrig-môd, adj., _weary-minded (animo defessus)_: nom. sg., 845, 1544. wêste, adj., _waste, uninhabited_: acc. sg. win-sele wêstne, 2457. wêsten, st. n., _waste, wilderness_: acc. sg. wêsten, 1266. wêsten, st. f., _waste, wilderness_: dat. sg. on þære wêstenne, 2299. weal, st. m.: 1 _wall, rampart_: dat. instr. sg. wealle, 786, 892, 3163; gen. sg. wealles, 2308.--2) _elevated sea-shore_: dat. sg. of wealle, 229; acc. pl. windige weallas, 572, 1225.--3) _wall of a building_: acc, sg. wið þäs recedes weal, 326; dat. sg. be wealle, 1574; hence, the inner and outer rock-walls of the dragon's lair (cf. Heyne's essay: Halle Heorot, p. 59): dat. sg., 2308, 2527, 2717, 2760, 3061, 3104; gen. sg. wealles, 2324.--Comp.: bord-, eorð-, sæ-, scyld-weal. ge-wealc, st. n., _rolling_: acc. sg. ofer ýða ge-wealc, 464. ge-weald, st. n., _power, might_: acc. sg. on feónda ge-weald _(into the power of his foes_), 809, 904; so, 1685; geweald âgan, häbban, â-beódan (w. gen. of object = _to present) = to have power over_, 79, 655, 765, 951, 1088, 1611, 1728. See on-weald. wealdan, st. v., _to wield, govern, rule over, prevail_: 1) absolutely or with depend, clause: inf. gif he wealdan môt (_if he may prevail_), 442; þær he ... wealdan môste swâ him Wyrd ne ge-scrâf (_if [where?] he was to prevail, as Weird had not destined for him_), 2575; pres. part. waldend (_God_), 1694; dat. wealdende, 2330; gen. waldendes, 2293, 2858, 3110.--2) with instr. or dat.: inf. þâm wæpnum wealdan (_to wield, prevail with, the weapons_), 2039; Geátum wealdan (_to rule the Geátas_), 2391; þeáh-hordum wealdan (_to rule over, control, the treasure of rings_), 2828; wäl-stôwe wealdan (_to hold the field of battle_), 2985; pret. sg. weóld, 465, 1058, 2380, 2596; þenden wordum weóld wine Scyldinga (_while the friend of the S. ruled the G._), 30; pl. weóldon, 2052.--3) with gen.: pres. sg. I. þenden ic wealde wîdan rîces, 1860; pres. part. wuldres wealdend(waldend), 17, 183, 1753; weard, 2514; the _'dragon_ is called ylda waldend, 1662; waldend fira, 2742; sigora waldend, 2876 (designations of God); pret. sg. weóld, 703, 1771. ge-wealdan, _to wield, have power over, arrange_: 1) w. acc.: pret. sg. hâlig god ge-weóld wîg-sigor, 1555.--2) w. dat.: pret. cyning ge-weóld his ge-witte (_the king possessed his senses_), 2704.--3) w. gen.: inf. he ne mihte nô ... wæpna ge-wealdan, 1510. ge-wealden, pret. part., _subject, subjected_: acc. pl. gedêð him swâ gewealdene worolde dælas, 1733. weallan, st. v.: 1) _to toss, be agitated_ (of the sea): pres. part. nom. pl. wadu weallende (weallendu), 546, 581; nom. sg. brim weallende, 848; pret. ind. weól, 515, 850, 1132; weóll, 2139.--2) figuratively (of emotions), _to be agitated_: pres. pl. III. syððan Ingelde weallað wäl-nîðas (_deadly hate thus agitates Ingeld_), 2066; pres. part. weallende, 2465; pret. sg. hreðer inne weóll (_his heart was moved within him_), 2114; hreðer æðme weóll (_his breast_ [the dragon's] _swelled from breathing, snorting_), 2594; breóst innan weóll þeóstrum ge-þoncum, 2332; so, weóll, 2600, 2715, 2883. weall-clif, st. n., _sea-cliff_: acc. sg. ofer weall-clif, 3133. weallian, w. v., _to wander, rove about_: pres. part. in comp. heoro-weallende, 2782. weard, st. m., _warden, guardian; owner_: nom. sg. weard Scyldinga (_the Scyldings' warden of the march_), 229; weard, 286, 2240; se weard, sâwele hyrde, 1742; the _king_ is called beáh-horda weard, 922; rîces weard, 1391; folces weard, 2514; the _dragon_ is called weard, 3061; weard un-hióre, 2414; beorges weard, 2581; acc. sg, weard, 669; (dragon), 2842; beorges weard (dragon), 2525, 3067.--Comp.: bât-, êðel-, gold-, heáfod-, hord-, hýð-, land-, rên-, sele-, yrfe-weard. weard, st. m., _possession_ (Dietrich in Haupt XI., 415): in comp. eorð-weard, 2335. weard, st. f., _watch, ward_: acc. sg. wearde healdan, 319; wearde heóld, 305.--Comp. æg-weard. weard, adj., _-ward_: in comp. and-, innan-, ût-weard, 1288, etc. weardian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) _to watch, guard, keep_: inf. he his folme forlêt tô lîf-wraðe, lâst weardian (_Grendel left his hand behind as a life-saver, to guard his track_ [Kemble]), 972; pret. sg. him sió swîðre swaðe weardade hand on Hiorte (_his right hand kept guard for him in H._, i.e. showed that he had been there), 2099; sg. for pl. hýrde ic þät þâm frätwum feówer mearas lungre gelîce last weardode (_I heard that four horses, quite alike, followed in the traces of the armor_), 2165.--2) _to hold, possess, inhabit_: pret. sg. fîfel-cynnes eard ... weardode (_dwelt in the abode of the sea-fiends_), 105; reced weardode un-rîm eorla (_an immense number of earls held the hall_), 1238; pl. þær we gesunde säl weardodon, 2076. wearh, st. m., _the accursed one; wolf_: in comp. heoro-wearg, 1268. wearn, st. f.: 1) _resistance, refusal_, 366.--2) _warning?, resistance?_ See un-wearnum, 742. weaxan, st. v., _to wax, grow_: pres. sg. III. ôð þät him on innan ofer-hygda dæl weaxeð (_till within him pride waxeth_), 1742; inf. weaxan, 3116; pret. sg. weôx, 8. ge-weaxan, _to grow up_: pret. sg. oft þät seó geogoð ge-weôx, 66. ge-weaxan to, _to grow to_ or _for something_: pret. sg. ne ge-weôx he him to willan (_grew not for their benefit_), 1712. weá, w. m., _woe, evil, misfortune_: nom. sg., 937; acc. sg. wean, 191, 423, 1207, 1992, 2293, 2938; gen. pl. weána, 148, 934, 1151, 1397. weá-lâf, st. f., _wretched remnant_: acc. pl. þâ weá-lâfe (_the wretched remnant_, i.e. Finn's almost annihilated band), 1085, 1099. weá-spel, st. n., _woe-spell, evil tidings_: dat. sg. weá-spelle, 1316. ge-weoldum. See ge-wild. weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, labor, deed_: acc. sg., 74; (_war-deed_), 1657; instr. sg. weorce, 1570; dat. pl. weorcum, 2097; wordum ne (and) worcum, 1101, 1834; gen. pl. worda and worca, 289.--2) _work, trouble, suffering_: acc. sg. þäs gewinnes weorc (_misery on account of this strife_), 1722; dat. pl. adv. weorcum (_with labor_), 1639.--Comp.: bædo-, ellen-, heaðo-, niht-weorc. ge-weorc, st. n.: 1) _work, deed, labor_: nom. acc. sg., 455, 1563, 1682, 2718, 2775; gen. sg. ge-weorces, 2712. Comp.: ær-, fyrn-, gûð-, hond-, nîð-ge-weorc.--2) _fortification, rampart_: in comp. land-geweorc, 939. weorce, adj., _painful, bitter_: nom. sg., 1419. weorð, st. n., _precious object, valuable_: dat. sg. weorðe, 2497. weorð, adj., _dear, precious_: nom. sg. weorð Denum äðeling (_the atheling dear to the Danes_, Beówulf), 1815; compar. nom. sg. þät he syððan wäs ... mâðme þý weorðra (_more honored from the jewel_), 1903; cf. wyrðe. weorðan, st. v.: 1) _to become_: pres. sg. III. beholen weorðeð (_is concealed_), 414; underne weorðeð (_becomes known_), 2914; so, pl. III. weorðað, 2067; wurðað, 282; inf. weorðan, 3179; wurðan, 808; pret. sg. I., III. wearð, 6, 77, 149, 409, 555, 754, 768, 819, 824, etc.; pl. wurdon, 228; subj. pret. wurde, 2732.--2) inf. to frôfre weorðan (_to become a help_), 1708; pret. sg. wearð he Heaðolâfe tô hand-bonan, 460; so, wearð, 906, 1262; ne wearð Heremôd swâ (i.e. to frôfre) eaforum Ecgwelan, 1710; pl. wurdon, 2204; subj. pret. sg. II. wurde, 588.--3) pret. sg. þät he on fylle wearð (_that he came to a fall_), 1545.--4) _to happen, befall_: inf. unc sceal weorðan ... swâ unc Wyrd ge-teóð (_it shall befall us two as Fate decrees_), 2527; þurh hwät his worulde gedâl weorðan sceolde, 3069; pret. sg. þâ þær sôna wearð ed-hwyrft eorlum (_there was soon a renewal to the earls_, i.e. of the former perils), 1281. ge-weorðan: 1) _to become_: pret. sg. ge-wearð, 3062; pret. part. cearu wäs geniwod ge-worden (_care was renewed_), 1305; swâ us ge-worden is, 3079.--2) _to finish; complete?_: inf. þät þu ... lête Sûð-Dene sylfe ge-weorðan gûðe wið Grendel (_that thou wouldst let the S. D. put an end to their war with Grendel_), 1997.--3) impersonally with acc., _to agree, decide_: pret. sg. þâ þäs monige ge-wearð þät ... (_since many agreed that_ ...), 1599; pret. part. hafað þäs ge-worden wine Scyldinga, rîces hyrde, and þät ræd talað þät he ... (_therefore hath it so appeared(?) advisable to the friend of the S., the guardian of the realm, and he counts it a gain that_ ...), 2027. weorð-ful, adj., _glorious, full of worth_: nom. sg. weorð-fullost, 3100. weorðian, w. v., _to honor, adorn_: pret. sg. þær ic ... þîne leóde weorðode weorcum (_there honored I thy people by my deeds_), 2097; subj. pret. (þät he) ät feoh-gyftum ... Dene weorðode (_that he would honor the Danes at, by, treasure-giving_), 1091. ge-weorðian, ge-wurðian, _to deck, ornament_: pret. part. hire syððan wäs äfter beáh-þege breóst ge-weorðod, 2177; wæpnum ge-weorðad, 250; since ge-weorðad, 1451; so, ge-wurðad, 331, 1039, 1646; wide ge-weorðad (_known, honored, afar_), 1960. weorð-lîce, adv., _worthily, nobly_: superl. weorð-lîcost, 3163. weorð-mynd, st. f. n., _dignity, honor, glory_: nom. sg., 65; acc. sg. geseah þâ eald sweord ..., wîgena weorðmynd (_saw an ancient sword there, the glory of warriors_), 1560; dat. instr. pl. weorð-myndum, 8; tô worð-myndum, 1187; gen. pl. weorð-mynda dæl, 1753. weorðung, st. f., _ornament_: in comp. breóst-, hâm-, heorft-, hring-, wîg-weorðung. weorod. See werod. weorpan, st. v.: 1) _to throw, cast away_, w. acc.: pret. sg. wearp þâ wunden-mæl wrättum gebunden yrre oretta, þät hit on eorðan läg (_the wrathful warrior threw the ornamented sword, that it lay on the earth_), 1532.--2) _to throw around_ or _about_, w. instr.: pret. sg. beorges weard . .. wearp wäl-fýre (_threw death-fire around_), 2583.--3) _to throw upon_: inf. he hine eft ongan wäteres (instr. gen.) weorpan (_began to cast water upon him again_), 2792. for-weorpan, w. acc., _to cast away, squander_: subj. pret. þät he genunga gûð-gewædu wrâðe for-wurpe (_that he squandered uselessly the battle-weeds_, i.e. gave them to the unworthy), 2873. ofer-weorpan, _to stumble_: pret. sg. ofer-wearp þâ ... wîgena strongest, 1544. weotian, w. v., _to provide with, adjust_(?): pret. part. acc. pl. wäl-bende weotode, 1937. be-weotian, be-witian, w. v. w. acc., _to regard, observe, care for_: pres. pl. III. be-witiað, 1136; pret. sg. þegn ... se þe ... ealle be-weotede þegnes þearfe (_who would attend to all the needs of a thane_), 1797; draca se þe ... hord be-weotode (_the drake that guarded a treasure_), 2213;--_to carry out, undertake_: pres. pl. III. þâ ... oft be-witigað sorh-fulne sîð on segl-râde, 1429. wicg, st. n., _steed, riding-horse_: nom. sg., 1401; acc. sg. wicg, 315; dat. instr. sg. wicge, 234; on wicge, 286; acc. pl. wicg, 2175; gen. pl. wicga, 1046. ge-widor, st. n., _storm, tempest_: acc. pl. lâð ge-widru (_loathly weather_), 1376. wið prep. w. dat. and acc., with fundamental meanings of division and opposition: 1) w. dat., _against, with_ (in hostile sense), _from_: þâ wið gode wunnon, 113; âna (wan) wið eallum, 145; ymb feorh sacan, lâð wið lâðum, 440; so, 426, 439, 550, 2372, 2521, 2522, 2561, 2840, 3005; þät him holt-wudu ... helpan ne meahte, lind wið lîge, 2342; hwät ... sêlest wære wið fær-gryrum tô ge-fremmanne, 174; þät him gâst-bona geóce gefremede wið þeód-þreáum, 178; wið rihte wan (_strove against right_), 144; häfde ... sele Hrôðgâres ge-nered wið nîðe (_had saved H.'s hall from strife_), 828; (him dyrne langað ...) beorn wið blôde (_the hero longeth secretly contrary to his blood_, i.e. H. feels a secret longing for the non-related Beówulf), 1881; sundur ge-dælan lîf wið lîce (_to sunder soul from body_), 2424; streámas wundon sund wið sande (_the currents rolled the sea against the sand_), 213; lîg-ýðum forborn bord wið ronde (rond, MS.) (_with waves of flame burnt the shield against, as far as, the rim_), 2674; holm storme weól, won wið winde (_the sea surged, wrestled with the wind_), 1133; so, hiora in ânum weóll sefa wið sorgum (_in one of them surged the soul with sorrow_ [_against_?, Heyne]), 2601; þät hire wið healse heard grâpode (_that the sharp sword bit against her neck_), 1567.--2) w. acc.: a) _against, towards_: wan wið Hrôðgâr (_fought against H._), 152; wið feónda gehwone, 294; wið wrâð werod, 319; so, 540, 1998, 2535; hine hâlig god ûs on-sende wið Grendles gryre, 384; þät ic wið þone gûð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte (_that I refrain from boastful speech against the battle-flier_), 2529; ne wolde wið manna ge-hwone ... feorh-bealo feorran (_would not cease his life-plotting against any of the men_; or, _withdraw life-bale from_, etc.? or, _peace would not have with any man..., mortal bale withdraw_?, Kemble), 155; ic þâ leóde wât ge wið feónd ge wið freónd fäste geworhte (_towards foe and friend_), 1865; heóld heáh-lufan wið häleða brego (_cherished high love towards the prince of heroes_), 1955; wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstôd (_prevented entrance to spear-point and sword-edge_), 1550. b) _against, on, upon, in_: setton sîde scyldas ... wið þäs recedes weal (_against the wall of the hall_), 326; wið eorðan fäðm (eardodon) (_in the bosom of the earth_), 3050; wið earm ge-sät (_sat on, against, his arm_), 750; so, stîð-môd ge-stôd wið steápne rond, 2567; [wið duru healle eode] (_went to the door of the hall_), 389; wið Hrefna-wudu (_over against, near, H._), 2926; wið his sylfes sunu setl ge-tæhte (_showed me to a seat with, near, beside, his own son_), 2014. c) _towards, with_ (of contracting parties): þät hie healfre ge-weald wið Eotena bearn âgan môston (_that they power over half the hall with the Eotens' sons were to possess_), 1089; þenden he wið wulf wäl reáfode (_whilst with the wolf he was robbing the slain_), 3028.--3) Alternately with dat. and acc., _against_: nu wið Grendel sceal, wið þam aglæcan, âna gehegan þing wið þyrse, 424-426;--_with, beside_: ge-sät þâ wið sylfne..., mæg wið mæge, 1978-79. wiðer-gyld, st. n., _compensation_: nom. sg., 2052, [proper name?]. wiðer-rähtes, adv., _opposite, in front of_, 3040. wiðre, st. n., _resistance_: gen. sg. wiðres ne trûwode, 2954. wig-weorðung, st. f., _idol-worship, idolatry, sacrifice to idols_: acc. pl. -weorðunga, 176. wiht, st. f.: 1) _wight, creature, demon_: nom. sg. wiht unhælo (_the demon of destruction_, Grendel), 120; acc. sg. syllîcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.--2) _thing, something, aught_: nom. sg. w. negative, ne hine wiht dweleð (_nor does aught check him_), 1736; him wiht ne speów (_it helped him naught_), 2855; acc. sg. ne him þäs wyrmes wîg for wiht dyde (_nor did he count the worm's warring for aught_), 2349; ne meahte ic ... wiht gewyrcan _(I could not do aught_ ...), 1661;--w. partitive gen.: nô ... wiht swylcra searo-niða, 581;--the acc. sg. = adv. like Germ. _nicht_: ne hie hûru wine-drihten wiht ne lôgon (_did not blame their friendly lord aught_), 863; so, ne wiht = _naught, in no wise_, 1084, 2602, 2858; nô wiht, 541; instr. sg. wihte (_in aught, in any way_), 1992; ne ... wihte (_by no means_), 186, 2278, 2688; wihte ne, 1515, 1996, 2465, 2924.--Comp.: â-wiht (âht = _aught_), äl-wiht, ô-wiht. wil-cuma, w. m., _one welcome_ (qui gratus advenit): nom. pl. wil-cuman Denigea leódum (_welcome to the people of the Danes_), 388; so, him (the lord of the Danes) wil-cuman, 394; wil-cuman Wedera leódum (_welcome to the Geátas_), 1895. ge-wild, st. f., _free-will_? dat. pl. nealles mid ge-weoldum (_sponte, voluntarily_, Bugge), 2223. wil-deór (for wild-deór), st. n., _wild beast_: acc. pl. wil-deór, 1431. wil-gesîð, st. m., _chosen_ or _willing companion_: nom. pl. -ge-sîðas, 23. wil-geofa, w. m., _ready giver_ (= voti largitor: princely designation), _joy-giver_?: nom. sg. wil-geofa Wedra leóda, 2901. willa, w. m.: 1) _will, wish, desire, sake_: nom. sg. 627, 825; acc. sg. willan, 636, 1740, 2308, 2410; instr. sg. ânes willan (_for the sake of one_), 3078; so, 2590; dat. sg. tô willan, 1187, 1712; instr. pl. willum (_according to wish_), 1822; sylfes willum, 2224, 2640; gen. pl. wilna, 1345.--2) _desirable thing, valuable_: gen. pl. wilna, 661, 951. willan, aux. v., _will_: in pres. also _shall_ (when the future action is depend. on one's free will): pres. sg. I. wille ic â-secgan (_I will set forth, tell out_), 344; so, 351, 427; ic tô sæ wille (_I will to sea_), 318; wylle, 948, 2149, 2513; sg. II. þu wylt, 1853; sg. III. he wile, 346, 446, 1050, 1182, 1833; wyle, 2865; wille, 442, 1004, 1185, 1395; ær he in wille (_ere he will in_, i.e. go or flee into the fearful sea), 1372; wylle, 2767; pl. I. we ... wyllað, 1819; pret. sg. I., III. wolde, 68, 154, 200, 646, 665, 739, 756, 797, 881, etc.; nô ic fram him wolde (i.e. fleótan), 543; so, swâ he hira mâ wolde (i.e. â-cwellan), 1056; pret. pl. woldon, 482, 2637, 3173; subj. pret., 2730.--Forms contracted w. negative: pres. sg. I. nelle (= ne + wille, _I will not_, nolo), 680, 2525(?); pret. sg. III. nolde (= ne + wolde), 792, 804, 813, 1524; w. omitted inf. þâ metod nolde, 707, 968; pret. subj. nolde, 2519. wilnian, w. v., _to long for, beseech_: inf. wel bið þäm þe môt ... tô fäder fäðmum freoðo wilnian (_well for him that may beseech protection in the Father's arms_), 188. wil-sîð, st. m., _chosen journey_: acc. sg. wil-sîð, 216. ge-win, st. n.: 1) _strife, struggle, enmity, conflict_: acc. sg., 878; þâ hie ge-win drugon (_endured strife_), 799; under ýða ge-win (_under the tumult of the waves_), 1470; gen. sg. þäs ge-winnes weorc (_misery for this strife_), 1722.--2) _suffering, oppression_: nom. sg., 133, 191; acc. sg. eald ge-win, 1782.--Comp.: fyrn-, ýð-ge-win. wîn-ärn, st. n., _hall of hospitality, hall, wine-hall_: gen. sg. wîn-ärnes, 655. wind, st. m., _wind, storm_: nom. sg., 547, 1375, 1908; dat. instr. sg. winde, 217; wið winde, 1133. windan, st. v.: 1) intrans., _to wind, whirl_: pret. sg. wand tô wolcnum wäl-fýra mæst, 1120.--2) w. acc., _to twist, wind, curl_: pret. pl. streámas wundon sund wið sande, 212; pret. part. wunden gold (_twisted, spirally-twined, gold_), 1194, 3135; instr. pl. wundnum (wundum, MS.) golde, 1383. ät-windan, _to wrest one's self from, escape_: pret. sg. se þäm feónde ät-wand, 143. be-windan, _to wind with_ or _round, clasp, surround, envelop_ (involvere): pret. sg. þe hit (the sword) mundum be-wand, 1462; pret. part. wîrum be-wunden (_wound with wires_) 1032; feorh ... flæsce be-wunden (_flesh-enclosed_), 2425; gâr ... mundum be-wunden (_a spear grasped with the hands_), 3023; iû-manna gold galdre be-wunden (_spell-encircled gold_), 3053; (âstâh ...) lêg wôpe be-wunden (_uprose the flame mingled with a lament_), 3147. ge-windan, _to writhe, get loose, escape_: inf. wîdre ge-windan (_to flee further_), 764; pret. sg. on fleám ge-wand, 1002. on-windan, _to unwind, loosen_: pres. sg. (þonne fäder) on-windeð wäl-râpas, 1611. win-däg, st. m., _day of struggle_ or _suffering_: dat. pl. on þyssum win-dagum (_in these days of sorrow_, i.e. of earthly existence), 1063. wind-bland (blond), st. n., _wind-roar_: nom. sg., 3147. wind-gereste, f., _resting-place of the winds_: acc. sg., 2457. windig, adj., _windy_: acc. pl. windige (weallas, nässas), 572, 1359; windige weallas (wind geard weallas, MS.), 1225. wine, st. m., _friend, protector_, especially the _beloved ruler_: nom. sg. wine Scyldinga, leóf land-fruma (Scyld), 30; wine Scyldinga (Hrôðgâr), 148, 1184. As vocative: mîn wine, 2048; wine mîn, Beówulf (Hunferð), 457, 530, 1705; acc. sg. holdne wine (Hrôðgâr), 376; wine Deniga, Scyldinga, 350, 2027; dat. sg. wine Scyldinga, 170; gen. sg. wines (Beówulf), 3097; acc. pl. wine, 21; dat. pl. Denum eallum, winum Scyldinga, 1419; gen. pl. winigea leásum, 1665; winia bealdor, 2568.--Comp.: freá-, freó-, gold-, gûð-, mæg-wine. wine-dryhten, st. m., (dominus amicus), _friendly lord, lord and friend_: acc. sg. wine-drihten, 863, 1605; wine-dryhten, 2723, 3177; dat. sg. wine-drihtne, 360. wine-geômor, adj., _friend-mourning_: nom. sg., 2240. wine-leás, adj., _friendless_: dat. sg. wine-leásum, 2614. wine-mæg, st. m., _dear kinsman_: nom. pl. wine-mâgas, 65. ge-winna, w. m., _striver, struggler, foe_: comp. eald-, ealdor-gewinna. winnan, st. v., _to struggle, fight_: pret. sg. III. wan âna wið eallum, 144; Grendel wan ... wið Hrôðgâr, 151; holm ... won wið winde (_the sea fought with the wind_: cf. wan wind endi water, Heliand, 2244), 1133; II. eart þu se Beówulf, se þe wið Brecan wunne, 506; pl. wið gode wunnon, 113; þær þâ graman wunnon (_where the foes fought_), 778. wîn-reced, st. n., _wine-hall, guest-hall, house for entertaining guests_: acc. sg., 715, 994. wîn-sele, st. m., the same, _wine-hall_: nom. sg., 772; dat. sg. wîn-sele, 696 (cf. Heliand Glossary, 369 [364]). winter, st. m. n.: 1) _winter_: nom. sg., 1133, 1137; acc. sg. winter, 1129; gen. sg. wintres, 516.--2) _year_ (counted by winters): acc. pl. fîftig wintru (neut.), 2210; instr. pl. wintrum, 1725, 2115, 2278; gen. pl. wintra, 147, 264, 1928, 2279, 2734, 3051. wintre, adj., _so many winters_ (old): in comp. syfan-wintre. ge-wislîce, adv., _certainly, undoubtedly_: superl. gewislîcost, 1351. wist, st. f., fundamental meaning = _existentia_, hence: 1) _good condition, happiness, abundance_: dat. sg. wunað he on wiste, 1736.--2) _food, subsistence, booty_: dat. sg. þâ wäs äfter wiste wôp up â-hafen (_a cry was then uplifted after the meal_, i.e. Grendel's meal of thirty men), 128. wist-fyllo, st. f., _fulness_ or _fill of food, rich meal_: gen. sg. wist-fylle, 735. wit, st. n., (wit), _understanding_: nom. sg., 590.--Comp.: fyr-, in-wit. ge-wit, st. n.: 1) _consciousness_. dat. sg. ge-weóld his ge-witte, 2704.--2) _heart, breast_: dat. sg. fýr unswîðor weóll (_the fire surged less strongly from the dragon's breast_), 2883. wit, pers. pron. dual of we, _we two_, 535, 537, 539, 540, 544, 1187, etc. See unc, uncer. wita, weota, w. m., _counsellor, royal adviser_; pl., _the king's council of nobles_: nom. pl. witan, 779: gen. pl. witena, 157, 266, 937 weotena, 1099.--Comp.: fyrn-, rûn-wita. witan, pret.-pres. v., _to wot, know_. 1) w. depend, clause: pres. sg. I., III. wât, 1332, 2657; ic on Higelâce wât þät he ... (_I know as to H., that he_ ...), 1831; so, god wât on mec þät ...(_God knows of me, that_ ...), 2651; sg. II. þu wâst, 272; weak pret. sg. I., III. wiste, 822; wisse, 2340, 2726; pl. wiston, 799, 1605; subj. pres. I. gif ic wiste, 2520.--2) w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. I. ic wât, 1864.--3) w. object, predicative part, or adj.: pret. sg. III. tô þäs he win-reced ... gearwost wisse, fättum fâhne, 716; so, 1310; wiste þäm ahlæcan hilde ge-binged, 647.--4) w. acc., _to know_: inf. witan, 252, 288; pret. sg. wisse, 169; wiste his fingra ge-weald on grames grâpum, 765; pl. II. wisson, 246; wiston, 181. nât = ne + wât, _I know not_: 1) elliptically with hwylc, indef. pronoun = _some or other_: sceaða ic nât hwylc.--2) w. gen. and depend. clause: nât he þâra gôda, þät he me on-geán sleá, 682. ge-witan, _to know, perceive_: inf. þäs þe hie gewis-lîcost ge-witan meahton, 1351. be-witian. See be-weotian. witig, adj., _wise, sagacious_: nom. sg. witig god, 686, 1057; witig drihten (God), 1555; wittig drihten, 1842. ge-wittig, adj., _conscious_: nom. sg. 3095. ge-witnian, w. v., _to chastise, punish_: wommum gewitnad (_punished with plagues_), 3074. wîc, st. n., _dwelling, house_: acc. sg. wîc, 822, 2590;--often in pl. because houses of nobles were complex: dat. wîcum, 1305, 1613, 3084; gen. wîca, 125, 1126. ge-wîcan, st. v., _to soften, give way, yield_ (here chiefly of swords): pret. sg. ge-wâc, 2578, 2630. wîc-stede, st. m., _dwelling-place_: nom. sg. 2463; acc. sg. wîc-stede, 2608. wîd, adj., _wide, extended_: 1) space: acc. sg. neut. ofer wîd wäter, 2474; gen. sg. wîdan rîces, 1860; acc. pl. wîde sîðas, waroðas, 878, 1966.--2) temporal: acc. sg. wîdan feorh (acc. of time), 2015; dat. sg. tô wîdan feore, 934. wîde, adv., _widely, afar_, 18, 74, 79, 266, 1404, 1589, 1960, etc.; wîde cûð (_widely, universally, known_), 2136, 2924; so, underne wîde, 2914; wîde geond eorðan (_over the whole earth, widely_), 3100;--modifier of superl.: wreccena wîde mærost (_the most famous of wanderers, exiles_), 899.--Compar. wîdre, 764. wîd-cûð, adj., _widely known, very celebrated_: nom. sg. neut., 1257; acc. sg. m. wîd-cûðne man (Beówulf), 1490; wîd-cûðne weán, 1992; wîd-cûðes (Hrôðgâr), 1043. wîde-ferhð, st. m. n., (_long life_), _great length of time_: acc. sg. as acc. of time: wîde-ferhð (_down to distant times, always_), 703, 938; ealne wîde-ferhð, 1223. wîd-floga, w. m., _wide-flier_ (of the dragon): nom. sg., 2831; acc. sg. wîd-flogan, 2347. wîd-scofen, pret. part., _wide-spread_? _causing fear far and wide_? 937. wîd-weg, st. m., _wide way, long journey_: acc. pl. wîd-wegas, 841, 1705. wîf, st. n., _woman, lady, wife_: nom. sg. freó-lîc wîf (Queen Wealhþeów), 616; wîf un-hýre (Grendel's mother), 2121; acc. sg. drihtlîce wîf (Finn's wife), 1159; instr. sg. mid þý wîfe (Hrôðgâr's daughter, Freáwaru), 2029; dat. sg. þam wîfe (Wealhþeów), 640; gen. sg. wîfes (as opposed to _man_), 1285; gen. pl. wera and wîfa, 994.--Comp.: aglæc-, mere-wîf. wîf-lufe, w. f., _wife-love, love for a wife, woman's love_: nom. pl. wîf-lufan, 2066. wîg, st. m.: 1) _war, battle_: nom. sg., 23, 1081, 2317, 2873; acc. sg., 686, 1084, 1248; dat. sg. wîge, 1338, 2630; as instr., 1085; (wigge, MS.), 1657, 1771; gen. sg. wîges, 65, 887, 1269.--2) _valor, warlike prowess_: nom. sg. wäs his môd-sefa manegum ge-cýðed, wîg and wîsdôm, 350; wîg, 1043; wîg ... eafoð and ellen, 2349; gen. sg. wîges, 2324.--Comp. fêðe-wîg. wîga, w. m., _warrior, fighter_: nom. sg., 630; dat. pl. wîgum, 2396; gen. pl. wîgena, 1544, 1560, 3116.--Comp.: äsc-, byrn-, gâr-, gûð-, lind-, rand-, scyld-wîga. wîgan, st. v., _to fight_: pres. sg. III. wîgeð, 600; inf., 2510. wîgend, pres. part., _fighter, warrior_: nom. sg., 3100; nom. pl. wîgend, 1126, 1815, 3145; acc. pl. wîgend, 3025; gen. pl. wîgendra, 429, 900, 1973, 2338.--Comp. gârwîgend. wîg-bealu, st. n., _war-bale, evil contest_: acc. sg., 2047. wîg-bil, st. n., _war-bill, battle-sword_: nom. sg., 1608. wîg-bord, st. n., _war-board_ or _shield_: acc. sg., 2340. wîg-cräft, st. m., _war-power_: acc. sg., 2954. wîg-cräftig, adj., _vigorous in fight, strong in war_: acc. sg. wîg-cräftigne (of the sword Hrunting), 1812. wîg-freca, w. m., _war-wolf, war-hero_: acc. sg. wîg-frecan, 2497; nom. pl. wîg-frecan, 1213. wîg-fruma, w. m., _war-chief_ or _king_: nom. sg., 665; acc. sg. wîg-fruman, 2262. wîg-geatwe, st. f. pl., _war-ornaments, war-gear_: dat. pl. on wîg-geatwum (-getawum, MS.), 368. wîg-ge-weorðad, pret. part., _war-honored, distinguished in war_, 1784? See Note. wîg-gryre, st. m., _war-horror_ or _terror_: nom. sg., 1285. wîg-hete, st. m., _war-hate, hostility_: nom. sg., 2121. wîg-heafola, w. m., _war head-piece, helmet_: acc. sg. wîg-heafolan, 2662.--Leo. wîg-heáp, st. m., _war-band_: nom sg., 447. wîg-hryre, st. m., _war-ruin, slaughter, carnage_: acc. sg., 1620. wîg-sigor, st. m., _war-victory_: acc. sg., 1555. wîg-sped, st. f.?, _war-speed, success in war_: gen. pl. wîg-spêda, 698. wîn, st. n., _wine_: acc. sg., 1163, 1234; instr. wîne, 1468. wîr, st. n., _wire, spiral ornament of wire_: instr. pl. wîrum, 1032; gen. pl. wîra, 2414. wîs, adj., _wise, experienced, discreet_: nom. sg. m. wîs (_in his mind, conscious_), 3095; f. wîs, 1928; in w. form, se wîsa, 1401, 1699, 2330; acc. sg. þone wîsan, 1319; gen. pl. wîsra, 1414; w. gen. nom. sg. wîs wordcwida (_wise of speech_), 1846. wîsa, w. m., _guide, leader_: nom. sg. werodes wîsa, 259.--Comp.: brim-, here-, hilde-wîsa. wîscte. See wýscan. wîs-dôm, st. m., _wisdom, experience_: nom. sg., 350; instr. sg. wîs-dôme, 1960. wîse, w. f., _fashion, wise, custom_: acc. sg. (instr.) ealde wîsan (_after ancient custom_), 1866. wîs-fäst, adj., _wise, sagacious_ (sapientiâ firmus): nom. sg. f., 627. wîs-hycgende, pres. part. _wise-thinking, wise_, 2717. wîsian, w. v., _to guide_ or _lead to, direct, point out_: 1) w. acc.: inf. heán wong wîsian, 2410; pret. sg. secg wîsade land-gemyrcu, 208.--2) w. dat.: pres. sg. I. ic eów wîsige (_I shall guide you_), 292, 3104; pret. sg. se þæm heaðo-rincum hider wîsade, 370; sôna him sele-þegn ... forð wîsade _(the hall-thane led him thither forthwith_, i.e. to his couch), 1796; stîg wîsode gumum ät-gädere, 320; so, 1664.--3) w. prep.?: pret. sg. þâ secg wîsode under Heorotes hrôf (_when the warrior showed them the way under Heorot's roof_, [but under H.'s hrôf depends rather on snyredon ätsomne]), 402. wîtan, st. v., properly _to look at; to look at with censure, to blame, reproach, accuse_, w. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing: inf. for-þam me wîtan ne þearf waldend fira morðor-bealo mâga, 2742. ät-wîtan, _to blame, censure_ (cf. 'twit), w. acc. of thing: pret. pl. ät-witon weána dæl, 1151. ge-wîtan, properly _spectare aliquo; to go_ (most general verb of motion): 1) with inf. after verbs of motion: pret. sg. þanon eft ge-wât ... tô hâm faran, 123; so, 2570; pl. þanon eft gewiton ... mearum rîdan, 854. Sometimes with reflex, dat.: pres. sg. him þâ Scyld ge-wât ... fêran on freán wære, 26; gewât him ... rîdan, 234; so, 1964; pl. ge-witon, 301.--2) associated with general infinitives of motion and aim: imper. pl. ge-wîtað forð beran wæpen and gewædu, 291; pret. sg. ge-wât þâ neósian heán hûses, 115; he þâ fâg ge-wât ... man-dreám fleón, 1264; nyðer eft gewât dennes niósian, 3045; so, 1275, 2402, 2820. So, with reflex, dat.: him eft gewât ... hâmes niósan, 2388; so, 2950; pl. ge-witon, 1126.--3) without inf. and with prep, or adv.: pres. sg. III. þær firgen-streám under nässa genipu niðer ge-wîteð, 1361; ge-wîteð on sealman, 2461; inf. on flôdes æht feor ge-wîtan, 42; pret. sg. ge-wât, 217; him ge-wât, 1237, 1904; of lîfe, ealdre ge-wât (_died_), 2472, 2625; fyrst forð ge-wât (_time went on_), 210; him ge-wât ût of healle, 663; ge-wât him hâm, 1602; pret. part. dat. sg. me forð-ge-witenum (_me defuncto, I dead_), 1480. ôð-wîtan, _to blame, censure, reproach_: inf. ne þorfte him þâ leán ôð-wîtan mon on middan-gearde, 2997. wlanc, wlonc, adj., _proud, exulting_: nom. sg. wlanc, 341; w. instr. æse wlanc (_proud of, exulting in, her prey, meal_), 1333; wlonc, 331; w. gen. mâðm-æhta wlonc (_proud of the treasures_), 2834; gen. sg. wlonces, 2954.--Comp. gold-wlanc. wlâtian, w. v., _to look_ or _gaze out, forth_: pret. sg. se þe ær ... feor wlâtode, 1917. wlenco, st. f., _pride, heroism_: dat. sg. wlenco, 338, 1207; wlence, 508. wlite, st. m. _form, noble form, look, beauty_: nom. sg., 250. wlite-beorht, adj., _beauteous, brilliant in aspect_: acc. sg. wlite-beorhtne wang, 93. wlite-seón, st. n. f., _sight, spectacle_: acc. sg., 1651. wlitig, adj., _beautiful, glorious, fair in form_: acc. sg. wlitig (sweord), 1663. wlîtan, st. v., _to see, look, gaze_: pret. sg. he äfter recede wlât (_looked along the hall_), 1573; pret. pl. on holm wliton (_looked on the sea_), 1593; wlitan on Wîglâf, 2853. geond-wlîtan, w. acc., _to examine, look through, scan_: inf. wräte giond-wlîtan, 2772. woh-bogen, pret. part., (_bent crooked), crooked, twisted_: nom. sg. wyrm woh-bogen, 2828. wolcen, st. n. m., _cloud_ (cf. welkin): dat. pl. under wolcnum (_under the clouds, on earth_), 8, 652, 715, 1771; tô wolcnum, 1120, 1375. wollen-teár, adj., _tear-flowing, with flowing tears_: nom. pl. wollen-teáre, 3033. wom. See wam. won. See wan. worc. See weorc. word, st. n.: 1) _word, speech_: nom. sg., 2818; acc. sg. þät word, 655, 2047; word, 315, 341, 390, 871, 2552; instr. sg. worde, 2157; gen. sg. wordes, 2792; nom. pl. þâ word, 640; word, 613; acc. pl. word (of an alliterative song), 871; instr. pl, wordum, 176, 366, 627, 875, 1101, 1173, 1194, 1319, 1812, etc.; ge-saga him wordum (_tell them in words, expressly_), 388. The instr. wordum accompanies biddan, þancian, be-wägnan, secgan, hêrgan, to emphasize the verb, 176, 627, 1194, 2796, 3177; gen. pl. worda, 289, 398, 2247, 2263(?), 3031.--2) _command, order_: gen. sg. his wordes geweald habban (_to rule, reign_), 79; so, instr. pl. wordum weóld, 30.--Comp.: beót-, gylp-, meðel-, þryð-word. word-cwide, st. m., (_word-utterance_), _speech_: acc. pl. word-cwydas, 1842; dat. pl. word-cwydum, 2754; gen. pl. word-cwida, 1846. word-gid, st. m, _speech, saying_: acc. sg. word-gyd, 3174. word-hord, st. n., _word-hoard, treasury of speech, mouth_: acc. sg. word-hord on-leác (_unlocked his word-hoard_, opened his mouth, spoke), 259. word-riht, st. n., _right speech, suitable word_: gen. pl. Wîglâf maðelode word-rihta fela, 2632. worð-mynd. See weorð-mynd. worðig (for weorðig), st. m., _palace, estate, court_: acc. sg. on worðig (_into the palace_), 1973. worn, st. n., _multitude, number_: acc. sg. worn eall (_very many_), 3095; wintra worn (_many years_), 264; þonne he wintrum frôd worn ge-munde (_when he old in years thought of their number_), 2115. Used with fela to strengthen the meaning: nom. acc. sg. worn fela, 1784; hwät þu worn fela ... spræce (_how very much thou hast spoken!_), 530; so, eal-fela eald-gesegena worn, 871; gen. pl. worna fela, 2004, 2543. woruld, worold, st. f., _humanity, world, earth_: nom. sg. eal worold, 1739; acc. sg. in worold (wacan) (_to be born, come into the world_), 60; worold oflætan, of-gifan (_die_), 1184, 1682; gen. sg. worolde, 951, 1081, 1388, 1733; worulde, 2344; his worulde ge-dâl (_his separation from the world, death_), 3069; worolde brûcan (_to enjoy life, live_), 1063; worlde, 2712. worold-âr, st. f., _worldly honor_ or _dignity_: acc. sg. worold-âre, 17. woruld-candel, st. f., _world-candle, sun_: nom. sg., 1966. worold-cyning, st. m., _world king, mighty king_: nom. sg., 3182; gen. pl. worold-cyninga, 1685. woruld-ende, st. m., _world's end_: acc. sg., 3084. worold-ræden, st. f., _usual course, fate of the world, customary fate_: dat. sg. worold-rædenne, 1143? wôp, st. m., (_whoop_), _cry of grief, lament_: nom. sg., 128; acc. sg. wôp, 786; instr. sg. wôpe, 3147. wracu, st. f., _persecution, vengeance, revenge_: nom. sg. wracu (MS, uncertain), 2614; acc. sg. wräce, 2337.--Comp.: gyrn-, nýd-wracu. wraðu, st. f., _protection, safety_: in comp. lîf-wraðu. wrâð, adj., _wroth, furious, hostile_: acc. sg. neut. wrâð, 319; dat. sg. wrâðum, 661, 709; gen. pl. wrâðra, 1620. wrâðe, adv., _contemptibly, disgracefully_, 2873. wrâð-lîce, adv., _wrathfully, hostilely_ (in battle), 3063. wrâsn, st. f., _circlet of gold for the head, diadem, crown_: in comp. freá-wrâsn. wräc-lâst, st. m., _exile-step, exile, banishment_: acc. sg. wräc-lâstas träd (_trod exile-steps, wandered in exile_), 1353. wräc-mäcg, st. m., _exile, outcast_: nom. pl. wräc-mäcgas, 2380. wräc-sîð, st. m., _exile-journey, banishment, exile, persecution_: acc. sg., 2293; dat. sg. -sîðum, 338. wrät, st. f., _ornament, jewel_: acc. pl. wräte (wræce, MS.), 2772, 3061; instr. pl. wrättum, 1532; gen. pl. wrätta, 2414. wrät-lîc, adj.: 1) _artistic, ornamental; valuable_: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wundur-mâððum, 2174; wrät-lîc wæg-sweord, 1490; wîg-bord wrät-lîc, 2340.--2) _wondrous, strange_: acc. sg. wrät-lîcne wyrm [from its rings or spots?], 892; wlite-seón wrät-lîc, 1651. wræc, st. f., _persecution_; hence, _wretchedness, misery_: nom. sg., 170; acc. sg. wræc, 3079. wrecan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to press, force_: pret. part. þær wäs Ongenþeó ... on bîd wrecen, 2963.--2) _to drive out, expel_: pret. sg. ferh ellen wräc, 2707.--3) _to wreak_ or _utter_: gid, spel wrecan (_to utter words or songs_); subj. pres. sg. III. he gyd wrece, 2447; inf. wrecan spel ge-râde, 874; word-gyd wrecan, 3174; pret. sg. gyd äfter wräc, 2155; pres. part. þær wäs ... gid wrecen, 1066.--4) _to avenge, punish_: subj. pres. þät he his freónd wrece, 1386; inf. wolde hire mæg wrecan, 1340; so, 1279, 1547; pres. part. wrecend (_an avenger_), 1257; pret. sg. wräc Wedera nîð, 423; so, 1334, 1670. â-wrecan, _to tell, recount_: pret. sg. ic þis gid be þe â-wräc (_I have told this tale for thee_), 1725; so, 2109. for-wrecan, w. acc., _to drive away, expel; carry away_: inf. þý läs him ýða þrym wudu wyn-suman for-wrecan meahte (_lest the force of the waves might carry away the winsome ship_), 1920; pret. sg. he hine feor for-wräc ... man-cynne fram, 109. ge-wrecan, w. acc., _to avenge, wreak vengeance upon, punish_: pret. sg. ge-wräc, 107, 2006; he ge-wräc (i.e. hit, _this_) cealdum cear-sîðum, 2396; he hine sylfne ge-wräc (_avenged himself_), 2876; pl. ge-wræcan, 2480; pret. part. ge-wrecen, 3063. wrecca, w. m., (_wretch_), _exile, adventurer, wandering soldier, hero_: nom. sg. wrecca (Hengest), 1138; gen. pl. wreccena wîde mærost (Sigemund), 899. wreoðen-hilt, adj., _wreathen-hilted, with twisted hilt_: nom. sg., 1699. wridian, w. v., _to flourish, spring up_: pret. sg. III. wridað, 1742. wriða, w. m., _band_: in comp. beág-wriða (_bracelet_), 2019. wrixl, st. n., _exchange, change_: instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle (_in a worse way, with a worse exchange_), 2970. ge-wrixle, st. n., _exchange, arrangement, bargain_: nom. sg. ne wäs þät ge-wrixle til (_it was not a good arrangement, trade_), 1305. wrixlan, w. v., _to exchange_: inf. wordum wrixlan (_to exchange words, converse_), 366; 875 (_tell_). wrîðan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) _to bind, fasten, wreathe together_: inf. ic hine (him, MS.) ... on wäl-bedde wrîðan þôhte, 965.--2) _to bind up_ (a wounded person, a wound): pret. pl. þâ wæron monige þe his mæg wriðon, 2983. See hand-gewriðen. wrîtan, st. v., _to incise, engrave_: pret. part. on þäm (hilte) wäs ôr writen fyrn-gewinnes (_on which was engraved the origin of an ancient struggle_), 1689. for-wrîtan, _to cut to pieces_ or _in two_: pret. sg. for-wrât Wedra helm wyrm on middan, 2706. wrôht, st. m. f., _blame, accusation, crime_; here _strife, contest, hostility_: nom. sg., 2288, 2474, 2914. wudu, st. m., _wood_: 1) _material, timber_: nom. pl. wudu, 1365; hence, _the wooden spear_: acc. pl. wudu, 398.--2) _forest, wood_: acc. sg. wudu, 1417.--3) _wooden ship_: nom. sg. 298; acc. sg. wudu, 216, 1920.--Comp.: bæl-, bord-, gamen-, heal-, holt-, mägen-, sæ-, sund-, þrec-wudu. wudu-rêc, st. m., _wood-reek_ or _smoke_: nom. sg., 3145. wuldor, st. n., _glory_: nom. sg. kyninga wuldor (_God_), 666; gen. sg. wuldres wealdend, 17, 183, 1753; wuldres hyrde, 932, (designations of God). wuldor-cyning, st. m., _king of glory, God_. dat. sg. wuldur-cyninge, 2796 wuldor-torht, adj., _glory-bright, brilliant, clear_: acc. pl. wuldor-torhtan weder, 1137. wulf, st. m., _wolf_: acc. sg., 3028. wulf-hlið, st. n., _wolf-slope, wolf's retreat, slope whereunder wolves house_: acc. pl. wulf-hleoðu, 1359. wund, st. f., _wound_: nom. sg., 2712, 2977; acc. sg. wunde, 2532, 2907; acc. sg. wunde, 2726; instr. pl. wundum, 1114, 2831, 2938.--Comp. feorh-wund. wund, adj., _wounded, sore_: nom. sg., 2747; dat. sg. wundum, 2754; nom. pl. wunde, 565, 1076. wunden-feax, adj., _curly-haired_ (of a horse's mane): nom. sg., 1401. wunden-heals, adj., _with twisted_ or _curved neck_ or _prow_: nom. sg. wudu wunden-hals (_the ship_), 298. wunden-heorde?, _curly-haired_?: nom. sg. f., 3153. wunden-mæl, adj., _damascened, etched, with wavy ornaments_(?): nom. sg. neut., 1532 (of a sword). wunden-stefna, w. m. _curved prow, ship_: nom. sg., 220. wundor, st. n.: 1) _wonder, wonderwork_: nom. sg., 772, 1725; wundur, 3063; acc. sg. wundor, 841; wunder, 932; wundur, 2760, 3033, 3104; dat. sg. wundre, 932; instr. pl. wundrum (_wondrously_), 1453, 2688; gen. pl. wundra, 1608.--2) _portent, monster_: gen. pl. wundra, 1510.--Comp.: hand-, nîð-, searo-wundor. wundor-bebod, st. n., _wondrous command, strange order_: instr. pl. -bebodum, 1748. wundor-deáð, st. m., _wonder-death, strange death_: instr. sg. wundor deáðe, 3038. wundor-fät, st. n., _wonder-vat, strange vessel_: dat. pl. of wundor-fatum (_from wondrous vessels_), 1163. wundor-lîc, adj., _wonder like, remarkable_: nom. sg., 1441. wundor-mâððum, st. m., _wonder-jewel, wonderful treasure_: acc. sg., 2174. wundor-smið, st. m., _wonder-smith, skilled smith, worker of marvellous things_: gen. pl. wundor-smiða geweorc (the ancient giant's sword), 1682. wundor-seón, st. f., _wondrous sight_: gen. pl. wunder-sióna, 996. wunian, w. v.: 1) _to stand, exist, remain_: pres. sg. III. þenden þær wunað on heáh-stede hûsa sêlest (_as long as the best of houses stands there on the high place_), 284; wunað he on wiste (_lives in plenty_), 1736; inf. on sele wunian (_to remain in the hall_), 3129; pret. sg. wunode mid Finne (_remained with F._), 1129.--2) w. acc. or dat., _to dwell in, to inhabit, to possess_: pres. sg. III. wunað wäl-reste (_holds his death-bed_), 2903; inf. wäter-egesan wunian scolde..., streámas, 1261; wîcum wunian, 3084; w. prep.: pres. sg. Higelâc þær ät hâm wunað, 1924. ge-wunian, w. acc.: 1) _to inhabit_: inf. ge-[wunian], 2276.--2) _to remain with, stand by_: subj. pres. þät hine on ylde eft ge-wunigen wil-ge-sîðas, 22. wurðan. See weorðan. wuton, v. from wîtan, used as interj., _let us go! up!_ w. inf.: wutun gangan tô (_let us go to him!_), 2649; uton hraðe fêran! 1391; uton nu êfstan, 3102. wylf, st. f., _she-wolf_: in comp. brim-wylf. wylm, st. m., _surge, surf, billow_: num. sg. flôdes wylm, 1765; dat. wintres wylme (_with winter's flood_), 516; acc. sg. þurh wäteres wylm, 1694; acc. pl. heortan wylmas, 2508.--Comp.: breóst-, brim-, byrne-, cear-, fýr-, heaðo-, holm-, sæ-, sorh-wylm. See wälm. wyn, st. f., _pleasantness, pleasure, joy, enjoyment_: acc. sg. mæste ... worolde wynne (_the highest earthly joy_), 1081; eorðan wynne (_earth-joy, the delightful earth_), 1731; heofenes wynne (_heaven's joy_, the rising sun), 1802; hearpan wynne (_harp-joy, the pleasant harp_), 2108; þät he ... ge-drogen häfde eorðan wynne (_that he had had his earthly joy_), 2728; dat. sg. weorod wäs on wynne, 2015; instr. pl. mägenes wynnum (_in joy of strength_), 1717; so, 1888.--Comp.: êðel-, hord-, lîf-, lyft-, symbel-wyn. wyn-leás, adj., _joyless_: acc. sg. wyn-leásne wudu, 1417; wyn-leás wîc, 822. wyn-sum, adj., _winsome, pleasant_: acc. sg. wudu wyn-suman (_the ship_), 1920; nom. pl. word wæron wyn-sume, 613. wyrcan, v. irreg.: 1) _to do, effect_, w. acc.: inf. (wundor) wyrcan, 931.--2) _to make, create_, w. acc.: pret. sg. þät se äl-mihtiga eorðan worh[te], 92; swâ hine _(the helmet_) worhte wæpna smið, 1453.--3) _to gain, win, acquire_, w. gen.: subj. pres. wyrce, se þe môte, dômes ær deáðe, 1388. be-wyrcan, _to gird, surround_: pret. pl. bronda betost wealle be-worhton, 3163. ge-wyrcan: 1) intrans., _to act, behave_: inf. swâ sceal geong guma gôde gewyrcean ... on fäder wine þät ... (_a young man shall so act with benefits towards his father's friends that_ ...), 20.--2) w. acc., _to do, make, effect, perform_: inf. ne meahte ic ät hilde mid Hruntinge wiht ge-wyrcan, 1661; sweorde ne meahte on þam aglæcan ... wunde ge-wyrcean, 2907; pret. sg. ge-worhte, 636, 1579, 2713; pret. part. acc. ic þâ leóde wât ... fäste ge-worhte. 1865.--3) _to make, construct_: inf. (medo-ärn) ge-wyrcean, 69; (wîg-bord) ge-wyrcean, 2338; (hlæw) ge-wyrcean, 2803; pret. pl. II. ge-worhton, 3097; III. ge-worhton, 3158; pret. part. ge-worht, 1697.--4) _to win, acquire_: pres. sg. ic me mid Hruntinge dôm ge-wyrce, 1492. Wyrd, st. f., _Weird_ (one of the Norns, guide of human destiny; mostly weakened down = _fate, providence_): nom. sg., 455, 477, 572, 735, 1206, 2421, 2527, 2575, 2815; acc. sg. wyrd, 1057, 1234; gen. pl. wyrda, 3031. (Cf. Weird Sisters of Macbeth.) wyrdan, w. v., _to ruin, kill, destroy_: pret. sg. he tô lange leóde mine wanode and wyrde, 1338. â-wyrdan, w. v., _to destroy, kill_: pret. part.: äðeling monig wundum â-wyrded, 1114. wyrðe, adj., _noble; worthy, honored, valued_: acc. sg. m. wyrðne (ge-dôn) (_to esteem worthy_), 2186; nom. pl. wyrðe, 368; compar. nom. sg. rîces wyrðra (_worthier of rule_), 862.--Comp. fyrd-wyrðe. See weorð. wyrgen, st, f., _throttler_ [cf. sphinx], _she-wolf_; in comp. grund-wyrgen. ge-wyrht, st. n., _work; desert_; in comp. eald-gewyrht, 2658. wyrm, st. m., _worm, dragon, drake_: nom. sg., 898, 2288, 2344, 2568, 2630, 2670, 2746, 2828; acc. sg. wyrm, 887, 892, 2706, 3040, 3133; dat. sg. wyrme, 2308, 2520; gen. wyrmes, 2317, 2349, 2760, 2772, 2903; acc. pl. wyrmas, 1431. wyrm-cyn, st. m., _worm-kin, race of reptiles, dragons_: gen. sg. wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426. wyrm-fâh, adj., _dragon-ornamented, snake-adorned_ (ornamented with figures of dragons, snakes, etc.: cf. Dietrich in Germania X., 278): nom. sg. sweord ... wreoðen-hilt and wyrm-fâh, 1699. wyrm-hord, st. n., _dragon-hoard_: gen. pl. wyrm-horda, 2223. for-wyrnan, w. v., _to refuse, reject_: subj. pres. II. þät þu me nô for-wyrne, þät... (_that thou refuse me not that_...), 429; pret. sg. he ne for-wyrnde worold-rædenne, 1143. ge-wyrpan, w. v. reflex., _to refresh one's self, recover_: pret. sg. he hyne ge-wyrpte, 2977. wyrpe, st. m., _change_: acc. sg. äfter weá-spelle wyrpe ge-fremman (_after the woe-spell to bring about a change of things_), 1316. wyrsa, compar. adj., _worse_: acc. sg. neut. þät wyrse, 1740; instr. sg. wyrsan wrixle, 2970; gen. sg. wyrsan geþinges, 525; nom. acc. pl. wyrsan wîg-frecan, 1213, 2497. wyrt, st. f., [_-wort_], _root_: instr. pl. wudu wyrtum fäst, 1365. wýscan, w. v., _to wish, desire_: pret. sg. wîscte (rihde, MS.) þäs yldan (_wished to delay that_ or _for this reason_, 2440, 1605(?). See Note. Y yfel, st n., _evil_: gen. pl. yfla, 2095. yldan, w. v., _to delay, put off_: inf. ne þät se aglæca yldan þôhte, 740; weard wine-geômor wîscte þäs yldan, þät he lytel fäc long-gestreóna brûcan môste, 2240. ylde, st. m. pl., _men_: dat. pl. yldum, 77, 706, 2118; gen. pl. ylda, 150, 606, 1662. See elde. yldest. See eald. yldo, st. f., _age (senectus), old age_: nom. sg., 1737, 1887; atol yldo, 1767; dat. sg. on ylde, 22.--2) _age (ætas), time, era_: gen. sg. yldo bearn, 70. See eldo. yldra. See eald. ylf, st. f., _elf (incubus, alp_): nom. pl. ylfe, 112. ymb, prep. w. acc.: 1) local, _around, about, at, upon_: ymb hine (_around, with, him_), 399. With prep, postponed: hine ymb, 690; ymb brontne ford (_around the seas, on the high sea_), 568; ymb þâ gif-healle (_around the gift-hall, throne-hall_), 839; ymb þäs helmes hrôf (_around the helm's roof, crown_), 1031.--2) temporal, _about, after_: ymb ân-tîd ôðres dôgores (_about the same time the next day_), 219; ymb âne niht (_after a night_), 135.--3) causal, _about, on account of, for, owing to_: (frînan) ymb þînne sîð (_on account of, concerning?, thy journey_), 353; hwät þu ... ymb Brecan spræce (_hast spoken about B._), 531; so, 1596, 3174; nâ ymb his lîf cearað (_careth not for his life_), 1537; so, 450; ymb feorh sacan, 439; sundor-nytte beheóld ymb aldor Dena, 669; ymb sund (_about the swimming, the prize for swimming_), 507. ymbe, I. prep. w. acc. = ymb: 1) local, 2884, 3171; hlæw oft ymbe hwearf (prep, postponed), 2297. 2) causal, 2071, 2619.--II. adv., _around_: him ... ymbe, 2598. ymb-sittend, pres. part., _neighbor_ gen. pl. ymb-sittendra, 9. ymbe-sittend, the same: nom. pl. ymbe-sittend, 1828; gen. pl. ymbe-sittendra, 2735. yppe, w. f., _high seat, dais, throne_: dat. sg. eode ... tô yppan, 1816. yrfe, st. n., _bequest, legacy_: nom. sg., 3052. yrfe-lâf, st. f., _sword left as a bequest_: acc. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1054; instr. sg. yrfe-lâfe, 1904. yrfe-weard, st. m., _heir, son_: nom. sg., 2732; gen. sg. yrfe-weardes, 2454. (-as, MS.) yrmðo, st. f., _misery, shame, wretchedness_: acc. sg. yrmðe, 1260, 2006. yrre, st. n., _anger, ire, excitement_: acc. sg. godes yrre, 712; dat. sg, on yrre, 2093. yrre, adj., _angry, irate, furious_: nom. sg. yrre oretta (Beówulf), 1533; þegn yrre (the same), 1576; gäst yrre (Grendel), 2074; nom. pl. yrre, 770. See eorre. yrringa, adv., _angrily, fiercely_, 1566, 2965. yrre-môd, adj., _wrathful-minded, wild_: nom. sg., 727. ys, _he is_. See wesan. Ý ýð (O.H.G. unda), st. f., _wave; sea_: nom. pl. ýða, 548; acc. pl. ýðe, 46, 1133, 1910; dat. pl. ýðum, 210, 421, 534, 1438, 1908; ýðum weallan (_to surge with waves_), 515, 2694; gen. pl. ýða, 464, 849, 1209, 1470, 1919.--Comp: flôd-, lîg-, wäter-ýð. ýðan, w. v., _to ravage, devastate, destroy_: pret. sg. ýðde eotena cyn, 421 (cf. îðende = _depopulating_, Bosworth, from Ælfric's Glossary; pret. ýðde, Wanderer, 85). ýðe. See eáðe. ýðe-lîce, adv., _easily_: ýðe-lîce he eft â-stôd (_he easily arose afterwards_), 1557. ýð-gebland, st. n., _mingling_ or _surging waters, water-tumult_: nom. sg. -geblond, 1374, 1594; nom. pl. -gebland, 1621. ýð-gewin, st. n., _strife with the sea, wave-struggle, rushing of water_: dat. sg. ýð-gewinne, 2413; gen. sg. -gewinnes, 1435. ýð-lâd, st. f., _water-journey, sea-voyage_: nom. pl. ýð-lâde, 228. ýð-lâf, st. f., _water-leaving, what is left by the water (undarum reliquiae), shore_: dat. sg. be ýð-lâfe, 566. ýð-lida, w. m., _wave-traverser, ship_: acc. sg. ýð-lidan, 198. ýð-naca, w. m., _sea-boat_: acc. sg. [ýð-]nacan, 1904. ýð-gesêne. See êð-gesýne. ýwan, w. v. w. acc., _to show_: pret. sg. an-sýn ýwde (_showed itself, appeared_), 2835. See eáwan, eówan. ge-ýwan, w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., _to lay before, offer_: inf., 2150. GLOSSARY TO FINNSBURH. âbrecan, st. v., _to shatter_: part. his byrne âbrocen wære (_his byrnie was shattered_). ânyman, st. v., _to take, take away_. bân-helm, st. m., _bone-helmet; skull_, [_shield_, Bosw.]. buruh-þelu, st. f., _castle-floor_. cêlod, part, (adj.?), _keeled_, i.e. boat-shaped or hollow. dagian, w. v., _to dawn_: ne þis ne dagiað eástan (_this is not dawning from the east_). deór-môd, adj., _brave in mood_: deór-môd häleð. driht-gesîð, st m., _companion, associate_. eástan, adv., _from the east_. eorð-bûend, st. m., _earth-dweller, man_. fêr, st. m. _fear, terror_. fýren, adj., _flaming, afire_: nom. f. swylce eal Finns-buruh fýrenu wære (_as if all Finnsburh were afire_). gehlyn, st. n., _noise, tumult_. gellan, st. v., _to sing_ (i.e. ring or resound): pres. sg. gylleð græg-hama (_the gray garment_ [byrnie] _rings_); (_the gray wolf yelleth_?). genesan, st. v., _to survive, recover from_: pret. pl. þâ wîgend hyra wunda genæson (_the warriors were recovering from their wounds_). gold-hladen, adj., _laden with gold_ (wearing heavy gold ornaments). græg-hama, w. m., _gray garment, mail-coat_; (_wolf_?--Brooke). gûð-wudu, st. m., _war-wood, spear_. häg-steald, st. m., _one who lives in his lord's house, a house-carl._ heaðo-geong, adj., _young in war._ here-sceorp, st. n., _war-dress, coat of mail_. hleoðrian, w. v., _to speak, exclaim_: pret. sg. hleoðrode ... cyning (_the prince exclaimed_). hræw, st. n., _corpse_. hrôr, adj., _strong_: here-sceorpum hrôr (_strong_ [though it was] _as armor_, Bosw.). lac (lað?)? for flacor, _fluttering?_ oncweðan, st. v., _to answer_: pres. sg. scyld scefte oncwyð (_the shield answers the spear_). onwacnian, w. v., _to awake, arouse one's self_: imper. pl. onwacnigeað..., wîgend mine (_awake, my warriors!_). sceft (sceaft), st. m., _spear, shaft_. sealo-brûn, adj., _dusky-brown_. sige-beorn, st. m., _victorious hero, valiant warrior_. swäðer (swâ hwäðer), pron., _which of two, which_. swân, st. m., _swain, youth; warrior_. sweart, adj., _swart, black_. swêt, adj., _sweet_: acc. m. swêtne medo ... forgyldan (_requite the sweet mead_, i.e. repay, by prowess in battle, the bounty of their chief). swurd-leóma, w. m., _sword-flame, flashing of swords_. þyrl, adj., _pierced, cloven_. undearninga, adv., _without concealment, openly_. wandrian, w. v., _to fly about, hover_: pret. sg. hräfn wandrode (_the raven hovered_). waðol, st. m., _the full moon_ [Grein]; [adj., _wandering_, Bosw.]. wäl-sliht (-sleaht), st. m., _combat, deadly struggle_: gen. pl. wäl-slihta gehlyn (_the din of combats_) weâ-dæd, st. f., _deed of woe_: nom. pl. ârisað weâ-dæda. witian (weotian), w. v., _to appoint, determine_: part. þe is ... witod. wurðlîce (weorðlîce), adv., _worthily, gallantly_: compar. wurð-lîcor. wäg, weg, st. m., _way_. CORRECTIONS MADE TO THE SOURCE TEXT: ARGUMENT, recals = recalls POEM: ll. 131, 737 þryð-swyð = þrýð-swýð l. 256 ôfest = ôfost l. 303 sciónon = scionon l. 706 buton = bûton l. 1115 ât = ät l. 1133 wîð = wið ll. 1304, 1560, 1616 missing caesuras supplied l. 1436 here-sträl = here-stræl l. 1642 feôwer- = feówer l. 1747 sträle = stræle l. 1828 þywað = þýwað l. 1926 betlic = betlîc l. 2224 gesceód = gesceôd ll. 2288, 3036 wâs = wäs l. 2453 to = tô l. 2503 Huga = Hûga l. 2586 niðe = nîðe l. 2587 sið = sîð l. 2684 irenna = îrenna l. 2915 Hugas = Hûgas l. 2956 heáðo-liðendum = heaðo-lîðendum l. 3000 Þât = Þät; feônd- = feónd- l. 3056 sóð = sôð l. 3137 Hrônes = Hrones list of names, under: Dene, Scedenîgge = Scedenigge Eádgils, Ohthere = Ôhthere Freáwaru, Freawaru = Freáwaru Hrôðgâr, Hrôð-gâre = Hrôðgâre Hygelac, Hæreð = Häreð NOTES for l. 31, of l. 31 = of l. 30 l. 1441, wôð- = wæg- l. 1916, leôfra = leófra GLOSSARY, under headword äðele, Beowulf's = Beówulf's ân, gehwilces = gehwylces æg-hwâ, ægh-wäs = æghwäs ät-beran, beadolâce = beadulâce beadu-lâc, beado- = beadu- (twice) beág, beages = beáges beorh, heáford- = heáfod beódan, leodum = leódum beón, cwênlic = cwênlîc biddan, bliðne = blîðne bitter, sträle = stræle ge-bîdan, therefor = therefore on-bîdan, earfôðlîce = earfoðlîce brecan, lêtdse = lêt se burne, of of = of bûtan, swîce = swice cempa, Huga = Hûga ge-ceósan, usic = ûsic on-cirran, wealdendas = wealdendes corðer, þä = þâ cunnan, þeáwe = þeáw cûð, wîð- = wîd- dôgor, gehwam = gehwâm dôn, ymbsittend = ymbesittend; hettend = hetend; þywað = þýwað drîfan, feoran = feorran dryhten, freáh- = freá- dryht-scipe, drihtscipe = drihtscype ge-dýgan, wräcsið = wräcsîð eal, oncyððe = oncýððe ealdor, heresträl = herestræl eácen-cräftig, iúmanna = iúmonna eofor-spreót, hocyhtum = hôcyhtum eorlîc, eorlic [ellen] = eorlîc fâh, wâldreóre = wäldreóre ôð-ferian, panon = þonan fela, maððum- = mâððum fêran, wäre = wære feónd, feonda = feónda fleón, fenhôpu = fenhopu floga, wîð- = wîd- folc-toga, Hrôðgar = Hrôðgâr for, wonhydum = wonhýdum; handgeweorc = hondgeweorc fôt-gemearc, long = lang ge-frignan, þeodcyninga = þeódcyninga ge-fyrðran, fratwum = frätwum ge-fýsan, to sêcanne = tô sêceanne gân, swa = swâ; [or] giong = gióng; flore = flôre; sîttan = sittan ge-gan, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gâr-wîga, Wîglaf = Wîglâf gäst, fêde- = fêðe- gegn-cwide, þinra = þînra ge-gyrwan, yðlidan = ýðlidan geóc, gást = gâst geômore-lîc, [bið] geômorlic = geômorlîc for-gildan, therefor = therefore gold-wlanc, guðrinc = gûðrinc grêtan, walgæst = wälgæst grim, searo-grimm = searo-grim habban, gecorene = gecorone wið-habban, winsele = wînsele hatan, sæliðend = sælîðend hatian, guð-sceaða = gûð-sceaða hâr, heâre = heáre here-stræl, -sträl = stræl heard, -sträl = -stræl; regen- = regn- heorte, starc- = stearc heoro-dreór, heoro-dreore (citation) = heoro-dreóre hlið, hliðu = hliðo (twice) hôp, hôp = hop (twice) hreow, þât = þät hrôf, geseáh = geseah hwîl, seo = seó hýran, æghwilc = æghwylc inne, abeád = âbeád îren, drihtlîc = dryhtlîc lâð, gewiðru = gewidru; scynnum = scinnum be-leán, beleân = beleán mêtan, Aescheres = Äscheres mearcian, môrhôpu = môrhopu ge-mearian, hwam = hwâm morðor-bed, stred = strêd môd, stið- = stîð- nænig, horð-mâðum = hord-mâððum on, heáðe = heoðe; willen = willan ræd, fæst- = fäst reccan, hu = hû rîdan, gealgan = galgan sang, -leasne = leásne sceapan, Hugas = Hûgas (twice) scânan, sciónon = scionon scînan, scînon = scinon secg, synnigne = sinnigne ge-sêcan, -cyððe = cýððe ge-sîgan, ätsäcce = ät säcce ge-sleán, ge-slôgan = ge-slôgon standan, sträl = stræl stapan, furðor = furður ge-steppan, Ohtheres = Ôhteres stincan, þä = þâ styrian, ge-wiðru = ge-widru sweord, maððum- = mâððum ge-swîcan, þeodne = þeódne teón (w. v.), naläs = nalas; teodan = teódan tô, hälum = hælum; sitte = site; Eofore = Jofore ge-trûwan, -wäre = wære ge-twæfan, ôððe = oððe þær, snotera = snottra þe, gimfästan = ginfästan of-þincan, gehwam = gehwâm ge-þolian, þât = þät þu, sælran = selran þûsend, seófon = seofan un-heóre, -speru = -sporu ûs, æg-hwilc = æg-hwylc wacan, wôcon = wôcun werian, beaduscrûd = beaduscrûda be-werian, scynnum = scinnum wên, orlêg = orleg; ôr-wena = or-wêna weorðian, leôde = leóde willa, wyllum = willum wilnian, fäðer = fäder nât, hwilc = hwylc (twice) ge-wîtan, wäre = wære *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEOWULF *** ***** This file should be named 9700-0.txt or 9700-0.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: https://www.gutenberg.org/9/7/0/9700/ Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will be renamed. Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. START: FULL LICENSE THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at www.gutenberg.org/license. Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works 1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. 1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. 1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. 1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any country other than the United States. 1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: 1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this eBook. 1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. 1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. 1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg-tm License. 1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website (www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. 1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. 1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided that: * You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." * You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm works. * You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the work. * You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. 1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. 1.F. 1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment. 1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. 1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. 1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. 1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. 1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks of life. Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us with offers to donate. International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. Most people start at our website which has the main PG search facility: www.gutenberg.org This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.